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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation behavior of Fe-27Mn-(0-17.3)Mo(a/o) alloys (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 40 (1993), S. 245-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mn-Mo ; FexMo6S8−z ; three-layered scale ; internal sulfidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Iron-base alloys containing ca. 27 a/o (atomic percent) manganese and up to 17.3 a/o molybdenum were sulfidized in H2/H2S gases of 4 Pa sulfur partial pressure at temperatures of 700–1000° C. Three-layered scales developed on all the molybdenum-containing alloys, and an internal sulfidation zone was observed in most cases. The overall scaling process and individual layer growth all followed parabolic kinetics. The outer and intermediate layers comprised Fe(Mn)S and Mn(Fe)S, respectively. Sulfidation rates varied with the morphology and constitution of the inner layer. The reaction product FexMo6S8−z, which was restricted to the inner layer, is permeable to sulfur, iron and manganese, but not molybdenum.For high-molybdenum levels, the overall scaling rate decreased, as a result of the slow diffusion of iron in FexMo6S8−z. For low-molybdenum levels, this beneficial effect is small and outweighed by the formation of an inner two-phase layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00664493
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature-sulfidation behavior of Fe-Mo-Mn-Al alloys (1993)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 40 (1993), S. 433-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe-Mo-Mn-Al ; Fe-Mo-Al ; FeAl2S4 ; protective scale ; nodules ; scale breakdown
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The sulfidation behavior of multiphase, iron-based alloys containing up to 24 a/o molybdenum, up to 16.3 a/o manganese, and up to 24 a/o aluminum was examined in flowing H 2 /H 2 S gases, corresponding to a sulfur partial pressure of 4 Pa, at 800° C. An accelerated sulfidation rate was almost invariably observed on the quaternary alloys, but slow linear kinetics were found for Fe-22Mo-17Al. This behavior is due to the different products of the preferentially-attacked ferrite phase. If FeAl2S4 formed over the ferrite phase, the sulfur-incorporation rate into the scale was slowed down and accordingly the alloys had excellent protection, whereas formation of a MnS+FeS+MoS2 mixture led to poor protection or breakdown of a protective scale. The nature of the ferrite reaction products was determined by the ferrite composition, which can vary widely. The molybdenum-rich R-phase and AlMo3 reacted with sulfur slowly. When a protective preferential-sulfidation zone formed, the unreacted intermetallic phases provided a mechanical framework for FeAl2S4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00666385
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature corrosion in mixed gas environments (1995)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 44 (1995), S. 239-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: oxidation ; carburization ; sulfidation ; scaling ; internal precipitation ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Scaling reactions between pure metals and multiple oxidant gases are reviewed briefly. It is recognized that elemental oxidant activities are usually so low that the actual reactant species are heteronuclear molecules such as SO2, CO2, etc. The formation of duplex, sulfide-oxide scales on iron and manganese, even when sulfide is unstable with respect to oxide, is attributed to direct reaction with SO2. The persistence of the metastable sulfide is due to its preservation by the rapidly growing scale. The reaction of pure chromium with a number of mixed gases is also discussed. The continued formation of carbides and nitrides beneath an external Cr2O3 scale layer indicates that the latter material is permeable to gas species. Interaction among different gas species is observed, and is attributed to selective adsorption on internal surfaces within the chromium oxide. New work on the reaction of alloys with mixed gases is reported. Several austenitic heat-resistant alloys were exposed at 1000°C to gases containing one, two or all of the oxidants carbon, sulfur and oxygen. Gases containing two or more oxidants produced multiple zones of internal precipitation. The precipitates were chromium-rich oxides, sulfides and carbides arranged in order of thermodynamic stability: oxides beneath the external scale, carbides deepest within the alloys and sulfides in an intermediate zone overlapping the oxide zone. Each precipitate zone widened according to parabolic kinetics. This finding confirms the as yet untested prediction made by J. L. Meijering in 1971. However, the rate at which a particular zone grows changes according to presence of other oxidants. Interactions between the oxidants can be large and reaction rates are currently not predictable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046729
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Corrosion Behavior of Sulfidation-Resistant Fe–Mo–Al Alloys in H2/H2S Atmospheres at 900°C (2000)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 54 (2000), S. 103-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe–Mo–Al ; sulfidation ; Al2O3 ; protective scale ; sulfidation-resistant alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion behavior of Fe–22Mo–10Al (a/o, atom %),Fe–20.5Mo–15.7Al, and Fe–10Mo–19Al was examined inflowing H2/H2S gases of 4 Pa sulfur partial pressureat 900°C. Al2O3 was stable on all the alloys inthe atmospheres investigated. Fe–22Mo–10Al andFe–20.5Mo–15.7Al reacted slowly, following the parabolic ratelaw. Multilayered reaction products were formed on these alloys and it isuncertain which layer(s) provided the protection. Fe–10Mo–19Alreacted even more slowly, exhibiting two-stage parabolic kinetics. Duringthe early stage of this alloy's reaction, a preferential reaction zone,consisting of an oxide mixture, possibly Al2O3+FeAl2O4,and nonreacting Fe3Mo2, provided the protection. Duringthe later reaction stage, the formation of a continuous, externalAl2O3 layer further decreased the alloy reaction rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004654713700
