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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Kinematic Analysis of the Cat Shoulder Girdle during Treadmill Locomotion: an X-ray Study (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 8 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: A quantitative kinematic analysis of the movements of the shoulder girdle in the three dimensions of space during treadmill locomotion (velocity range 0.33–1.2 m/s) was performed in two cats. Since the movement patterns of the scapula and the humeroscapular joint can only vaguely be estimated through the overlying skin we used implanted metal spheres placed on the scapula in combination with three-dimensional pulsed X-ray cinematography (time resolution 20 ms) to reconstruct the excursions of the scapula, the humerus and the elbow and to calculate the respective angular amplitudes and velocities. The movements of the scapula relative to the Th4 spinous process consist of four major components: (i) a monophasic flexion (caudocranial movement of the glenoid fossa during swing)/extension (craniocaudal movement of the glenoid fossa during stance) sequence, the fulcrum for which sequence is situated near the vertebral border of the scapula at the medial elongation of the scapular spine; (ii) a vertical monophasic up/down sequence of the fulcrum relative to the trunk, the highest vertical position being reached during mid-stance and the lowest vertical position during mid-swing; (iii) a biphasic abduction/adduction sequence during swing and during stance respectively; and (iv) small rotations along the scapular spine. The trajectory recordings of the scapula indicate that the scapula yields relative to the trunk under the body weight after ground contact. The angular excursions of the humeroscapular joint consist of: (i) a flexion/extension sequence during swing, a yield after ground contact and a final extension at the end of stance; (ii) an adduction and outward rotation during the early swing phase flexion; (iii) an abduction and inward rotation during the late swing phase extension; and (iv) an adduction during the yield with only minor rotations during the whole stance phase. The movement patterns are discussed in view of the muscular synergies necessary to guide the scapula and the humerus during stance and swing, and in relation to the implications for the organization of these patterns in spinal neuronal systems.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1996.tb01210.x
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    X-Ray Study of the Cat Hindlimb During Treadmill Locomotion (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 6 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: With pulsed X-ray cinematography we have analysed the angular excursions of the distal hindlimb joints (proximal interphalangeal, PIP; metatarsophalangeal, MTP; ankle) in cats walking on a treadmill. These distal joints transmit the body weight and the dynamic forces onto the ground. We have included the knee and hip joints in the analysis to relate the angular excursions of the proximal and distal joints and to verify the data previously obtained with external markers on the kinematics of the proximal joints. At the beginning of the stance phase the PIP joints flexed rapidly, the MTP joints extended slowly and the ankle and knee yielded under body weight. Whereas the PIP joints maintained a rather constant angular position of −75° throughout the stance phase, extension continued in the MTP joints from −230° at touch-down to −270° at the end of the stance phase. Around 50 ms before lift-off the MTP joints flexed rapidly. Early (−30 ms) after lift-off this flexion changed into a slow extension. The PIP joints extended swiftly at the stance-swing transition and moderately at the end of the swing phase. During the middle part of the swing phase they flexed slowly. Small rotatory movements around the long axis of the foot took place in the last 100 ms of the swing phase. The results of this study on the distal joints are discussed in relation to the placing of the paw, to the translation of forward propulsion into a MTP movement and to the lifting of the paw (conventionally described as toe curling). They show a differentiated mechanical interaction between the different distal limb joints during these different phases, which must be known in detail to interpret the corresponding electromyographic data and to understand how the hip is moved forward over the MTP joints which serve as the final pivot during stance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00617.x
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Efferent Pattern of Fictive Locomotion in the Cat Forelimb: with Special Reference to Radial Motor Nuclei (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 2 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: In immobilized decerebrate cats fictive locomotion was evoked by midbrain stimulation to analyse the efferent pattern to elbow and to distal forelimb muscles innervated by the deep radial nerve. The locomotor activity was assessed by recording nerve discharges and motoneuronal membrane potential changes. The elbow flexor and extensor motoneurons showed a reciprocal activity; the membranes were correspondingly depolarized and hyperpolarized. In the motor nuclei to the wrist and digit extensors the active phases changed systematically according to the radio-ulnar order of the muscles: the extensor carpi radialis (ECR) was flexor-coupled, the ulnaris (ECU) extensor-coupled, the digitorum communis (EDC), the lateralis (EDL) and the indicis proprius (EIP) displayed intermediate patterns. Intracellular recordings from these motoneurons revealed in all motor nuclei, except ECR, a double depolarization. The first occurred early and the second later in the flexor phase; a hyperpolarization was interposed. The second depolarization mainly determined the active phase. According to the radio-ulnar order of the muscles the onset and termination of the second depolarization were delayed. This was presumably due to the interposed hyperpolarization, which progressively increased in amplitude. The ECR exhibited a single depolarization, into which the double depolarization apparently merged. The other radial motor nuclei, supinator (Sup) and Abductor pollicis longus (APL) displayed complex patterns. Sup showed tonic discharges, flexor-type discharges or discharges extending both into the flexor and extensor phase, APL showed discharges similar to either EIP or Sup. Membrane potential changes were small in APL and Sup. Thus, the central locomotor network generates differentiated efferent activities in the distal forelimb muscles, the radio-ulnar order of the muscles being important for the generated pattern.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1990.tb00456.x
