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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of effect of toxic aluminium concentrations on nitrogen fixation by nodulatedStylosanthes species (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 66 (1982), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium toxicity ; Nitrogen fixation ; Nodulation ; Stylosanthes hamata ; Stylosanthes humilis ; Stylosanthes scabra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of three solution aluminium concentrations (0, 25, and 100μM) on nitrogen fixation by well-nodulated plants ofStylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthes humilis andStylosanthes scabra are reported. Plants were inoculated with Rhizobium CB756 and grown for 21 days in an aluminium-free nutrient solution at pH 5.3 before imposition of the aluminium treatments. Nitrogen fixation was measured both by the increase in total nitrogen content of the plants and acetylene reduction in roots of plants harvested at 10 and 20 days after imposition of the aluminium treatments. Solution aluminium concentrations as high as 100μM, had no detrimental effect on nitrogen fixation in any species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183981
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of aluminium on nodulation of two Stylosanthes species grown in nutrient solution (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 64 (1982), S. 141-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium toxicity ; Nodulation ; Stylosanthes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of three solution aluminium concentrations (0, 25 and 100 μM) on nodulation ofStylosanthes hamata andStylosanthes scabra inoculated with Rhizobium CB 756 were studied using nutrient solution culture. Aluminium strongly affected nodulation by delaying nodule appearance and reducing the number and dry weight of nodules in both species. The effects of aluminium toxicity on nodulation were more pronounced inStylosanthes scabra than inStylosanthes hamata. These effects of aluminium on nodulation occurred before any significant effect of aluminium on top growth, root growth or root elongation. A plant transfer experiment suggested that aluminium interfered with root infection and/or nodule initiation in both species. The detrimental effect of aluminium on nodulation appeared to be associated with a reduction in lateral root density, thus decreasing the potential number of sites for root infection and nodule formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02184246
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential response of six cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) cultivars to liming in an ultisol (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 59 (1981), S. 61-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetylen reduction assay ; Aluminium toxicity ; Chemical composition ; Cowpea ; Cultivar tolerance to soil acidity ; Liming ; Nitrogen deficiency ; Nitrogenase activity ; Nodulation ; Relative dry matter yields ; Soil acidity ; Ultisol ; Lime-induced yield depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The differential response of six cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) cultivars to liming was assessed in a greenhouse trial using an Ultisol (Typic Paleudult) from southeastern Nigeria. Lime rates from 0 to 5.0 t/ha were applied to give a range of soil pH, determined in 1∶1 soil/water from 4.25 to about 7.0. Without liming, relative dry matter yields of tops ranged between 46.6 and 76.8 percent. Significant yield responses to the first lime increment (0.5 t/ha) were observed particularly in the less tolerant cultivars and maximum yields were generally obtained with application of 1.6 to 2.5 t/ha lime. Among the six cultivars, TVu 4557 and Ife Brown were most tolerant, Vita-1 and Vita-3 were moderately tolerant, and TVu 1977-OD and TVu 4552 were least tolerant to soil acidity. The latter two cultivars were the most poorly nodulated when grown in the unlimed soil. The first lime increment enabled excellent nodulation to be achieved in all cultivars. Nitrogen analyses on tops confirmed the visual symptoms of nitrogen deficiency in two cultivars (Vita-1, TVu 1977-OD) grown in the unlimed soil. Analysis of data on chemical composition of plant tops and chemical soil characteristics gave indications that aluminium toxicity is the major growth limiting factor for cowpeas in this soil. This study, albeit with a limited range of cowpea germplasm clearly indicates that cowpea possesses considerable potential as a grain legume on strongly acid soils (pH〈5.0), even in circumstances where lime is not available. Low rates of lime (0.5 t/ha or less) will greatly expand the available choice of cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02183592
