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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [U-14C]GLUCOSE METABOLISM OF THE PERFUSED CAT BRAIN WITH BLOOD FLOW DISTURBANCES (1970)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 17 (1970), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: —In order to study changes of the glycolytic-respiratory system and amino acid metabolism associated with blood flow disturbance, the cat brain perfusion was conducted with artificial blood containing [U-14C]glucose and the results were compared with those of standard perfusion keeping the cerebral blood flow at constant rate. The findings of the present study are briefly summarized:(1) In blood flow disturbance there was observed an accumulation of lactate just as seen in the low functional state observable in the standard perfusion. However the increase in relative specific activity of lactate was not so marked as the rise in cerebral lactate content, and this indicates that there is an increase of lactate production from substrates other than glucose as well as an increase of net flow of glucose carbon to lactate.(2) In blood flow disturbance relative specific activities of glutamate, aspartate, glutamine and respiratory CO2 were decreased as compared with those in the brain of high functional state. The relative specific activity of GABA in the reduced blood flow brain was at the same level as that of the brain at high functional state and it was higher than the relative specific activity of glutamate.(3) The relative specific activity and content of alanine were increased in the low function brain with standard perfusion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1970.tb03727.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CORRELATION BETWEEN [U-14C]GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND FUNCTION IN PERFUSED CAT BRAIN (1968)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 15 (1968), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— In brain perfusion experiments conducted with blood containing [U-14C]glucose the relative specific activity (RSA) of blood glucose carbon incorporated in brain intermediate metabolites was measured. It was demonstrated that the so-called metabolic pattern of Geiger is not constant, but it bears a close relation to the function of the brain. The results of the study may be summarized briefly as follows.(1) In a group (A) of cats with a high level of brain function, the RSA of lactic acid was 75 per cent; that of glutamic acid 80 per cent; aspartic acid 75 per cent; glutamine 61 per cent; GABA 43 per cent; and respiratory CO2 55 per cent. It was observed that the major part of the carbon of amino acids, such as glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which are directly associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle are derived from blood glucose.(2) In a group (B) showing a low level of brain function, the RSA of each amino acid was considerably lowered. The RSA of glutamic acid and aspartic acid was about 50 per cent and that of respiratory CO2 was 27 per cent.(3) In a group (C) with a still lower level of brain function, each amino acid as well as the respiratory CO2 had still lower RSA values.(4) The metabolic pattern of Geiger corresponds to values obtained during low functional activity of the brain in our experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1968.tb10332.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synaptic Vesicle Ultrastructural Changes in the Rat Hippocampus Induced by a Combination of α-Linolenate Deficiency and a Learning Task (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 68 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Rats fed either a safflower oil (α-linolenate-deficient) or a perilla oil (α-linolenate-sufficient) diet through two generations (F1) showed significant differences in the brightness-discrimination learning task. In this task, correct responses were lever-pressing responses, which were reinforced with dietary pellets, and incorrect responses were those with no reinforcement. The inferior learning performance in the safflower oil group was caused mainly by the inferior ability to rectify the incorrect responses through the learning sessions. In the safflower oil group after the learning task, the average densities of synaptic vesicles in the terminals of the hippocampus CA1 region were decreased by nearly 30% as compared with those in the perilla oil group, and it is notable that this difference was not detected without the learning task. These results suggest that dietary oil-induced morphological changes in synapses in the hippocampus of rats are related to the differential learning performance and that the turnover rate of synaptic vesicles in the hippocampus may be an important factor affecting learning performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68031261.