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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: B-cell ; B-cell granules ; DOPA ; dopamine ; electron microscopic autoradiography ; glibenclamide ; glucose ; insulin secretion ; isopropylnoradrenaline ; mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Accumulation and subcellular localization of dopamine (DA) in pancreatic B-cells and its effects on insulin secretion were investigated in mice following a single injection of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-alanine (L-DOPA). Electron microscopic autoradiography showed that3H-DA formed from administered3H-DOPA was present over B-cells as well as over other types of islet cells. Pretreatment of the animals with a decarboxylase inhibitor greatly reduced the number of autoradiographic grains. In the B-cells the3H-DA-grains were associated with the secretory granules. The location of the label may suggest an incorporation in the periphery of the β-granule, rather than in the dense core, supposed to contain insulin. Accumulation of DA in the B-cells following L-DOPA administration was found to inhibit partially the insulin secretory response to different insulin secretagogues (glucose, glibenclamide and L-isopropylnoradrenaline (L-IPNA)). Treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitor + L-DOPA induced an almost total suppression of L-IPNA-stimulated insulin secretion, whereas glucose-induced insulin release was still only partially inhibited. Pretreatment with a decarboxylase inhibitor abolished the effects of L-DOPA. It is suggested that intracellularly accumulated DA in the B-cell exerts an inhibitory action on insulin releasing mechanisms induced by different secretagogues and that this action might involve interference with a calcium translocation process at the level of the secretory granule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 22 (1982), S. 258-263 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Plasma glucagon ; mice ; muscular dystrophy ; gel filtration ; immunoglobulins ; glucose ; insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present investigation was undertaken to determine and characterize glucagon immunoreactivity in plasma from normal NMRI mice and from dystrophic mice and their unaffected littermates of the 129/ReJ strain. Very young dystrophic mice (6 weeks old) displayed much higher basal levels of plasma glucagon immunoreactivity than normal mice. In contrast, plasma concentrations of insulin and glucose were lower in these dystrophic mice than in normal NMRI mice. The plasma glucagon levels declined with age in both strains during the time-period studied (1.5–5 months). Gel filtration of plasma from dystrophic as well as normal mice on Sephadex G-200 revealed that a large part of the total glucagon immunoreactivity was eluted in fractions containing the immunoglobulins. The amount of the ‘true’ glucagon part was lower in plasma from normal mice (about 0.2 μg/l) than in plasma from mice of the dystrophic strain (0.4–0.5 μg/l)). This finding was indirectly corroborated by the observation that a large intravenous glucose load decreased plasma glucagon by approximately 0.2 μg/l in the non-dystrophic NMRI strain and by about 0.4–0.6 μg/l in the dystrophic strain. Thus, the ability of glucose to suppress glucagon secretion appeared unaffected in the dystrophic mice. Glucose-induced insulin release, however, was considerably impaired in these animals. It is concluded that mice of the dystrophic 129/ReJ strain have higher plasma levels of ‘true’ glucagon than mice of the non-dystrophic NMRI strain. Whether the abnormally high plasma glucagon levels in the dystrophic strain, particularly in very young dystrophic mice, might contribute to the development of the muscular dystrophy remains to be elucidated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 7 (1971), S. 414-422 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: 5-hydroxytryptamine ; 5-hydroxytryptophan ; monoamine oxidase inhibition ; decarboxylase inhibition ; glucose ; glibenclamide ; isopropylnoradrenaline ; alloxan diabetes ; mouse ; blood glucose ; immunoreactive insulin ; tissue glycogen ; hypoglycaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez la souris normale a été étudiéein vivo la signification fonctionnelle du stockage de 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) dans les cellules β du pancréas pour les mécanismes de la sécrétion d'insuline. Un traitement préalable des animaux avec leL-5-hydroxytryptophane (L-5-HTP) a nettement réduit la capacité de sécrétion d'insuline après stimulation par sulfonylurée. Cette inhibition de la sécrétion d'insuline pouvait être évitée par l'administration préalable d'un inhibiteur de décarboxylation d'acide aminé aromatique. D'un autre côté, le traitement préalable avec la nialamide, inhibiteur de la monoamine oxydase, réduisait la sécrétion d'insuline provoquée par sulfonylurée. Le traitement combiné avec la nialamide et leL-5-HTP n'a pas réduit davantage la réponse de l'insuline. Il a été trouvé que la sécrétion d'insuline provoquée par laL-isopropylnoradrénaline (L-IPNA) se réduisait également aprés l'administration préalable deL-5-HTP ou de nialamide, mais, contrairement à la réponse de l'insuline après sulfonylurée, la sécrétion d'insuline provoquée par l'IPNA pouvait être totalement supprimée par le traitement combiné avec la nialamide ou la pargyline et leL-5-HTP. La sécrétion d'insuline provoquée par le glucose n'était influencée de façon significative par aucun des traitements ci-dessus. Le taux basal d'insuline du plasma n'était pas affecté par l'injection deL-5-HTP et n'était pas réduit de façon certaine par le traitement combiné avec l'inhibiteur de la monamine oxydase et leL-5-HTP. Il a été trouvé que le traitement combiné avec l'inhibiteur de la monoamine oxydase et leL-5-HTP provoquait une hypoglycémie profonde à la fois chez la souris normale et chez la souris diabétique par l'alloxane. L'hypoglycémie était accompagnée d'un épuisement du contenu du glycogène du foie et des muscles. Il était possible d'éviter l'hypoglycémie par un traitement préalable avec un inhibiteur de décarboxylation d'acide aminé aromatique. Un traitement combiné avec la pargyline et la 5-HT a provoqué une nette hyperglycémie. — En conclusion: 1. Le taux intracellulaire de la 5-HT dans les cellulesβ du pancréas a la capacité de modifier les mécanismes de la sécrétion d'insuline. 