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  • Scrophulariaceae  (8)
  • Penstemon virgatus  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Iridoid glycoside sequestration by two aposematicPenstemon-feeding geometrid larvae (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 435-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Meris alticola ; Neoterpes graefiaria ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Penstemon virgatus ; Penstemon barbatus ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; Müllerian mimicry ; sequestration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The iridoid glycoside catalpol was found to be sequestered by larvae ofMeris alticola feeding onPenstemon virgatus and by larvae ofNeoterpes graefiaria which utilizeP. barbatus. The strikingly similar larval patterns of these two ennomine geometrids were previously considered to be disruptive, but predator-based Mullerian mimicry is equally likely to be involved. The cryptic adult moths generally contain only small amounts of catalpol, having left most of the bitter iridoid in the pupal case and in the meconium excreted after eclosion. OneNeoterpes female did contain considerable catalpol in the abdomen, presumably in the eggs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013895
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Quinolizidine alkaloids obtained byPedicularis semibarbata (Scrophulariaceae) fromLupinus fulcratus (Leguminosae) fail to influence the specialist herbivoreEuphydryas editha (Lepidoptera) (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2521-2530 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Pedicularis semibarbata ; Scrophulariaceae ; Lupinus fulcratus ; Fabaceae ; Euphydryas editha ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; herbivory ; quinolizidine alkaloids ; isolupanine ; oviposition ; parasitic plants
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Pedicularis semibarbata is apparently an obligate hemiparasite of coniferous trees. It is also a facultative parasite ofLupinus fulcratus from which we find that it obtains quinolizidine alkaloids, principally α-isolupanine. As a result, a single population ofP. semibarbata contains both alkaloidrich and alkaloid-free plants. The butterflyEuphydryas editha naturally oviposits on both plant types. This butterfly population, which is the principal herbivore attackingP. semibarbata at this site, is known to contain two morphs. Individuals of a specialist morph discriminate when ovipositing among individualP. semibarbata plants and produce offspring that survive better on accepted than on rejected plants. Those of a generalist morph accept allP. semibarbata plants and produce offspring that survive equally well on plants accepted or rejected by the discriminating morph. Because of the existence of this complex variation among the butterflies, the presence of naturally laid eggs on alkaloid-containing plants still leaves the possibility that the alkaloids may defend the plants against the specialist morph. In experiments on both oviposition preference and larval performance in early instars, we failed to detect any correlation between alkaloid content of a plant and either its acceptability to or suitability for the discriminating morph of the insect. Alkaloid presence in the host-plant population, achieved through root parasitism, is currently neither subject to strong insect-mediated selection nor a major cause of selection on the insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014728
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Iridoid glycoside content ofEuphydryas anicia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and its major hostplant,Besseya plantaginea (Scrophulariaceae), at a high plains colorado site (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Euphydryas anicia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Besseya plantaginea ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; sequestration ; plant-insect interactions ; herbivory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The checkerspot butterfly,Euphydryas anicia, utilizes mainlyBesseya plantaginea and only occasionallyCastilleja integra as a larval hostplant at Michigan Hill, a few kilometers from a site whereC. integra is used by over 90% of the butterflies. TheB. plantaginea leaves that are consumed contain 9–22% iridoid glycosides, composed mainly of catalpol and catalpol esters, while larvae from the same plants contain 6–18% iridoids, mainly catalpol and no esters. Field-collected adult butterflies contain 0.5–4.3% iridoids. Laboratory-reared adults secrete iridoids in the meconium upon eclosion and retain similar amounts. The adult and meconium iridoid content is considerably lower than in the larvae, and metabolism in the pupal stage may be occurring.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01021278
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Transfer of pyrrolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids toCastilleja (Scrophulariaceae) hemiparasites from composite and legume host plants (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1917-1925 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Castilleja ; Scrophulariaceae ; Senecio ; Asteraceae ; Lupinus ; Leguminosae ; hemiparasites ; alkaloids ; plant-insect interactions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Castilleja (Scrophulariaceae) species of the western United States contain pyrrolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids. TheCastilleja obtain the alkaloids by root parasitism on host plants, withSenecio atratus andS. triangularis (Asteraceae) furnishing the pyrrolizidines, and quinolizidines being obtained fromLupinus species andThermopsis montana (Leguminosae). Individual plants within a givenCastilleja species population may be devoid of alkaloids while others have high alkaloid content. No populations have been found which are made up of both pyrrolizidine- and quinolizidine-containing individuals. These results have important implications forCastilleja ecology, for the study of insect herbivores which areCastilleja specialists, and in the development of systems for the investigation of the role of alkaloids as plant defenses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01013240
