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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8)
  • Smoking  (4)
  • Adolescents  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette withdrawal symptoms in adolescent smokers (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 533-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cigarette smoking ; Withdrawal ; Adolescents ; Cotinine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract One hundred and sixteen female adolescent smokers were asked about withdrawal symptoms experienced during past attempts to give up smoking for good. Sixty-three percent reported difficulties during abstinence of the kind experienced by adult smokers. Daily smokers were more likely to report withdrawal effects than non-daily smokers (74% versus 47%, P〈0.005). Reported experience of withdrawal symptoms was positively related to self-reports of cigarette consumption and depth of inhalation and nicotine intake as indexed by salivary cotinine concentrations. Reported occurrence of at least one withdrawal effect correlated positively with nicotine intake after controlling for behavioural variables. Our results indicate that teenage smokers are likely to suffer withdrawal symptoms when they try to give up. Behavioural factors and expectations based on observations of adults may have played a part in their experience of withdrawal, but it is also likely that pharmacological factors are implicated even at this early stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174074
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time course of cigarette widhdrawal symptoms while using nicotine gum (1989)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 99 (1989), S. 143-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Withdrawal symptoms ; Timecourse ; Nicotine gum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ratings of withdrawal symptoms were provided at weekly intervals by 147 smokers clinic clients who managed complete abstinence for 4 weeks. The ratings followed a similar temporal pattern regardless of amount of nicotine gum used. Irritability, depression, difficulty concentrating and restlessness peaked in the 1 st week or two and returned to baseline by week 4. Hunger was more persistent. Craving was reported to be the most troublesome withdrawal symptom at first, although by the 4th week hunger was cited almost as often. Across all subjects,e venings were cited most often as the worst time of day for craving but among heavier smokers and those who used more nicotine gum mornings were considered worst.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00634470
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine addiction: a re-analysis of the arguments (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 408-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Nicotine ; Dependence ; Addiction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper evaluates the arguments put forward by Robinson and Pritchard (R&P, this volume) that the conclusions of the US Surgeon General (USDHHS 1988) that nicotine is addictive were ill founded. R&P state that nicotine does not cause intoxication, that many smokers do not exhibit compulsive use, that nicotine is not a euphoriant, that nicotine is a weak reinforcer in other species, that non-pharmacological aspects of smoking are important and that negative affect control accounts for more of the variance in questionnaire measures of smoking motives than does habit. This paper points out that intoxication and a euphoriant effect are not normally considered to be central to dependence potential, that no addictive drug results in compulsive use in all users in all situations, that animals do reliably self-administer nicotine, that evidence concerning the apparent importance of non-pharmacological components of smoking do not diminish the importance of pharmacological aspects and that “variance accounted for” of self-report measures of smoking motivation do not bear on the issue of the importance of those motives. The paper concludes with a summary of the essence of the argument that cigarettes are addictive and that nicotine is the primary focus of that addiction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247413
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Function of cigarette smoking in relation to examinations (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 456-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Nicotine ; Examination anxiety ; Stress ; Arousal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eighty-two college students took part in a study on motives underlying increases in cigarette smoking prior to examinations. One group was tested a month before, and a second group was tested the day before, the start of examinations. Measures were taken of current cigarette consumption, general anxiety, anxiety about forthcoming exams, the importance of sedative and stimulant smoking motives, hours spent revising and in other activities and amount smoked during these activities. The results indicated that the students increased the hours they spent revising and there was a corresponding increase in the number of cigarettes smoked during this activity. They also reported an increase in the importance of stimulant smoking motives. Anxiety levels increased in the run up to exams but there was no increase in sedative smoking motives. The results raise the issue of whether any anxiolytic action of nicotine may be limited to acute stressors and also whether smokers' use of cigarettes to help them stay alert during revision translates into improved examination performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247421
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of glucose tablets on craving for cigarettes (1990)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 101 (1990), S. 555-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Smoking ; Glucose ; Craving
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Clients attending a smokers clinic were randomly allocated to two groups to assess the effects of glucose tablets in reducing craving for cigarettes. Smokers who had already been abstinent for 1 week were eligible to take part in the study. All subjects completed ratings relating to urge to smoke and craving. Then subjects in one group were given packets of dextrose tablets and those in the other group were given packets of tablets containing sorbitol (a low calorie sweetener). Ratings of urges to smoke and craving were taken after 1 week, during which time the subjects had been asked to chew their tablets ad lib. Eight out of ten smokers in each group maintained abstinence. The remaining two smokers either did not abstain or did not turn up for the second measurement session. There was a significant reduction in ratings of urges to smoke and craving in the glucose group compared with the sorbitol group. These results support a theory postulating a link between glucoregulation and cigarette craving. If the results are replicated and it is shown that the reduction in craving translates into improved abstinence rates, oral glucose could be of assistance to smokers wishing to give up.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244237
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    29Si nuclear magnetic resonance of dimethyl and phenylmethyl containing polysilanes (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 701-712 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 29Si-NMR spectra are reported for poly(methylphenylsilylene), 1, poly(1,1,2-trimethyl-2-phenyldisilene) 2, two samples of poly(dimethylsilylene-co-phenylmethylsilylene), 3a and 3b, and poly(phenylmethylsilylene-co-n-hexylmethylsilylene), 4. The spectra of 3a, 3b, and 4 indicate that these polymers contain blocklike regions with considerable segregation of RMeSi and PhMeSi groups. The spectrum of 2 shows no evidence for stereospecific polymerization. The preparation of 2 from 1,1,2-trimethyl-2-phenyldichlorosilane is also described.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1988.080260303
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    29Si nuclear magnetic resonance of dialkylpolysilanes (1988)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 26 (1988), S. 713-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The silicon-29 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of a number of dialky- and alkylmethylpoly-silanes are reported. Polysilanes composed of asymmetrically substituted silylenes (i.e., alkylmethylsilylenes) exhibited very broad resonance lines attributed to diastereomeric chemical shifts of stereogenic silylenes alpha and beta to the observed nucles Symmetrically substituted polysilanes showed a single narrow peak. The 29Si chemical shifts for these polysilanes decrease with increasing steric bulk of the substituents, varying inversely with the electronic excitation energy.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1988.080260304
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organosilane high polymers: Oxidation of polycyclohexylmethylsilylene (1985)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 23 (1985), S. 469-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1985.130230904
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organosilane polymers: Formable copolymers that contain methyl(β-phenethyl)silylene or cyclohexyl(methyl)silylene units (1984)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 22 (1984), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High molecular weight polysilane copolymers which contain the units in the title were prepared in high yield by sodium coupling the corresponding organodichlorosilanes in toluene. These copolymers are highly soluble in common solvents and can be drawn into fibers or formed into films by molding or casting. They are also photoactive.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1984.170220121
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organosilane high polymers: Synthesis of formable homopolymers (1983)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 21 (1983), S. 819-822 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1983.130211007
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