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    X-ray kinematic analysis of forelimb movements during target reaching and food taking in the cat (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 12 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: We have used a three-dimensional X-ray cinematographic approach to investigate the kinematics of the forelimb during target reaching and food taking in five cats. Measurements of the trajectory of the limb during the reaching movement showed that the movement paths of the metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) and the wrist were sigmoidal with a long nearly linear segment. The elbow followed a bent movement path with maximal inflection in the middle. The path of the humerus had an ascending parabola-like characteristic. The velocity profiles of the MCP and wrist were nearly bell-shaped and skewed to the left, whereas the profiles of the elbow joint were more or less double peaked with the second peak occurring 60–40 ms before object contact. Several different velocity peaks reflecting specific aspects of the task existed when the bell-shaped velocity profiles were divided in their vectorial components. Angular motion of the elbow consisted of a flexion–extension sequence during the reach and a flexion during the subsequent retraction. After an initial flexion during lift-off the wrist was extended. It kept this extended position during orienting towards the food container. During the retraction phase it was further extended. The angle between the wrist axis and the parasagittal plane changed during the movement. It first increased, then decreased during the last 100 ms before the object was reached. During the retraction it increased again to support the object weight against gravity. The position of the wrist was established by radio-ulnar supination and movements of the whole arm around the shoulder joint. We hypothesize that the position of the wrist axis is the controlled variable during protraction and retraction, regardless of whether it is achieved by radio-ulnar supination or by movements around the shoulder.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00073.x
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    X-ray kinematic analysis of shoulder movements during target reaching and food taking in the cat (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 11 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Co-ordinate movements around the shoulder are essential during reaching movements. We performed a quantitative kinematic analysis of movements of the shoulder girdle: three-dimensional X-ray frames (time resolution 20 ms) were recorded during the target-reaching and food-taking paradigm in five cats either sitting (n = 4) or standing (n = 1) in front of a food well. Movements of the scapula consisted of a flexion of the scapula (anteversion of the glenoid) followed by flexion of the gleno-humeral joint (decrease in the angle between the scapular spine and humerus). In the sitting animals, the gleno-humeral flexion reversed to extension some 120 ms before object contact, while in the standing animal flexion continued during the ongoing scapular flexion. In both cases, the scapula was nearly horizontal at the end of target reaching. The fulcrum for scapular movements was located near the vertebral border of the scapula at the medial elongation of the scapular spine. No major translational components of the fulcrum with respect to the trunk were found during reaching. Together with full flexion of the scapula, this reduces the number of degrees of freedom considerably and thereby probably simplifying the specification of the end-point of the limb chain. End-point specification is further supported by rotational movements of the scapula. In the sitting animal, the amplitude of inward rotation along the long axis of the scapula was around 20 °, while it was much more variable in the standing animal, reflecting more variable starting positions. We hypothesize that the glenoid is used to ‘foveate' the target object.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00507.x
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Shaping of the cat paw for food taking and object manipulation: an X-ray analysis (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 10 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The kinematics of the cat distal forelimb during food-taking were analysed to obtain information on the movement processes within the paw before and during object taking in a species without monosynaptic cortico-motoneuronal projections. The behaviour was investigated with two tests: either the table test (TT, food offered on a table located at ground level in a reaching distance of 22 and 28 cm) or the horizontal test (HT, food offered in a small container located at shoulder level, height 18–25 cm, reaching distance 6–12 cm). In five animals, the changes in configuration and the conjoint actions of the wrist, the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints were assessed with three-dimensional X-ray cinematography (time resolution 20 ms, spatial resolution 1 mm) and video analysis.While approaching the target, the digits were first extended and subsequently abducted. This ‘preshaping' consisted of combined angular changes in the MCP and PIP joints, thereby attaining an adequate grip aperture. Each cat used a stable strategy, but different cats used different strategies. In the TT, preshaping involved an MCP extension and a PIP flexion. In the HT, predominant extension of the MCP, predominant extension of the PIP, or a combination of both were used, followed by MCP flexion and PIP flexion. The grip aperture started to decrease before object contact, earlier in the TT, later in the HT. Grasping was achieved by flexion of first the PIP and later the MCP.The X-ray analysis gave evidence for individuated digit movements. Correlation analysis of the angular position of the joints between the different phalanges showed that digits 3 and 4 acted in concert, as did digits 2 and 5, but with clear independence between the different pairs. Furthermore, the different phalanges served different purposes during the grasp. Digits 3, 4 established object contact, digits 2, 5 were mainly used to stabilize the paw onto the surface.The cat distal forelimb displays a refined movement repertoire during the preshaping and grasping phase of food-taking. During the preshaping phase, the kinematics resembled in some aspects the situation in humans. The results demonstrate the ability of the polysynaptic projections from the cortico-motoneuronal system to organize differentiated distal limb movements, including individuated movements of the digits.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00399.x
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cat Distal Forelimb Joints and Locomotion: An X-ray Study (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 3 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: The complex construction of the joint apparatus of the cat distal forelimb, which allows the paw three degrees of freedom, poses special requirements on the neural signals controlling the paw position. To understand the electromyography (emg) signals of the distal forelimb muscles during locomotion, it is necessary to know the kinematics of the forelimb joints in detail. As no such information is available, we used the pulsed X-ray technique in trained cats during treadmill locomotion to analyse the angular excursions of the wrist, the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints. X-ray illuminations were done in either the parasagittal or the frontal plane. At the beginning of the stance phase the wrist (WR) and the MCP joints extended slowly, and the PIP joints flexed. Whereas the WR and the PIP joints maintained a constant angular position of ∼200° and 60°, respectively, throughout the stance phase, extension continued in the MCP joints from 240° at touch-down to 300° at the end of the stance phase. Slightly before lift-off (100 ms) the WR and the MCP joints flexed rapidly. This flexion changed ∼150 ms after lift-off into a slow extension. The PIP joints extended rapidly at the beginning and at the end of the swing phase, during the interposed period of the swing phase they displayed a slow flexion. Rotatory movements of the forelimb in the radioulnar joints were present during the swing and stance phases. During the swing phase the limb first supinated (starting 100 ms after lift-off); pronation occurred immediately before ground contact. During the stance phase the supination angle was kept constant until 100 ms before lift-off, when a short pronation was found. The paw was kept in an ulnar deviated position throughout the complete step cycle. Ulnar deviation decreased at the end of the swing and stance phases. The results of this study increase our understanding of how the body weight is transmitted on to the ground. They suggest four main functions for the skeletomotor apparatus and the underlying neural commands to secure the forward movement of the animal during the stance phase: (i) preparation and stabilization of a force-transmitting platform; (ii) stabilization of the wrist and the carpal/metacarpal joints; (iii) stabilization of the supination angle; (iv) antigravity control of the extension in the MCP.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1991.tb00807.x
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat (1981)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 42 (1981), S. 269-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Reticulospinal fibres ; Cortico-, rubro-, tectospinal tracts ; C3-C4 propriospinal neurones ; Forelimb motoneurones
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Effects of stimulation in the medullary reticular formation (RF) on C3-C4 propriospinal neurones (PNs) were investigated in two series of experiments: (1) indirectly by analyzing how propriospinal transmission to forelimb motoneurones is modified by reticular stimuli; (2) directly by intracellular recording from C3-C4 neurones, which were identified as propriospinal by their antidromic activation from the C6 segment. Propriospinally mediated disynaptic EPSPs evoked in motoneurones from the pyramid (Pyr) and the red nucleus (NR) were effectively facilitated by conditioning stimulation in the RF with a time course of facilitation indicating monosynaptic linkage to the PNs. Propriospinally mediated trisynaptic IPSPs were facilitated less regularly and sometimes instead depressed by conditioning stimulation in the RF. The depression is at least partly due to inhibition of the first order PNs. Recording from C3-C4 PNs revealed that many of them were excited or inhibited by single stimuli in the RF. The brief latency of the EPSPs evoked in these neurones shows monosynaptic linkage from fast reticulospinal fibres. Some IPSPs were similarly monosynaptically evoked from fast fibres and observations are presented suggesting that longer latency IPSPs are monosynaptically mediated by slower fibres. Facilitation of propriospinal transmission to motoneurones as well as the EPSPs and IPSPs in PNs were evoked from a region within or close to the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis. Convergence of monosynaptic EPSPs from Pyr, NR, tectum, and RF was common in C3-C4 PNs. Linear summation of the EPSPs from RF with those evoked from cortico-, rubro-, or tectospinal tracts shows that the former are not due to stimulation of collaterals which the latter tracts may have in RF. Mediation of the EPSPs and IPSPs by descending, rather than by antidromically activated ascending fibres, was indicated by temporal facilitation produced by RF stimuli, subliminal for evoking monosynaptic PSPs in the PNs. Stimulation of the labyrinth did not evoke disynaptic PSPs in any of the PNs investigated. It is concluded that the C3-C4 PNs projecting to forelimb motoneurones can be excited not only from the cortico-, rubro-, and tectospinal tracts (Illert et al. 1977, 1978) but also by reticulospinal fibres.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237494
