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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cloud Point of Nonionic Surfactants: Modulation with Pharmaceutical Excipients (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 562-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): nonionic surfactants ; cloud point ; cloud point boosters ; poloxamers ; poloxamines ; liquid formulation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Purpose. To determine the cloud point of a variety of nonionic surfactants and to search for means to raise the surfactant cloud point in liquid formulations. Methods. Cloud points of nonionic surfactants were determined visually in a water bath. Organic compounds, many of which have been used as pharmaceutical excipients, were tested initially for effect on the cloud point of poloxamine 908. Four effective cloud point boosters (CPBs) from different structural classes were further tested on additional surfactants. Results. A number of compounds can raise the cloud point of nonionic surfactants. These cloud point boosters are classified into two categories: nonionic and ionic. The nonionic CPBs include poly(ethylene glycols), propylene glycol, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. They are effective at molar concentrations. The ionic CPBs include anionic and cationic surfactants, charged phospholipids, long chain fatty acids, and bile salts. They are effective at millimolar concentrations. Conclusions. The cloud point of nonionic surfactants used in liquid formulations can be modulated through the proper choice of excipient.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018831415131
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Physical Stability of Ethyl Diatrizoate Nanocrystalline Suspension in Steam Sterilization (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 16 (1999), S. 569-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): nanocrystals ; submicron crystals ; suspensions ; steam sterilization ; physical stability ; surfactants ; cloud point ; ethyl diatrizoate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Purpose. To study the effects of formulation variables on the physical stability of a submicron crystal (nanocrystal) suspension under steam sterilization conditions. Methods. Suspensions of ethyl diatrizoate nanocrystals were prepared by wet milling in the presence of the surfactant poloxamine 908. Particle size distribution and zeta potential were measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. Results. On heating, the mean particle size of the nanocrystal suspension remained essentially unchanged up to 110°C, the cloud point of the stabilizing surfactant, but increased significantly above that temperature. The increase in particle size was a result of particle aggregation rather than crystal growth. Adding a cloud point booster to the suspension significantly minimized the particle aggregation at high temperatures. The purity of poloxamine 908 and the tonicity agent and buffer salt used also affected the heat stability of the suspension, the latter agents apparently through altering the surfactant cloud point. Conclusions. The aggregation of the ethyl diatrizoate nanocrystalline suspension under steam sterilization conditions was a result of phase separation of the stabilizing surfactant at its cloud point. When formulated with a cloud point booster to prevent the phase-separation, the suspension maintained its physical stability under steam sterilization without any significant change in particle size distribution.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018883431970
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Skeletal isomerization of 1-butene over mesoporous materials (1999)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 57 (1999), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): 1-butene ; skeletal isomerization ; mesoporous material ; acid site concentration ; monomolecular reaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract On the skeletal isomerization of 1-butene, mesoporous materials with mesopores too large to expect any shape selectivity have been used in order to investigate the effects of the concentration of acid sites on the conversion of 1-butene and the selectivity for isobutene. The concentrations of acid sites can be varied through the control of the Si/Al ratio. The conversion of 1-butene increases with increasing the aluminium content of mesoporous materials, while the selectivity for isobutene decreases. The results of ammonia TPD, IR measurement of 1-butene adsorption, and TG analysis of used catalysts indicate that distant location of activated 1-butene molecules induces the monomolecular reaction over the mesoporous materials with low aluminium content, resulting in high selectivity for skeletal isomerization. On the mesoporous material with high aluminium content, however, the high concentration of activated 1-butene molecules accelerates the multimolecular oligomerization and, thus, reduces the selectivity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019028522765
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of the fluorine loading level on the skeletal isomerization of 1-butene over fluorine-modified alumina (1998)
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 51 (1998), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Schlagwort(e): 1-butene ; skeletal isomerization ; fluorine-modified alumina ; acid site concentration ; monomolecular reaction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract γ-alumina catalysts modified with different weight loadings of fluorine have been used for skeletal isomerization of 1-butene in order to investigate the effects of the fluorine loading level on the conversion of 1-butene and the selectivity to isobutene formation. Increasing the actual loading of fluorine up to 0.012 wt% led to an increase in conversion of 1-butene over fluorine-modified γ-alumina catalysts, while the high selectivity to isobutene remains almost unchanged. On the other hand, a clear trend of increasing 1-butene conversion with a decreasing selectivity to isobutene is observed for the γ-alumina catalysts with higher loadings of fluorine. An analysis of the results from the thermal analysis, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, infrared and the 1-butene sorption measurments clearly indicates that the number of strong acid sites in the modified γ-alumina catalysts is greatly enhanced at fluorine loadings higher than 0.012 wt%, leading to the acceleration of 1-butene oligomerization followed by cracking to light hydrocarbons. Therefore, the 1-butene isomerization selectivity from fluorine-modified γ-alumina catalysts can be understood in terms of a competition between the monomolecular and bimolecular reaction pathways, which highly depend on the concentration of strong acid sites.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019037017971
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