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Functional Changes of Rat Brain Microsomal Membrane Surface After Learning Task Depending on Dietary Fatty Acids (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 68 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Biochemical characteristics of brain microsomal membranes were examined before and after the brightness-discrimination learning tasks in rats that were fed either safflower oil (α-linolenate-deficient) or perilla oil (α-linolenate-sufficient) diets. We detected small changes in the chain elongation system for polyunsaturated fatty acids in microsomes, whereas no significant difference was detected in the inositol trisphosphate-induced calcium release and ATP-induced calcium uptake profiles of microsomes between the two dietary groups. The calcium ion-induced aggregation rate of microsomes was determined in both groups. We found that the aggregation rate of microsomes in the safflower oil group was significantly greater than that in the perilla oil group. The difference in susceptibility of microsomal membrane phospholipids to phospholipase A2 between the groups was obvious, and the amount of released fatty acids by phospholipase A2 from the perilla oil group microsomes was nearly half of that from the safflower oil group microsomes after the learning task. Susceptibility of sialic acids on the brain microsomal membranes to exogenous sialidase was different only after the learning task in the safflower and perilla oil groups. These results suggest that the biochemical characteristics of membrane surfaces of brain microsomes are affected significantly by the learning task itself in a dietary oil-dependent manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68031269.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of maximum bite force and dentate status between healthy and frail elderly persons (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 28 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of the present study was to (1) determine the standard value of maximum bite force and to (2) compare the maximum bite force of the elderly between healthy and frail subjects. Subjects included 349 healthy elderly individuals (149 males, 200 females) and 24 frail elderly individuals (seven males, 17 females) ranging from 65 to 74 years of age. Maximum bite force was evaluated using a Dental Prescale system™. The maximum bite force of the healthy subjects was significantly higher than that of the frail subjects in both males (P=0·020) and females (P=0·015). However, no significant difference was observed in the number of present teeth between the healthy and frail subjects. Median of maximum bite force in healthy males was 408˙0 N, and that of the healthy females was 243˙5 N. These results suggest that the frail elderly have latent bite force problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00716.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of cathepsin D and B in invasion and metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 137 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To determine the involvement of proteinases with hydrolytic activity towards extracellular matrix and basement membrane, in invasion and metastasis of tumour cells, the expression of cathepsin D, an aspartic proteinase, and cathepsin B, a cysteine proteinase, was studied. Formalin-fixed paraffinembedded specimens from 13 patients who had squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) with local recurrence, skin and/or lymph node metastasis were examined. Cathepsin D stained intensely as a granular pattern (mature enzyme) in tumour cells of 69% of primary lesions and all the secondary lesions of the patients with SCC. Cathepsin B stained more intensely in SCC cells of all of the primary and secondary lesions than in normal epidermis: staining patterns were almost diffuse (procathepsin B). Granular and diffuse patterns (mature enzyme of cathepsin D and procathepsin B, respectively) appeared in the outer and inner parts of tumour islands, respectively. The presence of the active mature form of cathepsin D and procathepsin B in metastatic skin lesions of SCC was confirmed by Western blotting analysis. The presence and localization of the active mature form of cathepsin D suggests that activated cathepsin D may be involved in the invasion and metastasis of SCC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.1997.18501943.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elemental diet modulates the growth of Clostridium difficile in the gut flora (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 20 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background and aims : Tube feeding is regarded as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. Recently, we reported that C. difficile toxin was frequently found in patients receiving an elemental diet. The present study was conducted to clarify whether elemental diets are associated with the growth of C. difficile in the gut flora.Methods : C. difficile was cultured for 72 h in various concentrations of elemental diet containing 3% thioglycollate, and the growth rate or activity of C. difficile was evaluated by Gram stain or by measuring optical density at 560 nm. Faecal samples from 10 healthy adults were cultured in elemental diet + 3% thioglycollate. RNA was extracted from faeces with glass powder, which can eliminate PCR inhibitors, and mRNA of C. difficile toxin B was measured by reverse transcription PCR.Results : Maximum OD560 value during culture in thioglycollate-containing elemental diet was 2.4 times higher than that in thioglycollate alone (P = 0.0163). Viability of C. difficile was decreased in thioglycollate but not in thioglycollate-containing elemental diet. Toxin B mRNA was detected in five faecal samples (50%) before culture and in all samples after culture.Conclusions : Our results suggest that an elemental diet can modulate the growth of C. difficile in the gut flora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01969.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of proliferation of gastric epithelial cells by a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, JTE522, is also mediated by a PGE2-independent pathway (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is one of the rate-limiting enzymes for prostaglandin synthesis from arachidonic acid. Although it is known that inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity delays ulcer healing, the regulatory relationship between COX-2 and its metabolites in gastric epithelial cell proliferation is not well known.