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  • renal failure  (5)
  • Natriumresorption  (2)
  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacokinetics of amiloride in renal and hepatic disease (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 33 (1987), S. 493-498 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): amiloride ; pharmacokinetics ; renal failure ; liver disease ; urinary excretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the antikaliuretic amiloride has been studied in healthy controls and in patients with chronic renal failure or hepatitis. It was 40% bound to protein. In healthy volunteers 49% of an oral dose was recovered unchanged in the urine. The renal clearance of amiloride was about 3 times the creatinine clearance, which means that it was predominantly excreted via tubular secretion. Renal impairment reduced the clearance of amiloride, causing a prolongation of the t1/2 and drug accumulation in plasma. In hepatitis the t1/2 of amiloride was prolonged and the AUC increased. Urinary recovery (Ae) of amiloride was greater in hepatitis patients than in controls.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00544242
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparative enantioselective pharmacokinetic studies of celiprolol in healthy volunteers and patients with impaired renal function (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 39 (1990), S. 573-576 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): celiprolol ; renal failure ; pharmacokinetics ; enantioselective kinetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of the ß1-selective adrenergic antagonist (R,S)-celiprolol has been studied after oral administration of 200 mg celiprolol-HCl to 8 healthy volunteers and 8 patients with various degrees of impaired renal function. No significant difference was found between the two enantiomers in the control group or in the patients. In healthy volunteers an average of 9.8% of the dose of R-(+)-celiprolol and 9.5% of S-(-)-celiprolol was recovered unchanged in the urine. Renal impairment reduced the urinary excretion of both enantiomers to the same extent according to the severity of the uraemia, producing higher AUCs. Nevertheless, the terminal half-lives of the R- and S-enantiomers were not significantly different between the groups. Dosage reduction in patients with renal impairment does not seem to be necessary.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00316098
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in relation to renal function (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 661-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): hydrochlorothiazide ; pharmacokinetics ; renal failure ; dosage adjustment ; excretory mechanism
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) was investigated in 23 subjects with normal renal function or widely varying degrees of renal failure. The half-life of elimination increased from 6.4 h in subjects with normal renal function to 11.5 h in patients with mild renal impairment (endogenous creatinine clearance between 30 and 90 ml/min), and to 20.7 h in patients with an endogenous creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min. The cumulative urinary excretion and the renal HCT clearance were correspondingly reduced in patients with impaired kidney function. In normal subjects HCT was mainly excreted by tubular secretion, but as renal HCT clearance in patients with renal impairment did not differ significantly from endogenous creatinine clearance, it was concluded that the secretory mechanism is most markedly impaired. In patients with an endogenous creatinine clearance of 30 to 90 ml/min, the dosage of HCT should be reduced to 1/2 and in patients with a endogenous creatinine clearance below 30 ml/min to 1/4 of the normal daily dose to avoid dose dependant side-effects.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542218
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Delayed elimination of triamterene and its active metabolite in chronic renal failure (1983)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 24 (1983), S. 453-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): triameteren ; renal failure ; hydroxytriamterene sulphate ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma protein binding ; urinary excretion ; renal tubular secretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The kinetics of triamterene and its active phase II metabolite were studied in 32 patients with various degrees of impaired renal function; the creatinine clearances ranged from 135 to 10 ml/min. The area under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) for triamterene were not influenced by kidney function, but the AUCs for the effective metabolite OH-TA-ester were significantly elevated in renal failure, indicating accumulation of the metabolite. Urinary recovery of triamterene and its metabolite over a 48 h collection period was significantly reduced in renal failure. This is considered to be due to delayed urinary excretion, corresponding to reduced renal clearance. The renal clearance of the native drug exceeded that of the metabolite, because of their different protein binding, 55% for triamterene and 91% for the metabolite. The latter is eliminated almost exclusively via tubular secretion and extrarenal elimination is less important. Administration of this antikaliuretic is therefore considered hazardous in patients with impaired kidney function.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00609885
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Constant K+/Na+ excretion ratio during peak diuresis after piretanide but insignificant K+ loss during 24 hours (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 43 (1992), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Schlagwort(e): Piretanide ; natriuresis ; kaliuresis ; chronic ; renal failure ; renal haemodynamics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effect of piretanide on Na+ and K+ excretion and on renal haemodynamics has been studied in 14 subjects with a GFR (Inulin clearance) ranging from 140 to 2 ml · min−1. After a two day fluid and salt balance control period, oral piretanide 6 mg induced a natriuresis and kaliuresis, which was proportional to the GFR of the patients. The ratio of drug-induced K+ to Na+ excretion was always 0.13, independent of individual GFR. This was only true for the duration of the action of piretanide,τ, which was 6 h in subjects with normal GFR and 5 h in patients with impaired kidney function. Surprisingly, afterτ, i. e. for 24 h after drug administration, less potassium was lost than in the pretreatment period. Neither the GFR nor the renal blood flow (PAH clearance) of the patients were affected by piretanide. In conclusion, piretanide given once a day was an effective natriuresic agent, even in end-stage renal disease, and it produced relatively little K+-loss when given once daily.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02280749
