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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interfacial aspects of latex ipns for toughening polycarbonate. I. Synthesis and characterization (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (1995), S. 375-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Core/shell structured latex particles with an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) core(polymer A and polymer B) and glassy shell (polymer C) were synthesized by emulsion polymerization techniques. Polymer A was poly(butadiene-stat-styrene) (90/10) (P(Bd/S)). Polymer B was either poly(butyl acrylate-stat-methyl methacrylate) (60/40) or poly(butyl acrylate-stat-styrene) (60/40) prepared by a sequential IPN technique to form the cores. The glass transition temperatures, Tg, of polymer A and polymer B were around -70 and 10°C, respectively. The shell, polymer C, poly(styrene-stat-acrylonitrile) (72/28), was polymerized with grafting onto the IPN core by a semicontinuous process. The particle size and particle size distribution were measured by light-scattering, capillary hydrodynamic fractionation, and transmission electron microscopy. The glass transition temperatures were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The polymer A (particle sizes between 200-270 nm) with different gel fractions was used to characterize the effect of gel fraction on IPN morphology. A core/shell type phase separation was observed for IPN particles when using a polymer A with 〉 90% gel fraction. A distribution of polymer B domains in polymer A was obtained when using polymer A with a 40% gel fraction. A good coverage of polymer C on the IPN core particles was obtained at a core/shell ratio of one to one. A broad glass transition range for the core/shell structured latex particles was observed. In article II of this series, these latex particles will be used to toughen such engineering thermoplastics as polycarbonates to understand the particular toughening theories of these polymers. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070580217
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Core-shell structured latex particles. I. Copolymerization of styrene/benzyl methacrylate as a choice for shell material and characterization of poly(n-butyl acrylate) core latex particles (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (1995), S. 385-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Composition, molecular weight, and microstructure of the “shell” polymer in core-shell structured latex particles, designed for toughening polycarbonate matrix, should be controlled for enhanced miscibility between the shell polymer and the matrix. Various “shell polymer” systems based on styrene (St) and benzyl methacrylate (BM) were synthesized. Reactivity ratios were determined for (St) and (BM). Chain transfer efficiency studies revealed the susceptibility of styrene to transfer to a chain transfer agent. Benzyl methacrylate was found to have steric and stability factors hindering its tendency to chain transfer with various chain transfer agent. Miscibility tests between P(St/BM) and polycarbonate (PC) indicated different degrees of miscibility, depending upon polymerization conditions. Factors other than molecular weight, such as branching and crosslinking, were found to play a role in the miscibility. Monodisperse poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) seed latex particles of variable degree of crosslinking and particle size were successfully synthesized by batch emulsion polymerization. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070580218
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Core - shell structured latex particles. II. Synthesis and characterization of poly(n-butyl acrylate)/poly(benzyl methacrylate - styrene) structured latex particles (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 58 (1995), S. 401-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The synthesis of structured latex particles involved the preparation of a slightly crosslinked poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) seed and a poly(benzyl methacrylate-styrene) [P(BM-St)] shell. It was found that structured core-shell latex particles prepared by semicontinuous monomer addition yielded better coverage of the seed particles than those polymerized by batch and that poly(benzyl methacrylate) yielded better coverage than polystyrene (PS). Polymerizations in the presence and absence of a chain transfer agent indicated that the presence of isooctyl mercaptopropionate (IOMP) causes the second-stage monomer to polymerize as an isolated, single patch of shell material. In the absence of IOMP, smaller patches of shell material are spread throughout the PBA seed surface. The different morphologies obtained under different polymerization conditions were attributed to thermodynamic and kinetic factors such as polymer-polymer interfacial tensions and viscosity effects. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070580219
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Multicomponent latex IPN materials: 2. Damping and mechanical behavior (1997)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1501-1514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: multicomponent ; latex ; interpenetrating polymer networks ; IPN ; core/shell ; damping ; loss area ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The integrals of the linear loss shear modulus vs. temperature (loss area, LA) and linear tan δ vs. temperature (tan δ area, TA) were characterized for various core/shell latex particles with synthetic rubber, poly(butadiene-stat-styrene) [P (Bd/S), 90/10], and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) as the cores. The IPN cores were composed of P(Bd/S) (Tg ≃ - 70°C) and an acrylate based copolymer (Tg around 10°C) for potential impact and damping improvement in thermoplastics. Poly(styrene-stat-acrylonitrile) (SAN, 72/28) was the shell polymer for all these polymers. Under the same loading, for both toughening and damping controls, among the IPN core/shell, blend of separate core/shell, and multilayered core/shell polymers, the IPN core/shell polymers were the best dampers. However, the other core/shell polymers also showed higher LA values than P(Bd/S)/SAN core/shell polymer. A comparison of LA values via a group contribution analysis method was made, the effect of particle morphology and phase continuity on damping being studied. Inverted core/shell latex particles (glassy polymer SAN was synthesized first) showed much higher LA and TA values than normal core/shell ones (rubbery polymer was synthesized first). Models for maximum LA and TA behavior are proposed. The damping property was essentially controlled by the phase miscibility and morphology of the core/shell latex particles. The LA values for each peak in these multiphase materials provided some indication of the several fractional phase volumes. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1501-1514, 1997
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) in compositions containing naturally functionalized triglyceride oil (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 48 (1993), S. 1035-1050 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) in blends with naturally functionalized triglyceride oils and their networks has been investigated. Crystallization kinetics of PET in the presence of small amounts of castor oil is improved, both in cooling from the melt state, and in heating from the glassy state. In conjunction with the nucleating agent sodium benzoate, either chemically bonded to castor oil or as a simple mixture, even greater enhancements of crystallization are observed. The PET crystallinity in semi-IPNs and blends of low to intermediate castor oil-HMDI polyurethane content are higher than that of neat PET (on a per gram of PET basis). Crystallinity in compositions with a high triglyceride oil network content is greatly affected by the presence of the network, with large melting point depressions, and loss in overall crystallinity. In cases where the triglyceride oil network is completely formed in a miscible melt with PET, the PET is unable to crystallize on cooling, resulting in amorphous semi-IPNs. Plasticization due to the oil, nucleation from added agents, bond interchange reactions between the oil and the PET, overall chemical composition, and the presence of a triglyceride oil network are found to have a controlling influence over the type and extent of PET crystallinity in the compositions. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070480611
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