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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insect behavior at the leaf surface and learning as aspects of host plant selection (1989)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 45 (1989), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Behavior ; learning ; leaf surface ; wax ; insects ; food selection ; secondary compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Direct observations on the feeding behavior of insect herbivores are uncommon, but important. The important aspects of host-plant selection by phytophagous insects that have been revealed by such observations are the role of chemicals in the leaf surface, and learning. There are few detailed reports of behavior at the leaf surface, but these indicate that many, if not all, insects exhibit behavior pattenrs that can be interpreted as an examination of the quality of the surface and acceptance or rejection may follow without further testing. A number of experiments show that chemicals from the leaf surface commonly contribute to the acceptability or otherwise of a plant and in most cases so far the active chemicals are of widespread occurrence, not having a specific association with the host plant. Some experiments show that the association between surface chemicals and plant palatability is learned, but in other cases there is evidence of an innate response. Habituation to deterrent chemicals has been demonstrated in the laboratory, but not in the field. Food aversion learning also occurs and may be important in dietary switching by polyphagous insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01951806
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary mixing in grasshoppers: switching induced by nutritional imbalances in foods (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 61 (1991), S. 247-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; dietary mixing ; compensatory feeding ; learning ; flavors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dietary mixing by nymphs of Schistocerca americana was studied in the laboratory using artificial diet cakes. Individuals were given either two different inadequate but complementary diet cakes or two adequate and identical ones. When unique flavors (coumarin or NHT) were added to the diet cakes, insects given the inadequate diet treatment switched between cakes more than insects exposed to the adequate diets. This was not the case when no identifying flavors were added.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00187728
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced food preferences in caterpillars: the need to identify mechanisms (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction ; imprinting ; learning ; caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; experience ; diet breadth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review discusses the ambiguity of results obtained from dual-choice feeding tests, especially in relation to the study of effects of experience. Induced preference experiments done this way can be caused by up to nine potential changes in caterpillar behavior. In addition different physiological mechanisms that could lead to the process of induced preference are discussed. These include habituation to deterrents, the increased ability to process xenobiotics, the acquisition of specific positive responses, sensitization, and associative learning. These different processes might relate to function in different ways so that distinguishing them is important to progress in understanding the phenomenon. Suggestions for experimental designs that provide details on processes involved are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304451
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary mixing in grasshoppers: Changes in acceptability of different plant secondary compounds associated with low levels of dietary protein (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 4 (1991), S. 545-556 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; grasshopper ; learning ; aversion ; novelty ; polyphagy ; dietary mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Schistocerca americanasixth-instar nymphs were examined for a change in diet acceptance, in which insects experiencing an unfavorable diet subsequently become predisposed to eat relatively less of that diet and more of diets with a novel flavor than they would had they previously fed on a more adequate diet. Insects were pretreated for 4 h on either low-protein (2 % wet wt) or higherprotein (4%) artificial diets flavored with a plant secondary compound (tomatine or rutin). They were then offered, in choice or no-choice tests, the lowprotein diet with the familiar or a novel (tomatine, rutin, or NHT) flavor. When tomatine was the familiar and rutin the novel flavor in a no-choice test, the insects previously fed low-protein diets took relatively long meals on the novel and relatively short meals on the familiar diets compared with the insects that had previously eaten higher-protein diets. A similar, but in this case considerably less pronounced and statistically nonsignificant, pattern existed in the reciprocal design experiment in which rutin was the familiar and tomatine the novel flavor. Similarly, insects fed low-protein diets flavored with rutin subsequently showed an increased relative preference for the novel flavor (NHT) in a choice test, compared with the high protein-pretreated insects. It is concluded that insects fed protein-deficient diets may subsequently show a preference for novel foods through different mechanisms, the importance of which may differ in different circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048069