2. L'action hypoglycémique des inhibiteurs de la monoamine oxydase est provoquée par l'accroissement du taux intracellulaire de 5-HT qui s'accompagne d'une nette augmentation de l'utilisation du glucose par les tissus.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde bei normalen Mäusenin vivo die funktionelle Bedeutung der Speicherung von 5-Hydroxytryptamin (5-HT) in den B-Zellen des Pankreas für die Mechanismen der Insulinsekretion untersucht. Eine Vorbehandlung der Tiere mitL-5 Hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) verminderte deutlich die Insulinsekretion nach Stimulation mit Sulfonylharnstoff. Diese Hemmung der Insulinsekretion konnte durch vorherige Behandlung mit einem Hemmer der aromatischen Aminosäurendekarboxylase verhindert werden. Andererseits wurde die durch Sulfonylharnstoff bewirkte Insulinsekretion nach alleiniger Vorbehandlung mit dem Monoamino-oxidasehemmer Nialamid vermindert. Die kombinierte Behandlung mit Nialamid undL-5-HTP hat die Insulinantwort nicht weiter gemindert. Die durchL- Isopropylnoradrenalin (L-IPNA) bewirkte Insulinausschüttung wurde ebenfalls nach einer vorherigen Behandlung mitL-5-HTP oder Nialamid reduziert. Aber im Gegensatz zu der Insulinantwort nach Sulfonylharnstoff konnte die durch IPNA induzierte Insulinausschüttung völlig durch die kombinierte Behandlung mit Nialamid oder Pargylin plusL-5-HTP unterdrückt werden. Die durch Glucose herbeigeführte Insulinausschüttung wurde nicht wesentanimals lich durch eine der oben erwähnten Behandlungen verändert. Die basale Plasmainsulinkonzentration wurde durch dieL-5-HTP-Injektion nicht beeinflußt und war auch nicht wesentlich durch die kombinierte Behandlung mit dem Monoaminooxidasehemmer undL-5-HTP vermindert worden. — Die kombinierte Behandlung mit Monoaminooxidase-Inhibitoren undL-5-HTP erzeugte eine tiefe Hypoglykämie in normalen und alloxandiabetischen Mäusen. Der hypoglykämische Zustand wurde von einem Verschwinden des Leber- und Muskelglykogens begleitet. Die Hypoglykämie konnte durch eine Vorbehandlung mit einem Inhibitor der aromatischen Aminosäuredekarboxilation verhindert werden. Die kombinierte Behandlung mit Pargylin und 5-HT führte zu einer starken Hyperglykämie. — Daraus wurde geschlossen, 1. daß die intrazelluläre Konzentration von 5-HT in den B-Zellen des Pankreas die Fähigkeit besitzt, den Mechanismus der Insulinsekretion zu beeinflussen, 2. daß die hypoglykämische Wirkung der Monoaminooxidase-Inhibitoren durch eine erhöhte intrazelluläre 5-HT-Konzentration erzeugt wird, welche von einer stark erhöhten Glucoseutilisation der Gewebe begleitet wird.
    Notes: Summary The functional significance of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) storage in the pancreatic B cells for insulin secreting mechanisms was studied in normal micein vivo. Pretreatment of the animals withL-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) markedly decreased the insulin releasing capacity after sulphonylurea stimulation. This inhibition of insulin release could be abolished by previous administration of an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation. On the other hand, pretreatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor nialamide alone, decreased sulphonylurea-induced insulin release. The combined treatment with nialamide andL-5-HTP did not further decrease the insulin response. Insulin release induced byL-isopropylnoradrenaline (L-IPNA) was also found to diminish after previous administration ofL-5-HTP or nialamide; but, unlike the insulin response to sulphonylurea, insulin release induced by IPNA could be totally suppressed by the combined treatment of nialamide or pargyline andL-5-HTP. Insulin release induced by glucose was not significantly influenced with any of the above treatments. Basal levels of plasma insulin were not affected byL-5-HTP injection, and were not consistently diminished by the combined treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitor andL-5-HTP. The combined treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors andL-5-HTP was found to elicit a profound hypoglycaemia in both normal and alloxan-diabetic mice. The hypoglycaemic condition was accompanied by exhaustion of liver and muscle glycogen. The hypoglycaemia could be abolished by previous treatment with an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid decarboxylation. Combined treatment with pargyline and 5-HT brought about a marked hyperglycaemia. It is concluded that: 1. intracellular levels of 5-HT in the pancreatic B cells possess the ability to modify insulin secreting mechanisms; and 2. the hypoglycaemic action of monoamine oxidase inhibitors is brought about by raised intracellular levels of 5-HT, which is accompanied by a markedly increased glucose utilization by the tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1982), S. 