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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extending the range of blood glucose measurements with Dextrostix and a reflectance meter (1983)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 25 (1983), S. 123-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Dextrostix ; reflectance meter ; blood glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The useful range of blood glucose measurements with Dextrostix can be extended by varying the incubation time and making appropriate corrections to the observed values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00250900
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of a relatively hepatoselective effect of covalent insulin dimers on glucose metabolism in dogs (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 1007-1013 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin analogues ; glucose metabolism ; euglycaemic clamp ; insulin action ; hepatoselectivity ; glucose production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin analogues with relatively greater effect on hepatic glucose production than peripheral glucose disposal could offer a more physiological approach to the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The fact that proinsulin exhibits this property to a minor degree may suggest that analogues with increased molecular size may be less able than insulin to obtain access to peripheral receptor sites. Covalent insulin dimers have previously been shown to possess lower hypoglycaemic potencies than predicted by their in vivo receptor binding affinities. Reduced rates of diffusion to peripheral target tissues-might be an explanation for the lower in vivo potency compared to insulin. To test the relative hepatic and peripheral effects of covalent insulin dimers, glucose clamp procedures with D-[3-3H] glucose tracer infusions were used in anaesthetised greyhounds to establish dose-response curves for rates of hepatic glucose production and glucose disposal with insulin, NαB1, NαB′ 1,-suberoyl-insulin dimer, and NεB29, NεB′ 29,-suberoyl-insulin dimer. With NαB1, NαB′ 1,-suberoyl-insulin dimer molar potencies relative to insulin were 68%, (34–133) (mean and 95% fiducial limits), for inhibition of hepatic glucose production and 14.7%, (10.3–20.9) for glucose disposal. With NεB29,NεB′ 29,-suberoyl-insulin dimer potencies were 75%, (31–184) and 2.5%, (1.5–4.3), for inhibition of hepatic glucose production and for glucose disposal, respectively. The demonstration that both dimers exhibit a significantly greater effect on glucose production than on glucose disposal supports the suggestion that analogues with increased molecular size may exhibit reduced ability to gain access to peripheral target cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402169
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abnormal serum growth hormone responses in genetically potential-diabetic male patients with normal oral glucose tolerance: Evidence for an insulin-like action of growth hormone in vivo (1973)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 9 (1973), S. 426-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Potential diabetes ; glucose tolerance tests ; insulin ; growth hormone ; free fatty acids ; paradoxical growth hormone responses ; cortisone premedication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum growth hormone, immunoreactive insulin, plasma fatty free acids and blood sugar were measured during oral glucose, cortisone primed oral glucose and intravenous glucose tolerance tets and during intravenous tolbutamide test in 25 normal and 24 potential diabetic (offspring of two diabetic parents) males, closely matched for weight and age. Only potential diabetics with normal blood sugar levels during the oral, cortisone-primed and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were selected for study.-Mean serum, growth hormone concentrations were significantly higher in the potential diabetic group at one or more intervals in each of the tests. The potential diabetic group showed a paradoxical rise in growth hormone during the first 60 min of the oral glucose tolerance test and to a less marked degree in the cortisone-primed oral glucose tolerance test.-Serum insulin was significantly reduced in these potential diabetics (who had been selected for their normal carbohydrate tolerance) during the oral, cortisone-primed and intravenous glucose tolerance test but not during the tolbutamide test. The presence of normal blood sugar responses and reduced insulin levels suggested increased sensitivity to endogenous insulin in the potential diabetic group, despite elevations in serum growth hormone.-Abnormal growth hormone responses occurred in 50% of the potential-diabetic group and an abnormal response in one test was usually associated with abnormal responses in each of the other types of tests.-When the potentialdiabetics were subdivided into those with (‘responders’) and those without (‘non-responders’) an abnormal growth hormone response, it was the ‘responders’ who as a group showed increased sensitivity to endogenous insulin. Thus the abnormal growth hormone responses observed appeared to be associated with acute insulin-like effects, rather than the more usual diabetogenic action of growth hormone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239440
