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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dopamine receptor antagonists (D1 and D2) on the demand for smoked cocaine base in rhesus monkeys (1999)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 144 (1999), S. 381-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Behavioral economics ; Cocaine base ; Crack ; Demand ; Dopamine antagonist ; Drug self-administration ; Elasticity ; Raclopride ; Rhesus monkey ; SCH 23390 ; Unit price
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Previous studies suggest that dopamine antagonists may reduce the reinforcing effects of cocaine. However, the effects of these antagonists on the demand for smoked cocaine base have not been quantified. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of selective D1 (SCH 23390) and D2 (raclopride) dopamine receptor antagonists on the demand for smoked cocaine base in rhesus monkeys using a behavioral economic analysis. Methods: Six rhesus monkeys were trained to self-administer smoked cocaine base (1.0 mg/kg/delivery) under chained fixed-ratio (FR) schedules (FR64, 128, 256, 512, 1024 or 2048 for lever presses and FR5 for inhalations) during daily 4-h sessions. A maximum of ten smoke deliveries were available. After 5 days of stable behavior at each FR, SCH 23390 (0.01 and 0.056 mg/kg) or raclopride (0.03 and 0.056 mg/kg) were injected intramuscularly, before each session, for 3 consecutive days. Results: Pretreatment with both antagonists dose-dependently reduced cocaine intake across most FR values tested; however, the decrease in consumption was greater at the higher unit prices than at the lower unit prices. A statistical estimate of the price (FR) at which maximum responding occurred (Pmax) was decreased during drug pretreatment, indicating weakened reinforcing effectiveness of cocaine. Conclusions: These data suggest that both antagonists reduce the reinforcing effectiveness of smoked cocaine base, and they have a greater effect on cocaine consumption at higher FR values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130051021
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reduction of drug self-administration by an alternative non-drug reinforcer in rhesus monkeys: magnitude and temporal effects (2000)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 147 (2000), S. 418-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Alternative reinforcer ; Behavioral economics ; Drug self-administration ; Elasticity ; Magnitude ; PCP ; Rhesus monkey ; Saccharin ; Unit price
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Rationale: Recent studies have shown that non-drug alternative reinforcers reduce drug self-administration. A goal of the present study was to explore factors such as magnitude of the alternative reinforcer and inter-session access to the alternative to identify conditions that lead to optimal reductions in drug intake. Objectives: To evaluate the effects of increasing the volume/delivery (v/d) of saccharin on oral phencyclidine (PCP) self-administration in rhesus monkeys given continuous access to PCP and saccharin during daily sessions using a behavioral economic analysis. The effects of availability of a saccharin solution during the inter-session period on session PCP consumption in drug-experienced monkeys was also investigated. Methods: Subjects had access to PCP (0.25 mg/ml) and either water or saccharin (0.03%) from two drinking spouts under concurrent and independent fixed-ratio (FR) schedules during daily 3-h sessions. The FR requirements for both available liquids were simultaneously increased (FR4–64). The v/d of saccharin or water was increased (from 0.3 ml to 1.2 ml), while the v/d of PCP remained constant (0.6 ml). In a second experiment, subjects had access to water or saccharin and water during the inter-session period (17.5 h) under an FR1 schedule. PCP and water were available during daily 3-h sessions under concurrent FR schedules. The FR for both liquids was increased (FR16–128). Results: PCP intake was reduced at all FRs and magnitude conditions when saccharin (versus water) was concurrently available. Varying the v/d of saccharin only had a modest effect on the extent to which PCP intake was decreased at the higher FR values. Inter-session saccharin availability (versus water) reduced session PCP intake and the magnitude of this effect was also greater at the higher FR values. Conclusions: The magnitude of the saccharin delivery had an effect on PCP consumption at higher FRs, suggesting that economic factors such as high drug cost (FR) and low cost (responses/ml) of the alternative reinforcer (saccharin) interact to produce a maximum suppression of drug intake. Between-session availability of saccharin also effectively reduced drug intake, and it had a greater effect on the maintenance levels of drug self-administration when the unit price of drug was high.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002130050011
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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