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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of dermatological research 288 (1996), S. 436-441 
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Keywords: Key words Histamine itch ; Wheal ; Flare ; Skin prick ; Iontophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Correlations between the skin reactions wheal and flare and the subjectively reported degree of itch were investigated in response to 1% histamine, intradermally applied by standardized skin prick and by iontophoresis. Experiments were performed with 15 male volunteers using a threefold repeated measures design (skin prick, and iontophoresis with 0.13 mA for 10 s and with 2.0 mA for 10 s). Skin reactions (perpendicular diameters) were determined at the time of their maximum (10 min). Itch was rated on a computerized visual analogue scale which was anchored upon the individual scratch threshold. Most effective in producing itch was the skin prick which caused strong sensations markedly above the scratch threshold during the entire period of measurement (30 min), whereas iontophoresis induced only transient itch sensations. On the other hand, the largest wheals were generated by iontophoresis of both intensities (mean 10 or 14 mm vs 6 mm with skin prick). The higher current induced higher itch, wheal and flare responses, but after eliminating this effect of stimulus intensity, no correlations were found. In contrast, skin prick-induced flare reactions varied with the degree of itch above the scratch threshold ( r = 0.56; P 〈 0.01). Repeated measurements showed a higher stability for the itch reaction with skin prick compared with iontophoresis. It is hypothesized that in iontophoresis the brief (10-s) histamine bolus passed the most superficial pruritoceptive C fibres too quickly to induce long-lasting itch sensations, whereas the skin prick caused a deposit at the dermal-epidermal junction releasing histamine during the entire time of measurement. Consequently, both the C fibre-mediated itch and the axon reflex flare were more pronounced with the skin prick, and the wheal resulting from a permeability increase in the postcapillary venule walls was an independent phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 443-450 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; Solanum sp. ; Massenselektion ; Selektionsfehler ; erwachsene Pflanze ; Feldprüfung ; Scheibentest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The reliability of blight resistance assessments made at the seedling stage and subsequent loss of tuber blight resistance were studied in 838 seedlings with different relative resistance to foliage blight. The criteria were assessed after Darsow (1989) in a field experiment in which the effect of maturity class was largely eliminated. Seedlings with 4–6 developed leaves were inoculated in the glasshouse with 3–3.5×105 zoospores of a mixture of pathotypes. Multiple assessments (NB 9=high resistance, 1=greatest susceptibility) and immediate removal of shoots at the stem base allowed those forms most susceptible to foliage blight to be regenerated for testing in subsequent years (single plants, A-clone). Table 1 gives the crosses, scores for resistance of the parents and the numbers of seedlings tested per progeny. The percentage distribution of foliage blight resistance in the field (KRF) related to that of the seedlings (KRG) is given in Fig. 1. Potato plants which were very susceptible at the seedling stage could nevertheless grow in the field and exhibit good foliage blight resistance. The reverse was also observed. The distribution after weak selection for the development of blight on the seedling in the field is given in Table 2. There was an unavoidable loss of 10% and 14% in those rotted seedlings that possessed foliage and tuber blight resistance respectively (Table 3). High tuber blight resistance (BS) occurred in all classes of seedlings with foliage blight resistance; likewise susceptibility to tuber blight occurred in seedlings with foliage blight resistance. From seedlings with KRG≥7, 204 out of a total of 222 retained their genotypes with KRF≥5 and BS≥6.4. A reduction of 43% in the final number of seedlings was accompanied by a loss of 8% of those that possessed combined resistance. Of the seedlings which had been harvested and pre-tested, 277 out of 481 later had insufficient levels of resistance. Early selection will only be advantageous by careful selection of progenies with increased levels of resistance. The interaction of resistance with environment and developmental stage does not at present commend the application of this approach to varietal breeding.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Gewächshaus wurden 838 hoch krautfäuleanfällige bis hoch resistente Kartoffelidiotypen als Sämling auf relative Krautfäuleresistenz (KRG), als Einzelstaude und A-Klon im Scheibentest auf relative Braunfäuleresistenz (BS) und als A-Klon auf relative Krautfäuleresistenz im Feld (KRF) untersucht. Durch rechtzeitiges Abschneiden am Stengelgrund überlebten auch stark befallene Sämlinge. Bei scharfer Sämlingsselektion (KRG≥8 behalten) blieben 24% der Ausgangszahl erhalten, aber nur 52% der vorhandenen resistenten Idiotypen mit KRF≥5 und BS≥6,4. Wurden nur Sämlinge mit KRG≥7 behalten, so gingen immer noch 8% der später erkennbaren Resistenzträger für Kraut- und Braunfäule verloren, jedoch ergab sich eine Einschränkung des Zuchtmaterials durch die Frühselektion auf 57% der Ausgangszahl. Es kam starke ontogene Prädisposition des Krautes sowohl in Richtung erhöhter Anfälligkeit als auch erhöhter Resistenz vor. Neunundreißig Braunfäuleresistenzträger waren als Sämling hoch krautfäuleanfällig. Scharfe Selektion der Sämling ist unangemessen. Für die Sortenauslese wird die Frühselektion auf Krautfäuleresistenz nicht empfohlen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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