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation behavior of austeno-ferritic steels (1984)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 21 (1984), S. 103-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: duplex steels ; sulfidation ; kinetics ; transport processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Two austeno-ferritic stainless steels were sulfidized at temperatures of 783, 873, and 963 K under sulfur pressures in the range 4×10−12 to 3×10−5 atm. In all cases a triplex scale developed, consisting of an outermost layer of (Fe, Cr)1−xS, an intermediate layer of FeCr2S4, and an innermost layer of porous (Cr, Fe)1−xS containing particles of Mo2S3. Parabolic kinetics were observed except at the lowest temperature where one of the steels reacted according to irregular kinetics. The Mo2S3 particles in the innermost layer acted as inert markers, imaging the former positions of the steels' ferrite phase in which Mo is enriched. The lamellar microstructure of the steel was thus reproduced in the innermost sulfide layer. The positions of the Mo2S3 particles together with the porosity of the inner layer are taken to imply inward sulfur transport through this layer and outward metal transport through all three layers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00741466
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sulfidation behavior of a binary Fe-Mn alloy (1990)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 34 (1990), S. 161-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: transient effects ; steady state ; preoxidation ; sulfidation ; Fe-Mn alloys
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An Fe-27 w/o (weight %) Mn alloy was sulfidized at temperatures of 973, 1073, and 1173 K inflowing H2/H2S/N2 atmospheres corresponding to equilibrium sulfur pressures of 8 Pa. Steady-state parabolic kinetics were always observed after an initial period during which the instantaneous parabolic rate constant increased with time. Product scales were compact and consisted of a layer of Fe(Mn)1−x S over an inner layer of α-Mn(Fe)S. Preoxidation led to a diminution in the subsequent sulfidation rate. Conflicts between differing reports in the literature of the kinetics of this reaction are resolved, and it is concluded that the protective effect expected of an α-MnS layer is in fact possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665013
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature sulfidation of Fe-Mn-Cr alloys (1991)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 36 (1991), S. 409-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Fe-Mn-Cr alloys ; sulfidation ; Cr3S4 ; multilayered scales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Alloys of composition (in weight percent) Fe-10Mn-10Cr, Fe-10Mn-25Cr, and Fe-25Mn-10Cr were reacted at temperatures of 973 and 1073 K with flowing hydrogen-hydrogen sulfide mixtures corresponding to equilibrium sulfur partial pressures of 10−3 and 8 Pa. Sulfide-scale-growth kinetics and morphologies were compared with those found on pure iron and on the binary alloys Fe-25Cr and Fe-25Mn. All alloys reacted according to parabolic kinetics after an initial period of slow approach to this steady state. Of the materials examined, the binary Fe-25Mn showed the slowest sulfidation rates, except at 973 K and a sulfur pressure of 8 Pa, where Fe-10Mn-25Cr had the best performance. Ternary alloys provided improved performance only when a scale layer of Cr3S4 was formed, an event dependent on temperature and sulfur activity. Multilayered scales were always formed on the ternary alloys, and the role of these layers in controlling sulfidation rates is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01151589
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of yttrium and zirconium additions on the high-temperature sulfidation behavior of an Fe−10Mo−20Al−8Mn alloy (1994)
    Springer
    Oxidation of metals 42 (1994), S. 485-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: sulfidation ; Fe−Mo−Al−Mn ; Fe−Mo−Al−Mn−Y ; Fe−Mo−Al−Mn−Zr ; Al2O3, Al0.55Mo2S4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of zirconium and yttrium additions on the sulfidation behavior of an Fe−10Mo−20Al−8Mn(a/o, atom percent) alloy were examined in flowing H2/H2S gas of 4Pa sulfur partial pressure at 900°C. Good scale protection was obtained during the initial reaction stage of the base alloy. However, after 7–8 hr, the formation of internal (Mn,Fe) Al2S4 platelets triggered breakdown of the protective scale. The reaction products of the zirconium-containing alloy were nonprotective. Yttrium addition resulted in an Y(Fe1−xAlx)12 network along the alloy ferrite grain boundaries. Preferential sulfidation of this phase led to almost complete manganese depletion from the engulfed ferrite, and consequently avoided the manganese-promoted scale breakdown.After an even slower initial stage, this alloy sulfidized at a parabolic rate two orders of magnitude slower than that of pure iron. The protection during the initial and following stages was believed to be provided by an Al2O3-containing layer and an Al0.55Mo2S4+FexMo6S8−z layer, respectively. The formation of Al2O3 is thought to be due to oxygen impurities in the H2S gas, which cannot be removed by conventional means.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046762
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