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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific polypeptide differences in normal versus malignant human breast tissues by two-dimensional electrophoresis (1987)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 10 (1987), S. 177-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: biological markers ; breast cancer ; two-dimensional electrophoresis ; estrogen receptor ; progesterone receptor ; polypeptides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Postmitochondrial and cytosolic polypeptides were extracted from human breast tumors and non-malignant breast tissue and analyzed using high resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). Approximately 800–1000 postmitochondrial and 600–800 silver stained cytosolic polypeptides were detected over the pH range of 4.8 to 7.5 and molecular weight range of 18–120 kDa. The 2D-PAGE patterns of polypeptides from normal and malignant tissue were very similar, although both qualitative and quantitative polypeptide differences were noted. Six cytosolic polypeptides (pI/molecular weight × 10−3) 5.20/80 kDa, 5.75/43, 6.25/40, 5.43/35, 5.45/34.5, 5.50/34 and 6.15/24 were expressed only in malignant tissues. One constitutive polypeptide, 7.25/52, was not detected in any of the malignant tissue samples. Quantitatively, marked differences in spot density were noted in polypeptides localized mainly in the molecular weight ranges of 22–40 kDa and pI ranges of 5.65–7.00. A general increase in polypeptide expression was noted in malignant tissues as compared to normal. Twenty-two polypeptides were significantly and consistently increased in tumor samples while only one polypeptide was decreased. One polypeptide, p24 (6.15/24) was expressed in greatest concentrations in tumors which also expressed the greatest estrogen receptor content. Expression of p24 was markedly reduced in normal tissue and malignant tissues expressing low levels of estrogen and progesterone receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01810581
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INT2 and ERBB2 amplification and ERBB2 expression in breast tumors from patients with different outcomes (1996)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 37 (1996), S. 65-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: INT2 ; ERBB2 ; amplification ; expression ; breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationships of INT2 and ERBB2 amplification and of ERBB2 overexpression in primary breast tumors to prognostic factors, recurrence, and survival have generated considerable controversy. The rationale for this study is that long-term, recurrence-free survival is a more direct criterion for testing the validity of a tumor marker than correlation either with prognostic factors or with short-term recurrence and survival. We examined the association of recurrence with INT2 and ERBB2 amplification and ERBB2 expression by comparing primary breast tumors from patients surviving without recurrence for ≥ 8.5 years after diagnosis. the LTS group, to tumors from patients recurring within two years, the RR group. The RR (N = 63) and LTS (N = 61) samples were coded and examined for amplification by Southern blotting and for expression by immunohistochemistry. Comparison between the RR and LTS groups demonstrated that INT2 amplification was associated with a significantly (P = 0.018) higher (5.6-fold) risk of recurrence, an association that remained significant after controlling for lymph node (LN), tumor size (TS), and histograde (HG) status. ERBB2 amplification and expression were not associated with a higher recurrence risk. Survival analyses within the RR group, however, demonstrated significantly shorter survival time among cases with than without ERBB2 amplification (P = 0.018, median survival 16 vs 25 months), or ERBB2 expression (P = 0.019, median survival 15 vs 25 months), but not INT2 amplification. Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression models also demonstrated significantly shorter survival among cases with ERBB2 amplification (P = 0.016) or expression (P = 0.049), that remained significant in multivariate analyses (P = 0.022) for ERBB2 amplification. These results indicate a significant positive association between INT2 amplification and risk for tumor recurrence in the RR as compared to the LTS group. The relationship of ERBB2 amplification or overexpression to patient outcome is more complex. ERBB2 amplification and expression have a significant relationship with shorter survival among patients recurrent within two years, but their occurrence in tumors from women surviving without recurrence for ≥ 8.5 years suggests that ERBB2 status is not predictive of shorter survival for all breast cancers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806633
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weight gain after primary surgery for breast cancer - effect of tamoxifen (1992)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 22 (1992), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: tamoxifen ; breast cancer ; body weight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Changes in body weight have been studied in 92 consecutive patients with primary breast cancer from the time of initial diagnosis and treatment. Sixty patients receiving tamoxifen were compared with 32 controls receiving no hormone treatment. Weight gain was seen in both groups, but was greater in the group receiving tamoxifen. Premenopausal women receiving tamoxifen had greater weight gain than postmenopausal women on tamoxifen therapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01833342
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The efficacy of bone scanning in the follow-up of patients with operable breast cancer (1984)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 4 (1984), S. 303-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: bone scans ; breast cancer ; follow-up ; treatment failure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A considerable fraction of first metastases in breast cancer patients are found in the skeletal system. Consequently, to improve the probability of detecting bone lesions, protocols of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) have required radionuclide scans every six months for the first three postoperative years and yearly thereafter. The present study was conducted to evaluate the worth of 7984 bone scans performed prior to documentation of first treatment failure on 2 697 stage II (positive node) patients entered into NSABP clinical trial B-09. At the time of evaluation, there were 779 patients with a treatment failure, 163 (20.9%) of whom had their recurrence limited to bone. At most, 52 (0.6%) of the total number of screening scans were efficacious in detecting lesions in asymptomatic patients. As a result of this minimal benefit from routine scans, it was recommended that they be conducted less frequently. In presently ongoing NSABP studies, asymptomatic patients having tumors with positive axillary nodes receive scans at yearly intervals for the first three years. Future NSABP trials will require follow-up bone scans only as indicated by symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01806043