403-408 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: glibenclamide ; diabetes ; insulin ; kinetics ; blood glucose ; relationship to meals ; absorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to assess whether intake of glibenclamide before meals would improve its therapeutic capacity, the present investigation compared the effect of glibenclamide 2.5mg t.i.d. given before and together with meals. In addition, these effects were compared with that of glibenclamide given as a single morning dose of 7.5mg. The subjects studied were six Type 2 diabetics not previously exposed to sulphonylurea drugs. Irrespective of dosage and mode of administration, addition of glibenclamide to a standardized breakfast, lunch and dinner enhanced plasma IRI concentrations and reduced blood glucose concentrations as compared to administration of meals without the drug. The different modes of glibenclamide administration did not differ significantly with respect to IRI responses. However, the blood glucose reduction after breakfast was significantly greater when glibenclaimde 2.5mg had been given before the meal than when 2.5 or 7.5mg were given with the meal; a similar, but non-significant tendency was observed after lunch; no consistent difference was seen after dinner. Food intake did not affect glibenclamide kinetics. It appears that administration of glibenclamide 2.5mg before breakfast improved glucose utilization following the breakfast load, due to earlier attainment of an effective concentration of glibenclamide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Blood glucose ; glibenclamide ; immunoreactive insulin ; isopropylnoradrenaline ; mouse ; pancreatic islets ; ultrastructure ; vinblastine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of vinblastine in vivo on ultrastructure and insulin releasing capacity of the B-cell was studied in mice. Treatment with vinblastine (1.1 μmole/mouse) resulted in a 75% decrease of the amount of normal microtubules and the appearance of characteristic paracrystals. Basal plasma immunoreactive insulin levels were depressed to about 60% of the control level. The dose-response pattern for insulin release (first phase) following two chemically unrelated insulin secretagogues, the potent sulphonylurea derivative, glibenclamide, and the β-adrenergic agonist L-isopropylnoradrenaline, (L-IPNA), was tested with and without vinblastine pretreatment. The dose-response curves for L-IPNA-induced insulin release in vinblastine-treated and control animals did not deviate significantly from each other, whereas insulin release following glibenclamide was almost totally suppressed by vinblastine except at the lowest dose level. Injection of maximal doses of glibenclamide or L-IPNA did not alter the ultrastructural changes induced by vinblastine in the B-cells. It is suggested that the microtubular system of the B-cell might play a minor role for certain insulin-releasing processes and/or that vinblastine might have other important effects on the insulin secretory machinery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 10 (1974), S. 717-724 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Acid amyloglucosidase ; insulin release ; plasma immunoreactive insulin ; sulphonylurea derivatives ; α-amylase ; β-glucuronidase ; albumin ; isopropylnoradrenaline ; arginine ; isobutylmethylxanthine ; secretin ; mice ; rats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of exogenous acid amyloglucosidase on sulphonylurea-induced insulin release was investigated in mice and rats. 1. Pretreatment of mice with acid amyloglucosidase enhanced insulin release induced by the different sulphonylurea derivatives, carbutamide, tolbutamide, glibenclamide, and glibornuride. 2. A dose-response relationship between glibenclamide-induced insulin response and amyloglucosidase dosage covering a 64-fold concentration range was established in mice. 3. Pretreatment of the animals with other macromolecules of similar physiological or chemical properties to acid amyloglucosidase such asα-amylase,β-glucuronidase and albumin did not influence glibenlamide-induced insulin release. 4. The effect of acid amyloglucosidase pretreatment on insulin release induced by different agents known to affect the islet-cell adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system such as secretin, L-isopropylnoradrenaline (L-IPNA), arginine, glibenclamide and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was tested. It was observed that in animals pretreated with acid amyloglucosidase, insulin release was enhanced when stimulated by glibenclamide, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, but it was similarly enhanced by arginine, a phosphodiesterase activator. Insulin release induced by secretin, L-IPNA, and IBMX was unaffected. 5. Acid amyloglucosidase pretreatment in rats enhanced plasma immunoreactive insulin levels following glibenclamide injection not only in the peripheral veins but also in the portal vein. 6. Mice fasted for 24 hrs displayed a markedly depressed insulin response to tolbutamide injection. Pretreatment of the fasted animals with acid amyloglucosidase could restore the tolbutamide-induced insulin release to the same level as that recorded in a group of freely fed mice. It is suggested that acid amyloglucosidase plays an important role in insulin secretion induced by sulphonylureas. Most evidence suggests that this effect is exerted within the B-cell although an additional effect on the liver cannot be ruled out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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