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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Low energy laser initiation of single crystals of β-lead azide (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 2457-2466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Unfocused low energy Q-switched and non-Q-switched ruby laser irradiation of individual single crystals ofβ-lead azide of size 40μm×200μm×10mm has been studied using high-speed photography. It was found that the initiation of fast reaction occurs at isolated sites which are probably defects and act as absorption centres in the dielectric which is otherwise transparent to the ruby wavelength of 694.3 nm. It has also been shown that it is the power and not the energy of the incident beam that controls the initiation under these low energy irradiation conditions. Finally, the variation of the time delay to initiation with the incident laser energy suggests a thermal mechanism of initiation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01113582
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Electrical degradation of ß-alumina (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 17 (1982), S. 157-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract An experimental study has been made of the electrical degradation of monocrystalline and sintered samples of Na+ β-alumina with blocking electrodes. When the applied voltage exceeds the critical value of about 800 V for single crystals or 270 V for polycrystals, sparks are observed at the anode after about one minute. Examination of the surface before the sparking indicates there is formation of sodium globules near the cathode. It is suggested that this decomposition is due to the combination of mobile Na+ with trapped electrons which have been injected by the high field at the polarized cathode. A “memory effect” is found in the time dependence of the critical voltage.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00809047
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Decomposition of solid explosives by laser irradiation: A mass spectrometric study (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 22 (1987), S. 1037-1044 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Experimental investigations have been made in which single crystals of solid explosives such as cyclotrimethylene trinitramine, RDX, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, PETN, AgN3 and Pb(N3)2, were irradiated with a focused laser beam of wavelength 266 nm and duration ≈ 5 nsec in an ultra high vacuum system housing a fast and sensitive time-of-flight mass spectrometer. From the mass spectra (both +ve and -ve ions) of the chemical species obtained, possible decomposition schemes of RDX and PETN have been proposed. For silver and lead azides, the laser irradiation did not cause explosions if the power density was sufficiently low, but micrometre size craters were formed. In the mass spectra of AgN3 products N3 − and silver cluster ions, Ag n +, have been found for the first time. It has been suggested that such investigations may possibly throw some light on our understanding of the reactions taking place in a deflagration/detonation wave.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103548
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Single particle impact damage of fused silica (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1980), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Single-impact damage of fused silica by spherical and conical tungsten carbide (WC) projectiles of velocities up to 200 m sec−1 has been investigated with a high-speed framing camera photographing at a rate of up to 1.7×106 frames per second. For spherical particles the Hertzian cone cracks, which for higher impact velocities are accompanied by median and radial cracks, form during the loading part of the impact; some growth of all these cracks also occurs during unloading. With the conical particles the Hertzian cone cracks do not form; only radial and median cracks form during the loading; in this case both radial and median cracks grow during the unloading. In both cases “lateral” cracks form during unloading. From these experiments values of the static equivalent of the dynamic stress-intensity factor for high-velocity cracks are also obtained; these are found to be considerably lower than those obtained from quasi-static indentation experiments. Finally, the extent of the damage produced by a single impact has been discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02396782
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Single particle impact damage of fused silica (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1980), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Single-impact damage of fused silica by spherical and conical tungsten carbide (WC) projectiles of velocities up to 200 m sec−1 has been investigated with a high-speed framing camera photographing at a rate of up to 1.7×106 frames per second. For spherical particles the Hertzian cone cracks, which for higher impact velocities are accompanied by median and radial cracks, form during the loading part of the impact; some growth of all these cracks also occurs during unloading. With the conical particles the Hertzian cone cracks do not form; only radial and median cracks form during the loading; in this case both radial and median cracks grow during the unloading. In both cases “lateral” cracks form during unloading. From these experiments values of the static equivalent of the dynamic stress-intensity factor for high-velocity cracks are also obtained; these are found to be considerably lower than those obtained from quasi-static indentation experiments. Finally, the extent of the damage produced by a single impact has been discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00551685
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Observations of contact damage in MgO and LiF crystals by cathodoluminescence (1980)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 15 (1980), S. 1189-1193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Cathodoluminescence (CL) studies in a scanning electron microscope of the static and dynamic contact damage in MgO and LiF crystals are described. The main luminescence for both MgO and LiF was found to be associated with the plastically deformed zone at and around the contact site, although there were differences of details in the CL behaviour of the two materials. It was also found that in MgO the intensity of luminescence from screw dislocations was markedly higher than that from the edge dislocations for all possible orientations of the specimen. It is proposed that this simple and rapid technique can be used for assessing the mechanical state of a surface.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00551808
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Fracture surface energies of high explosives PETN and RDX (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1977), S. 1055-1058 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540993
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Impact of small steel spheres on glass surfaces (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 12 (1977), S. 1573-1586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract A high speed photographic study has been made as part of a detailed investigation of the impact of small steel spheres (∼ 800 and 1000 μm diameter) on to Pyrex and soda-lime glasses. The velocity of the spheres was varied from 20 to 300 m sec−1 and the fracturing process during the complete impact cycle was followed. Observations revealed substantial differences in the behaviour of the two glasses, particularly at higher velocities; Pyrex behaved as though indented by a sphere, whereas soda lime glass behaved as though indented with a pointed indenter. As with quasi-static pointed indentations, cracking was observed during the unloading cycle. It was also found that the angle of the Hertzian cone crack in Pyrex glass varied in a systematic manner with velocity. Rebound velocity, time of contact and extent of flattening of the steel spheres were also recorded. The relevance of these observations to impact erosion and strength degradation of brittle materials is pointed out.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00542808
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The High Velocity Detonation of Single Crystals of α-Lead Azide (1977)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 2 (1977), S. 91-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: A high speed photographic study at a framing rate of 5 × 106 s-1 has been made of the propagation of high velocity detonation in single crystals of α-lead azide. Crystals of cross section 2 mm × 2 mm and greater detonated at∼8000 m/s whereas those of smaller sizes (∼1 mm) deflagrated at ∼ 3000 m/s. Finally, the mechanism of propagation of high velocity detonation has been discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19770020502
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amorphisation of MgO single crystal specimens prepared by ion milling for transmission electron microscopy studies (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 15 (1990), S. 377-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Schlagwort(e): Vickers indentations ; Magnesium oxide ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft
    Notizen: Single crystal MgO specimens having low load Vickers indentations were thinned in an ion milling machine employing a single ion gun, and their characteristics were investigated with optical microscopy and high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM). It was found that the state of cleanliness of the specimen chamber of the ion milling machine had a very marked influence on the quality of the thinned specimens. If the specimen chamber was not well cleaned before ion milling a fresh specimen, the latter tended to show amorphisation due to the deposition on the specimen of the debris left in the chamber from the previously ion-milled specimens. Such observations were made from MgO specimens ion milled in several different types of commercial ion milling machine employing a single gun. It is proposed that to obtain good-quality ion milled TEM specimens, it is important to clean the specimen chamber thoroughly prior to milling.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060150407
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