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the estrogen receptor-associated immunophilins, cyclophilin 40 and FKBP52, in breast cancer (1999)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 58 (1999), S. 265-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; estrogen receptor ; expression ; immunophilins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The estrogen receptor α (ERα) is implicated in the development of breast cancer. The immunophilins, cyclophilin 40 (CyP40) and FKBP52, are associated with ERα and other steroid receptors in mutually exclusive heterocomplexes and may differentially modulate receptor activity. Since previous studies have not assessed the levels of these immunophilins in breast cancer, we examined 10 breast cancer cell lines for mRNA and protein expression of CyP40 and FKBP52 and for amplification of the CyP40 gene. In addition, 26 breast carcinomas, including seven with matched normal breast tissue, were examined for mRNA expression of both immunophilins. CyP40 and FKBP52 were ubiquitously expressed in breast cancer cell lines, but there were significant differences in their pattern of expression. FKBP52 protein levels were generally an order of magnitude greater than those for CyP40. FKBP52 mRNA expression correlated strongly with protein expression and was significantly higher in ERα-positive compared with ERα-negative cell lines. However, CyP40 mRNA expression did not correlate with protein expression, nor did expression of this immunophilin correlate with ERα status. Relatively high expression of CyP40 in one cell line (BT-20) could be attributed to amplification of the CyP40 gene. Both immunophilins were also ubiquitously expressed in breast carcinomas, and we demonstrate for the first time that both CyP40 and FKBP52 mRNA are overexpressed in breast tumors compared to matched normal breast controls. The overexpression of CyP40 and FKBP52, coupled with relative differences in their expression in tumors, may have important functional implications for ERα and other steroid receptors in breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006390804515
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of cathepsin D in human breast cancer: Usefulness of the processsed 31 kDa active form of the enzyme as a prognostic indicator in node-negative and node-positive patients (2000)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 60 (2000), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: active processed cathepsin D ; breast cancer ; prognostic indicator ; survival analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relative amounts of the precursor (52 kDa) and processed (31,27 kDa) forms of cathepsin D have been analyzed by Western blotting in biopsied breast tissue cytosols from 134 lesions from invasive breast cancer patients, 24 lesions from patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 227 lesions from benign breast disease patients, and 28 lesions from normal control subjects. The mean relative percentage amount of the 31 kDa form was significantly increased (p〈0.001) in the invasive breast cancer group compared to the other three groups. In addition, the mean relative percentage amount of the 31 kDa form was significantly increased (p〈0.05) in node-positive compared to node-negative breast cancer patients. In the benign breast disease group, patients with proliferative-type disease had a significantly increased (p=0.02) mean relative percentage amount of the 31 kDa form of cathepsin D compared to patients with nonproliferative-type disease. Invasive breast cancer patients were followed for up to 75 months to determine if the relative percentage amount of the 31 kDa form of cathepsin D was predictive of disease-free and overall survival. Although the amount of the 31 kDa form was not predictive of disease-free survival, patients in the ‘high’ 31 kDa group (〉18) were significantly (p〈0.05) more likely to die than patients in the ‘low’ 31 kDa group (≤18%). The 12 patients who died were all node-positive and in the high 31 kDa group. It thus appears that the relative amount of the processed, active 31 kDa form of cathepsin D is a useful prognostic indicator, at least in node-positive breast cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006394401199
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression and localization of elements of the plasminogen activation system in benign breast disease and breast cancers (1993)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 53 (1993), S. 135-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: urokinase plasminogen activator ; urokinase plasminogen activator receptor ; plasminogen activator inhibitor ; tissue plasminogen activator ; breast cancer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The malignant potential of solid tumors is related to the ability to invade adjacent tissue and to metastasize. These properties of cancer cells depend on the synthesis of proteolytic enzymes which are able to digest adjacent connective tissue and basement membranes. We hypothesized that all elements of the plasminogen activation system might be overexpressed in malignant human breast tumors, functioning as an essential element in tumor invasion and metastasis. As determined by histopathological methods, the malignant tumors showed statistically significantly higher expression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), and especially urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) than benign tissues. All those elements were present in higher amounts in the cancer cells than in the cells of benign or normal breast tissues. High exhibition of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) found in cancer seems to be random and not related to the malignant or benign state, since benign and malignant tumors show overexpression of tissue plasminogen activator with similar frequency. When the tumors express high amounts of uPA, they express a high amount of uPAR in 50% of cases and PAI-1 in 57.3% of cases. When urokinase is expressed in low amount, the receptor is low in 28.6% and inhibitor in 21.4% of malignant breast tumors. This statistically significant consensus, 78.6% in the case of urokinase and its receptor and 78.6% in case of urokinase and its inhibitor, suggests that these activities may be the result of a unique mechanism of control, activated in the last steps of malignant transformation.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240530206
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