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Aim:To investigate whether COX-2 has an effect on gastric mucosal cell proliferation and further studied whether such effect is mediated only by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a representative metabolite of arachidonates in the gastric mucosa.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods:Artificial wounds of defined area size were created on complete monolayer cell sheets of isolated rat gastric epithelial cells and rat gastric cell line RGM1 under the addition of arachidonic acid or a COX-2 selective inhibitor, JTE522. Repair of wounds was assessed by monitoring wound size, with cell proliferation detected using 5-bromodeoxyuridine staining. Quantity of secreted PGE2 was measured by enzyme immunoassay.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:Stimulation of foetal calf serum increased the expression of COX-2 protein and inhibition of COX-2 retarded wound healing with reduction of cell proliferation. Arachidonic acid increased PGE2 production and accelerated restoration. Combination of JTE522 and arachidonic acid resulted in a marked retardation of wound healing compared to the control, but JTE522 did not completely suppress the increase in cellular PGE2 content following the addition of arachidonate.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusions:The difference in the effects of JTE522 on PGE2 production and on wound healing suggest that the involvement of COX-2 in gastric epithelial cell proliferation is not mediated solely by PGE2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.16.s2.28.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of Helicobacter pylori and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric epithelial injury (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 16 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Helicobacter pylori and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are important factors in gastric mucosal injury. However, the relationship between H. pylori and NSAID-related gastroduodenal mucosal injury has not been clarified.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Aim:To determine the role of H. pylori in NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury and to examine the effects of H. pylori, indomethacin and sofalcone on gastric epithelial cells in culture, as a useful model to study gastric mucosal injury. In addition, we studied the effect of sofalcone, a gastric mucosal protection agent, on H. pylori and NSAID-induced gastric mucosal injury.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods:Cytotoxic and noncytotoxic strains of H. pylori were used, each with an inoculum of 107 cfu/mL. The effect on the growth of RGM–1 cells (a rat gastric epithelial cell line) was studied by MTT assay, and levels of prostaglandin E2 in culture supernatants were measured by EIA.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:Both cytotoxic and noncytotoxic strains of H. pylori tended to induce cell injury in RGM-1 cells at 48 h after inoculation. Indomethacin alone induced gastric epithelial injury in a dose-dependent manner, but did not augment cell injury induced by H. pylori. In addition, sofalcone (10−5 mol/L) showed a suppressive effect on indomethacin-induced gastric epithelial injury.〈section xml:id="abs1-5"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusion:These findings indicate that indomethacin induces gastric mucosal injury regardless of H. pylori infection, and suggests that sofalcone may be a useful drug in the treatment of NSAID-induced mucosal injury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.16.s2.6.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppressive effect of tetraprenylacetone on gastric atrophy induced by short-term administration of N-methyl-N′-nitro- N-nitrosoguanidine in rats (1997)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 11 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Several studies have been reported on the effects of various therapeutic agents in enhancing or suppressing the carcinogenic activity of N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). However, it is still unknown whether a mucosal protective agent could suppress its carcinogenic activity.〈section xml:id="abs1-2"〉〈title type="main"〉Methods:Twenty-five Wistar male rats were divided into four groups: group 1, MNNG alone; group 2, MNNG + tetraprenylacetone; group 3, control; group 4, tetraprenylacetone alone. MNNG 100 mg/mL was freely given to groups 1 and 2, and tetraprenylacetone (200 mg/kg intraperitoneal) was additionally administered every other day to the rats in groups 2 and 4. The animals were sacrificed at 10 weeks and the gastric mucosa examined.〈section xml:id="abs1-3"〉〈title type="main"〉Results:Atrophic changes were observed in the antrum after 8 weeks of oral administration of MNNG. Furthermore, using immunohistological analysis with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), the proliferative zone was found to be enlarged and shifted upward, although the BrdU labelling index of the proliferative zone was unaltered. Intraperitoneal administration of tetraprenylacetone every other day suppressed the MNNG-induced atrophic change and the alterations proliferative markers. Tetraprenylacetone alone did not have an effect either on morphological or proliferative markers.〈section xml:id="abs1-4"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusion:These observations suggest that gastric mucosal defensive factors may play critical roles in suppressing atrophic change inducing carcinogenesis by an exogenic carcinogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.1997.00162.x
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