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased hepatic secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 in NIDDM (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 959-967 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Very-low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; stable isotopes ; gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry ; mevalonic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We measured the hepatic secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 (VLDL apoB) using a stable isotope gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry method in six patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (four males, two females, age 57.5±2.2 years (mean±SEM), weight 88.2±5.5 kg, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1) 8.5±0.5%, plasma total cholesterol concentration 5.7±0.5 mmol/l, triglyceride 3.8±0.9 mmol/l, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 1.0±0.1 mmol/l) and six non-diabetic subjects matched for age, sex and weight (four males, two females, age 55.7±2.8 years, weight 85.8±5.6 kg, HbA1 6.5±0.1%, plasma total cholesterol concentration 5.7±0.5 mmol/l, triglyceride 1.2±0.1 mmol/l, HDL cholesterol 1.4±0.1 mmol/l). HbA1, plasma triglyceride and mevalpnic acid (an index of cholesterol synthesis in vivo) concentrations were significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic subjects (p=0.006, p=0.02 and p=0.004, respectively). VLDL apoB absolute secretion rate was significantly higher in the diabetic patients compared with the non-diabetic subjects (2297±491 vs 921±115 mg/day, p〈0.05), but there was no significant difference in the fractional catabolic rate of VLDL apoB. There was a positive correlation between VLDL apoB secretion rate and (i) fasting C-peptide (r=0.84, p=0.04) and (ii) mevalonic acid concentration (r=0.83, p〈0.05) in the diabetic patients but not in the non-diabetic subjects. There was also a significant positive association between plasma mevalonic acid and plasma C-peptide (r=0.82, p〈0.05) concentrations in the diabetic patients. We conclude that in NIDDM, there is increased hepatic secretion of VLDL apoB which may partly explain the dyslipoproteinaemia seen in this condition. We suggest that increased secretion of this apolipoprotein may be a consequence of resistance to the inhibitory effect of insulin on VLDL apoB secretion. Insulin resistance may also be the mechanism by which cholesterol synthesis, a regulator of apoB secretion, is increased in NIDDM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400586
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of glucose metabolism and insulin secretion during normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 976-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Gestational diabetes ; glucose metabolism ; insulin secretion ; intravenous glucose tolerance test ; minimal model ; pregnancy ; stable isotope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gestational diabetes affects 2–3% of pregnant women and is associated with foetal complications including macrosomia and an increased likelihood of developing diabetes in later life. We have therefore studied seven women with gestational diabetes and five control women both during the third trimester of pregnancy and again 2–3 months post-partum, using the minimal model analysis of the frequently sampled labelled ([6, 6-2H2]-glucose) intravenous glucose tolerance test. Glucose tolerance (glucose Kd) was significantly reduced in the women with gestational diabetes compared with the normal pregnant women both in pregnancy (1.16±0.11 vs 1.78±0.23%/min; p〈0.05) and post-partum (1.47±0.22 vs 2.59±0.43%/min; p〈0.05) and increased significantly in the control women after delivery (p〈0.05). Glucose effectiveness was not significantly different between the women with gestational diabetes and the control group either during or after pregnancy. Insulin sensitivity was significantly lower during pregnancy than after delivery in the women with gestational diabetes (p〈0.05). There was no significant difference in basal insulin secretion in the two groups during pregnancy or post-partum. However, during pregnancy the control subjects significantly increased (p〈0.001) their insulin secretion over a period of 20 min in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (96.2±42.7 pmol/kg) compared with post-partum values (58.3±25.2 pmol/kg) while in the women with gestational diabetes insulin secretion was similar in pregnancy (65.5±9.3 pmol/kg) and after delivery (57.7±15.7 pmol/kg). These data suggest that the glucose intolerance in gestational diabetes compared to normal pregnancy is due to reduced insulin sensitivity and an impaired ability in gestational diabetes to increase insulin secretion in response to glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403918
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased hepatic secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 in NIDDM (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 959-967 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Very-low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; stable isotopes ; gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry ; mevalonic acid.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We measured the hepatic secretion of very-low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B-100 (VLDL apoB) using a stable isotope gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry method in six patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (four males, two females, age 57.5 ± 2.2 years (mean ± SEM), weight 88.2 ± 5.5 kg, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1) 8.5 ± 0.5 %, plasma total cholesterol concentration 5.7 ± 0.5 mmol/l, triglyceride 3.8 ± 0.9 mmol/l, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 1.0 ± 0.1 mmol/l) and six non-diabetic subjects matched for age, sex and weight (four males, two females, age 55.7 ± 2.8 years, weight 85.8 ± 5.6 kg, HbA1 6.5 ± 0.1 %, plasma total cholesterol concentration 5.7 ± 0.5 mmol/l, triglyceride 1.2 ± 0.1 mmol/l, HDL cholesterol 1.4 ± 0.1 mmol/l). HbA1, plasma triglyceride and mevalonic acid (an index of cholesterol synthesis in vivo) concentrations were significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic subjects (p = 0.006, p = 0.02 and p = 0.004, respectively). VLDL apoB absolute secretion rate was significantly higher in the diabetic patients compared with the non-diabetic subjects (2297 ± 491 vs 921 ± 115 mg/day, p 〈 0.05), but there was no significant difference in the fractional catabolic rate of VLDL apoB. There was a positive correlation between VLDL apoB secretion rate and (i) fasting C-peptide (r = 0.84, p = 0.04) and (ii) mevalonic acid concentration (r = 0.83, p 〈 0.05) in the diabetic patients but not in the non-diabetic subjects. There was also a significant positive association between plasma mevalonic acid and plasma C-peptide (r = 0.82, p 〈 0.05) concentrations in the diabetic patients. We conclude that in NIDDM, there is increased hepatic secretion of VLDL apoB which may partly explain the dyslipoproteinaemia seen in this condition. We suggest that increased secretion of this apolipoprotein may be a consequence of resistance to the inhibitory effect of insulin on VLDL apoB secretion. Insulin resistance may also be the mechanism by which cholesterol synthesis, a regulator of apoB secretion, is increased in NIDDM. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 959–967]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400586