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromatographic techniques for the separation of Al and associated organic ligands present in soil solution (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; chromatography ; dissolved organic carbon ; organic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Organic acids including humic, fulvic, aliphatic and aromatic acids comprise part of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) present in soil solution. They act as ligands for trace metals and are effective detoxifiers of monomeric aluminium (Al). Solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques permit fractionation of the DOC into organic classes but yield no information on the pre-existing Al/organic acid complexes. Aliphatic and aromatic acids may be separated and determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); however, the conditions used dissociate the organic acid Al complexes. Humic and fulvic acids are of a variable and ill-defined nature and only limited information exists regarding their binding of Al. This paper reports on fractionation studies of soil solutions, using both SPE and molecular weight cut-off filters, to characterise the DOC components and on the subsequent development of a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) system for the separation of organically complexed Al into different species using a low ionic strength mobile phase at pH 4.2. Model complexes of Al and Cu citrate were used to evaluate chromatographic performance of a Fractogel TSK HW-40(S) column (1×30 cm). For soil solution samples, the column eluate, after passing through a UV detector, was directly coupled to an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICPAES) for on-line multi-element detection to characterise DOC and trace metal distribution. Fractionation studies revealed that polysaccharides constituted the major proportion of the DOC which passed the 10000 dalton molecular weight cut-off filter. Analysis of soil solutions from an organically amended soil by the SEC-ICPAES system showed that Al, Fe and Mn eluted as multiple peaks prior to the bed volume, indicating their presence as complexes with organic ligands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009560
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative 27Al NMR spectroscopic studies of Al (III) complexes with organic acid ligands and their comparison with GEOCHEM predicted values (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; equilibrium calculations ; GEOCHEM ; NMR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The toxic inorganic monomeric forms of aluminium (Al) that limit plant growth have been shown to be effectively detoxified by complexation with organic acid ligands released by breakdown of added organic materials. The binding capacity of these acids is dependent on the degree of dissociation of their carboxyl groups and their ability to form bonds with Al. 27Al NMR spectroscopy provides a non-invasive technique to study the bonding of Al with potential ligands without disturbing the equilibrium of the system. In single ligand systems containing oxalic acid, three 27Al resonance peaks were observed at 6.4, 11.4 and 16.0 ppm downfield from the Al3+ reference peak at 0 ppm. These were assigned to Alox, Alox2 and Alox3 complexes respectively and were observable at pH values down to 3.5. In the presence of the citrate ligand, two 27Al resonance peaks at 6.1 and 11.3 ppm, assigned respectively to the Alcit and Alcit2 complexes, were observed at pH 3.4. At pH 4.3 and an Al:citrate molar ratio of 1:2, the 6.1 ppm peak was not visible, and the second peak further downfield was split into two unresolved peaks at 10.8 and 12.4 ppm indicating the presence of two forms of the Alcit2 complex. Distribution of Al between the various species, based on integration of the resonance peaks and equilibrium calculations carried out using GEOCHEM, is discussed in light of the stability constants present in the database of GEOCHEM version (v.) 1.23 and GEOCHEM-PC v. 2.0. Large discrepancies between the computed values and the NMR measured values indicate the need to incorporate more recent literature values in the database for realistic equilibrium calculations in systems containing organic acid ligands. The potential of using quantitative 27Al NMR measurements to calculate stability constants is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009561
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting aluminium sorption by calcium pectate (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 149 (1993), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; calcium ; calcium pectate ; polygalacturonic acid ; solution pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Extracellular processes, particularly the adsorption of aluminium (Al) by pectate in the cell wall, have been proposed as important in the expression of Al toxicity to plant roots. In vitro studies were conducted on the effects of Al concentration (generally ≤ 32 μM), calcium (Ca) concentration (0.05 to 10 mM) and pH (3.2 to 5.4) on Al sorption by Ca pectate. There was a rapid reaction between Al and Ca pectate, there being no difference in Al remaining in solution after reaction times of 1 to 16 min, and only a slight decrease after 24 h. Increased Al concentration in solution increased linearly the sorption of Al by Ca pectate, with 70 to 84% of the Al originally in solution sorbed with ≤32 μM Al. In contrast, Al sorption decreased with increased Ca concentration in solution, and as pH decreased from 5.4 to 3.2. Only ≤30% of the sorbed Al was desorbed after 1 h by 1 mM CaCl2, 10 mM CaCl2 or 1 mM HCl. The amount of Al desorbed increased with a desorption period of 5 h, particularly with 1 mM HCl. These studies suggest that Al sorbed by Ca pectate in root cell walls is in equilibrium with Al in solution, and that Al toxicity is associated with the strong binding between Al and Ca pectate external to the cytoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010765
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