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Behavioral Mechanism for Incorporating an Unpalatable Food in the Diet of a Generalist Herbivore (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 10 (1997), S. 841-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: herbivore ; grasshopper ; foraging ; Schistocerca americana ; novelty ; neophilia ; learning ; habituation ; nutrition ; diet mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated mechanisms that could lead to incorporation of unpalatable foods into the diet of a generalist grasshopper, Schistocerca americana: nutritional stress, habituation, learning, and attraction to novelty. The model system involved mesquite, a palatable but inferior food, and mulberry, an unpalatable but adequate food. Nutritional stress, due to prolonged intake of the inferior food, mesquite, did not increase the acceptability of mulberry. Habituation to the deterrent compounds in mulberry and associative learning of the nutritional benefits of mulberry also did not occur. However, mulberry became more acceptable after a day of restriction to a single food type other than mulberry, and even deterrent and nutritionally worthless alternatives such as filter paper became acceptable after a day on any one food type. A tendency to feed on novel food types may be a proximate mechanism for the incorporation of relatively unpalatable, but nutritionally valuable foods into the diet. Novelty and the apparent need for diversity of foods are discussed in the context of exploratory foraging behavior by generalist herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOIR.0000010417.24991.9e
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparisons of deterrency and toxicity of selected secondary plant compounds to an oligophagous and a polyphagous acridid (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Schistocerca ; Locusta ; deterrence ; toxicity ; plant secondary compounds ; grasshopper feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La comparaison a porté sur les relations entre répulsion et toxicité de huit substances secondaires chez deux acridiens: Locusta migratoria, spécialiste de graminées, et Schistocerca gregaria, polyphage. L. migratoria est repoussé par toutes les substances proposées, aux concentrations naturelles, pour lesquelles S. gregaria a présenté des comportements trés divers. Mais surtout, L. migratoria a été significativement plus sensible que S. gregaria aux effets toxiques de ces substances quand elles sont injectées dans son haemolymphe; S. gregaria a réagi à ces substances plus par des modifications de son comportement. Il y a une corrélation significative pour les deux espèces, entre la répulsion et la toxicité des substances injectées.
    Notes: Abstract A comparison was made of the relationship between deterrence and toxicity of eight secondary compounds to two acridids. The grass specialist Locusta migratoria was compared with the polyphagous Schistocerca gregaria. L. migratoria was deterred by all compounds presented at natural concentrations to which S. gregaria showed a variety of behavioral responses. Overall, L. migratoria was significantly more susceptible to toxic effects of the chemicals when injected into the hemolymph than was S. gregaria and was more sensitive behaviourally to them. There was a significant correlation in both species between deterrency and toxicity of injected compounds, but little evidence of a relationship between deterrency and oral toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364195
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of ingestion of some non-host plant secondary compounds on larvae of Manduca sexta (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; deterrence ; toxicity ; oligophagy ; plant secondary compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets qui suivent l'ingestion de 7 produits secondaires de plantes non-hôtes ont été examinés sur des chenilles de M. sexta. Ces substances avaient été choisies pour la diversité de leurs effets sur le comportement alimentaire lors d'expériences de courte durée: 4 avaient montré des effets dissuasifs variés, 3 n'en avaient pas présenté. On a enduit des feuilles fraiches de leur plante-hôte (Nicotania tabacum) des différentes substances à raison d'à peu près 1% du poids sec. Seule une substance a réduit les performances des chenilles. Ces résultats ont été discutés en fonction de l'absence de relation entre dissuation et toxicité dans l'évolution des défenses chez les plantes.
    Notes: Abstract Seven non-host plant secondary compounds were tested for their post-ingestional effects on larvae of Manduca cesta Johan. The compounds were selected for their range of effects on feeding behavior in short-term tests: four showed different levels of deterrence while three were not deterrent. Insects were dosed by coating fresh leaves of their food plant (tobacco) with particular compounds at concentrations of 1% dry weight. Only one compound had detrimental effects on larval performance. The results are discussed in the context of the lack of correlation between deterrence and toxicity and the evolution of plant defenses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343521
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between deterrence and toxicity of plant secondary compounds for the grasshopperSchistocerca americana (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2519-2526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Schistocerca americana ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; deterrence ; toxicity ; plant defense ; diet breadth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant secondary compounds, several of which are quite widespread in nature were tested for their deterrence to the generalist grasshopperSchistocerca americana in short-term behavioral assays. The compounds were coumarin, salicin, tannic acid, gramine, nicotine, quinine, carvone, geraniol, abietic acid, umbelliferone, and ursolic acid. These were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over the whole of the last larval instar. Different methods were employed to mask the taste of compounds that were deterrent in order to ensure that any effects were not due to reduced feeding. In no case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. In two cases, there was a significant increase in growth rate with the addition of the secondary compound to the diet. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994599
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