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Elektrische Untersuchungen am Hauptausführungsgang der Speicheldrüsen des Menschen (1970)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 316 (1970), S. 238-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Human Salivary Main Duct ; Transepithelial Electrical Potential Difference ; Salivary Secretion ; Resorption of Sodium ; Secretion of Potassium ; Speicheldrüsengang des Menschen ; Transepitheliale elektrische Potentialdifferenz ; Speichelsekretion ; Natriumresorption ; Kaliumsekretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The electrical potential difference (PD) across the main duct epithelium of the salivary glands was measured in human volunteers. In the resting gland the PD was 38±3 mV, lumen negative. After stimulation of secretion by pilocarpine the PD increased to about 100 mV (lumen negative) and returned to the resting level when secretion ceased. The same increase of PD was observed, when saliva was collected during stimulation and infused back into the duct during the resting state. From this it was concluded that pilocarpine had no direct action on the duct epithelium and that the increase of PD was caused by the changes that are known to occur in salivary electrolyte concentrations during stimulation. This conclusion was tested by perfusion of the duct with different test solutions, so that the influence of single cations and anions on the PD could be studied. With sulfate solutions it was found that the luminal surface of the epithelium behaved like a Na-electrode; a tenfold change of Na-concentration developed nearly 61 mV while K and choline did not affect the PD. Thus the luminal cellwall appears to be selectively permeable to Na. When the duct was perfused with chloride solutions the PD was found to follow a typical time course with the initial transient values yielding a slope of 61 mV and the steady state values a slope of 35 mV for a tenfold change of Na-concentration. This observation can be explained when chloride acts as a shunt ion and when the chloride concentration within the epithelium, which determines the chloride conductance, follows the luminal chloride concentration with a time delay. From the Na und K concentrations of saliva found previously during stop flow experiments and from the present PD measurements it was concluded that the human salivary main ducts, like those of the rat, actively reabsorb Na from the saliva and probably also actively secrete K into the saliva. The localization of the single active and passive transport steps with respect to the luminal and contraluminal cell side is discussed on the basis of Ussing's model for Na transport across frog skin, in favour of which new evidence can be put forward.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586586
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Die Kationenausscheidung der großen Speicheldrüsen des Menschen (1970)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 316 (1970), S. 213-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Human Salivary Glands ; Salivary Cation Excretion ; Sodium Reabsorption ; Potassium Secretion ; Speicheldrüsen des Menschen ; Kationenausscheidung ; Natriumresorption ; Kaliumsekretion
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Human saliva was collected separately from the three major salivary glands by catheterization of the main ducts and the effect of secretion rate on salivary Na and K concentrations was studied. In the resting state, with flow rates of 0.1 to 0.4 ml/min, Na concentration of submandibular and parotid saliva was 2 meq/l and K concentration ∼20 meq/l. Similar data were obtained from the resting sublingual gland. Following stimulation with pilocarpine salivary Na concentrations rose in all glands in a typical nonlinear fashion, whereas K concentrations declined and reached constant values, which were significantly greater than those of plasma. This result confirms earlier observations in the submandibular and parotid gland of human beings and of various animals and demonstrates unequivocally that the sublingual saliva in man unlike that in cat and dog is poor in Na. By means of microanalytical methods it was possible to investigate changes in cation concentrations when the salivary flow rates were less than the normal resting values; experiments were also done when salivary flow was stopped completely. In the submandibular gland Na concentration remained at 1.4 meq/l, whereas K concentrations rose to values of 74 meq/l. K concentrations, however, did not reach a plateau value even after a contact time of 15 min. These results, together with measurements of transepithelial P.D. (reported in the following paper), indicate that Na resorption and probably also K secretion, are governed by active transport mechanisms in the duct epithelium. Thus the main duct epithelium exhibits the properties which are generally taken to be essential for the upper part of the glandular duct system, which forms final saliva from primary secretion. Similar data were obtained in the upper portion of the parotid duct. In the lower portion of this duct, however, cation concentrations followed a different pattern in showing a tendency to equilibrate with plasma. Such results would be expected if there were no mechanisms for active transport in the lower portion of the main parotid duct. In order to describe the salivary Na concentration as a function of flow rate a mathematical model was developed. It is based on the assumption that primary secretion is plasmalike and that the hypotonicity of final saliva results from active resorption of sodium in the duct system in accordance with Thaysen's hypothesis. Furthermore the rate of sodium resorption is assumed to be constant and the duct wall is considered impermeable to water. Under conditions of high salivary flow rates there was a good agreement between predicted values and experimental data. This model permits the calculation of the amount of sodium that is actively reabsorbed in the salivary duct system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00586585
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