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  • 11
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Nerve growth factor (NGF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) play an important role in promoting axonal growth from dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Adult DRG neurons exhibit neurotrophin-independent survival, providing an excellent system with which to study trophic factor effects on neurite growth in the absence of significant survival effects. Using young adult rat DRG neurons we have demonstrated a synergistic effect of NGF plus IGF (N + I), compared with either factor alone, in promoting neurite growth. Not only does the presence of NGF and IGF-1 enhance neurite initiation, it also significantly augments the extent of neurite branching and elongation. We have also examined potential mechanism(s) underlying this synergistic effect. Immunoblotting experiments of classical growth factor intermediary signalling pathways (PI 3-K-Akt-GSK-3 and Ras-Raf-MAPK) were performed using phospho-specific antibodies to assess activation state. We found that activation of Akt and MAPK correlated with neurite elongation and branching. However, using pharmacological inhibitors, we observed that a PI 3-K pathway involving both Akt and GSK-3 appeared to be more important for neurite extension and branching than MAPK-dependent signalling. In fact, inhibition of activation of MAPK with U0126 resulted in increased neuritic branching, possibly as a result of the concomitant increase observed in phospho-Akt. Furthermore, inhibition of GSK3 (which is negatively regulated by phosphorylation on S9/S21) also resulted in increased growth. Our data point to signalling convergence upon the PI 3-K-Akt-GSK-3 pathway that underlies the NGF plus IGF synergism. In addition, to our knowledge, this is the first report in primary neurons that inhibition of GSK3 results in an enhanced neurite growth.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Quelle: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Notizen: [Auszug] Measurement of carbon isotope ratios in bulk organic matter has become widely used. For example, carbon isotope discrimination in relation to plant physiology has been extensively investigated5'10 and variations in 613C values in terrestrial C3 plant tissue have been attributed to factors that ...
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 7 (1990), S. 1119-1126 
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): hot-melt coating ; microencapsulation ; cottonseed oil ; optimization ; wax coating
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The equipment modifications and process changes necessary to perform hot-melt particle coating in a fluid bed granulator are reviewed. A specific case is presented in which partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil is coated onto fine granules (mean particle size, 77 µm; range, 10–150 µm; one standard deviation is 10 µm) composed of a hydrophobic drug and sucrose. The major variables were product bed temperature, temperature of the wax, spray rate, and atomization air pressure. The product bed temperature was selected to give the optimum congealing rate, and the latter three variables were varied in a statistically designed experiment. The physical properties of wax-coated granules fabricated using combinations of process variables were examined. Response surface analysis was used to determine the optimum process settings in terms of dissolution, particle size, and density of the coated product. This system proved quite adequate for the production of uniformly coated granules, with the best product being obtained at the optimized conditions using 120°C atomization air and molten coating temperature, 30 g/min as the spray rate, and an atomization air pressure of 5 bar.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Schlagwort(e): microwave dryer ; fluid-bed dryer ; process equipment validation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract The static bed- and planetary-type microwave dryers currently available to process pharmaceutical materials are not designed to use hot-air fluidization for the purpose of maximizing microwave energy inputs and particle drying. To take advantage of the benefits offered by fluidization, a 1-kg Uni-Gatt laboratory fluid bed processor was modified to support microwave-assisted fluid bed drying of several representative pharmaceutical granulations. The construction, design features, and validation of this new microwave fluid bed processor are presented.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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