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electromyographic study on the function of tendon transfers in radial palsy (1997)
    Springer
    Der Orthopäde 26 (1997), S. 673-683 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0431
    Schlagwort(e): Key words EMG • Tendon transfers • Radial palsy ; Schlüsselwörter EMG • Radialisersatzoperation • Motorische Ersatzplastik
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung In dieser elektromyographischen Studie werden die Funktionsmechanismen der Radialisersatzoperation untersucht: 18 Patienten wurden mit 16 gesunden Personen verglichen. Erfaßt wurde das intramuskuläre EMG von 4 Muskeln während Extensions-Flexions-Bewegungen des Handgelenks bzw. des Daumens und der Finger. Die Daten wurden auf einem FM-Bandgerät zur späteren Auswertung gespeichert. Überraschenderweise zeigten sich in den transferierten Flexoren meist doppelte, voneinander unterscheidbare EMG-Aktivitätsphasen: Eine 1. Komponente im Sinne der „neuen“ und eine 2. im Sinne der „alten“ Bewegungsrichtung. Deshalb wurde für jeden Muskel eine „Extensionsquote“ (EQ) errechnet. Sie entspricht seiner EMG-Aktivität während der Extension ausgedrückt in Prozent seiner gesamten EMG-Aktivität. In nicht transferierten Flexoren war die EQ niedrig (11–27 %). Hohe EQ-Werte (69–91 %) wurden dagegen in physiologischen Extensoren von Vergleichspersonen ermittelt. Bei nur 6 von 18 Patienten zeigten transferierte Flexoren eine EQ, die im Bereich der physiologischen Extensoren lag (≥ 69 %). Die besten funktionellen Ergebnisse erbrachte dabei der transferierte M. flexor carpi ulnaris (Median der EQ 68 %). Die EQ des transferierten M. pronator teres war niedrig (Median 18 %) und in allen Fällen kleiner als diejenige des M. flexor carpi ulnaris (p 〈 0,05). Nach diesen Daten eignet sich der M. pronator teres nicht als Ersatz für Streckmuskeln. Oberflächliche Fingerbeuger arbeiten dagegen synergistisch mit Handgelenkstreckern. Entsprechend den dabei wirksamen Ia-Reflexmustern sollten diese Muskeln eine gute Wahl zum Ersatz der Handgelenkstreckung sein.
    Notizen: Summary The aim of this electromyographic study was to evaluate the functional result of tendon transfers for radial palsy. Eighteen patients were compared to 16 healthy volunteers. The intramuscular emg of four muscles was recorded in parallel during extension-flexion movements of the wrist and fingers. The data were stored on FM tape and evaluated off-line. Contrary to expectations, transferred flexor muscles revealed only part of their overall emg activity during extension. Therefore, an ”extensor quota” (EQ) was calculated for each muscle. It reflects its emg activity during extension as part of its entire emg activity. In non-transferred flexors EQ was low (11–27 %). High EQ values (69–91 %) were seen in genuine extensors of healthy persons. In only 6 of 18 patients did transferred flexors show an EQ equivalent to genuine extensors (≥ 69 %). Best functional results were seen in transferred flexor carpi ulnaris (median EQ 68 %). The EQ of transferred pronator teres was low (median 18 %) and minor to flexor carpi ulnaris in each patient (P 〈 0.05). It is concluded that in cases of radial palsy, pronator teres is not suitable for replacing extensor muscles. Superficial flexors of the fingers, however, work in synergy with extensors of the wrist. According to the Ia reflex connections involved, these muscles should be a good choice for regaining extension of the wrist.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00003427
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Reflex pathways from large muscle spindle afferents and recurrent axon collaterals to motoneurones of wrist and digit muscles: a comparison in cats, monkeys and humans (1999)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 128 (1999), S. 13-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ia afferents ; Forelimb ; Phylogenetic adaptation ; Intracellular recording
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Whereas a large body of data is available on the control of hand motoneurones from the brain, not much is known about the contribution of the spinal interneuronal apparatus to the differentiated movement repertoire of the hand. This review summarises recent data on the excitatory Ia pathways and on recurrent inhibition for cats, monkeys and humans. The basic principles of organisation have, in general, been preserved in the different species. Thus the motoneurones to cat and human long and short digit muscles seem not to possess a recurrent axon collateral system. With regard to the Ia pathways, specialised connectivity patterns have developed in the long digit extensor and wrist extensor muscles. They allow the former group to support the differentiated movement repertoire of the digits, and the latter group to be part of a general extensor or flexor synergism. Modifications between the species are present, however, with regard to the proximodistal connectivity across the elbow. Whereas they are regularly present in the cat, they are less developed in the monkey and absent in man, which frees the human hand from the elbow position.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050812
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