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host plant utilization and iridoid glycoside sequestration byEuphydryas anicia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 2147-2168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Euphydryas anicia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Castilleja integra ; Besseya plantaginea ; Besseya alpina ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; sequestration ; metabolism ; plant-insect interactions ; herbivory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The iridoid glycoside content of individual adultEuphydryas anicia butterflies from two Colorado populations was quantitatively determined. At one site (Red Hill), larval host plants wereCastilleja integra andBesseya plantaginea, while at the other site (Cumberland Pass) a single host plant,B. alpina, was used. At Red Hill, macfadienoside and catalpol were sequestered, while at Cumberland Pass, catalpol and aucubin were sequestered. Artificial diet studies showed that larvae hydrolyzed a major iridoid ofB. plantaginea, 6-isovanilIylcatalpol, to catalpol (which was sequestered) and isovanillic acid (which was excreted). Large year-to-year and individual variation in butterfly iridoid content was established as was a female-male difference in macfadienoside vs. catalpol content. Larval host plant distributions and numbers were determined at Red Hill for two years and compared with changes in butterfly populations and sequestered iridoids.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014022
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Iridoid glycoside metabolism and sequestration byPoladryas minuta (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) feeding onPenstemon virgatus (Scrophulariaceae) (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 1495-1506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Poladryas minuta ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; checkerspot ; Penstemon virgatus ; Penstemon secundiflorus ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; sequestration ; metabolism ; herbivory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A bivoltine checkerspot butterfly,Poladryas minuta, is aPenstemon specialist, not known to utilize any other plant genus for oviposition and larval feeding. At several intermontane plains sites of central Colorado, the butterfly utilizesPenstemon virgatus as its sole host plant. Analysis of the host plant showed it to contain three cinnamyl-type catalpol esters (scutellarioside-II, globularin, globularicisin) and catalpol. The host plant contained an average of 10% dry weight iridoids, but some variation among individual plants and leaves within plants was noted. Field-collected butterflies contained 2.1–8.7% dry weight catalpol, but no other iridoids. Adults from larvae fedP. virgatus in the lab contained 4.2–9.0% dry weight catalpol and excreted large amounts of catalpol in the meconium. No catalpol was found in the larval frass. Larvae did not consume three alternate iridoid-containing host-plant species, and most eventually died rather than feed on the alternate plants. Larvae did consume small amounts of artificial diets containing the alternate species andP. virgatus, but most went into diapause and some died. Survival was good on artificial diet containing 10% dry weight of the iridoid esters fromP. virgatus. Only catalpol was found in pupae and adults, but it was absent from the larval frass. The cinnamic-type acids expected from larval hydrolysis of the esters were not found in larval frass, pupae, or adults. These results are contrasted with those found for another checkerspot,Euphydryas anicia, which consumes a different host-plant species but was present at one of the same sites withPoladryas minuta.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014084
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Processing of iridoid glycoside antirrinoside fromMaurandya antirrhiniflora (Scrophulariaceae) byMeris paradoxa (Geometridae) andLepipolys species (Noctuidae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1123-1133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Meris paradoxa ; Lepipolys perscripta ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Noctuidae ; Maurandya antirrhiniflora ; Antirrhinum majus ; Scrophulariaceae ; antirrinoside ; iridoid glycosides ; herbivory ; sequestration
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The iridoid glycoside antirrinoside was found to be sequestered by highly aposematic larvae of the geometrid mothMeris paradoxa and two noctuid mothLepipolys species feeding onMaurandya antirrhiniflora (Scrophulariaceae), a natural food plant from southern Arizona. The antirrinoside content of leaves and petioles being consumed, eariy-instar larvae, late-instar larvae, larval frass, regurgitant, reflex-bleeding emission (Meris paradoxa), cocoons, pupae, meconium emitted upon eclosion, and adult moths was determined. Larvae, other than the earliest instars, did not excrete antirrinoside in the frass, but sequestered it in amounts of 3–11 % of the dry weight. Small amounts of antirrinoside remained in various pupal or cocoon parts and some was emitted in the meconium upon eclosion. The total antirrinoside accounted for was, however, considerably below that expected based upon the remarkably high 20% content of the leaves and petioles being consumed. The adult cryptic moths of both species contained little or no antirrinoside. This is the first report of a natural food plant and larval stages forM. paradoxa and a previously undescribedLepipolys species. It is also the first report of antirrinoside sequestration and utilization by insects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01402938
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Iridoid glycoside sequestration byThessalia leanira (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) feeding onCastilleja integra (Scrophulariaceae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1155-1166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Thessalia leanira fulvia ; Chlosyne leanira fulvia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Castilleja integra ; Scrophulariaceae ; iridoid glycosides ; sequestration ; herbivory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A small population of a polyvoltine checkerspot butterfly,Thessalia leanira fulvia (also known asChlosyne leanira ssp.fulvia), was found to useCastilleja integra as a larval food plant at a localized site (Burnt Mill) southwest of Pueblo, Colorado. Field-captured adult butterflies contained the major iridoid glycosides (catalpol and macfadienoside) of theCastilleja. The content of a third iridoid glycoside, methyl shanzhiside, was also relatively high in the collected butterflies even though most individualCastilleja plants at Burnt Mill contained little or no methyl shanzhiside. Only a few plants, restricted to a small area, did contain appreciable methyl shanzhiside. Most of the plants that lacked the ester methyl shanzhiside contained shanzhiside, the corresponding free carboxylic acid.Thessalia larvae did not normally methylate the acid to produce methyl shanzhiside. Larvae that stopped feeding at an early instar, but yet survived several weeks, did contain major amounts of methyl shanzhiside. It is suggested that only larvae that overwinter or otherwise enter diapause convert shanzhiside to methyl shanzhiside. TheCastilleja food plant also contained iridoids other than catalpol and macfadienoside, sometimes in major amounts, but these were never found in larvae, pupae, or butterflies.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987377
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