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of glucose metabolism and insulin secretion during normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes (1996)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 976-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Gestational diabetes ; glucose metabolism ; insulin secretion ; intravenous glucose tolerance test ; minimal model ; pregnancy ; stable isotope.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gestational diabetes affects 2–3 % of pregnant women and is associated with foetal complications including macrosomia and an increased likelihood of developing diabetes in later life. We have therefore studied seven women with gestational diabetes and five control women both during the third trimester of pregnancy and again 2–3 months post-partum, using the minimal model analysis of the frequently sampled labelled ([6, 6-2H2]-glucose) intravenous glucose tolerance test. Glucose tolerance (glucose Kd) was significantly reduced in the women with gestational diabetes compared with the normal pregnant women both in pregnancy (1.16 ± 0.11 vs 1.78 ± 0.23 %/min; p 〈 0.05) and post-partum (1.47 ± 0.22 vs 2.59 ± 0.43 %/min; p 〈 0.05) and increased significantly in the control women after delivery (p 〈 0.05). Glucose effectiveness was not significantly different between the women with gestational diabetes and the control group either during or after pregnancy. Insulin sensitivity was significantly lower during pregnancy than after delivery in the women with gestational diabetes (p 〈 0.05). There was no significant difference in basal insulin secretion in the two groups during pregnancy or post-partum. However, during pregnancy the control subjects significantly increased (p 〈 0.001) their insulin secretion over a period of 20 min in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (96.2 ± 42.7 pmol/kg) compared with post-partum values (58.3 ± 25.2 pmol/kg) while in the women with gestational diabetes insulin secretion was similar in pregnancy (65.5 ± 9.3 pmol/kg) and after delivery (57.7 ± 15.7 pmol/kg). These data suggest that the glucose intolerance in gestational diabetes compared to normal pregnancy is due to reduced insulin sensitivity and an impaired ability in gestational diabetes to increase insulin secretion in response to glucose. [Diabetologia (1996) 39: 976–983]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403918
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased glucose carbon recycling in severely insulin deficient Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects (1990)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 33 (1990), S. 158-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; insulin-dependent ; glucose recycling ; glucose ; insulin ; Cori cycle ; isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Six Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects were studied in order to determine the contribution of recycling of glucose carbon to the overproduction of glucose which is characteristic of the fasting hyperglycaemia produced by insulin withdrawal. The subjects were studied on two occasions, once after an overnight insulin infusion and once following 24 h of insulin withdrawal. The difference in turnover rates of 1-14C-glucose and 3-3H-glucose was used as a measure of glucose recycling. Insulin withdrawal caused a marked metabolic derangement with a rise in non-esterified fatty acids from 0.69±0.23 to 1.11±0.21 mmol/l (mean±SEM, p〈0.05), total ketones from 0.27±0.06 to 2.06±0.51 mmol/l (p〈0.01), cortisol from 341±43 to 479±31 nmol/l (p〈0.05) and growth hormone from 1.1±0.3 to 19+5-mu/l (p〈0.05). Glucose turnover rose from 13.8±2.3 μmol·kg−1·min−1 at a glucose of 6.9±0.7 mmol/l in the insulin infused study to 25.8±4.4 μmol·kg−1·min−1 (p〈0.05) at a glucose of 16.4±0.7 mmol/l in the insulin withdrawn study. Recycling also rose from 3.0±0.4 μmol· kg−1·min−1 to 9.4±2.2 μmol·kg−1·min−1 (p〈0.05) when insulin withdrawn, accounting for 23±3% and 36±3% of glucose turnover, respectively. We conclude that in the severely insulin deficient Type 1 diabetic subject recycling of glucose carbon is a major contributor to the excess glucose production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404043
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Demonstration of a relatively hepatoselective effect of covalent insulin dimers on glucose metabolism in dogs (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 1007-1013 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Insulin ; insulin analogues ; glucose metabolism ; euglycaemic clamp ; insulin action ; hepatoselectivity ; glucose production.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin analogues with relatively greater effect on hepatic glucose production than peripheral glucose disposal could offer a more physiological approach to the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The fact that proinsulin exhibits this property to a minor degree may suggest that analogues with increased molecular size may be less able than insulin to obtain access to peripheral receptor sites. Covalent insulin dimers have previously been shown to possess lower hypoglycaemic potencies than predicted by their in vivo receptor binding affinities. Reduced rates of diffusion to peripheral target tissues might be an explanation for the lower in vivo potency compared to insulin. To test the relative hepatic and peripheral effects of covalent insulin dimers, glucose clamp procedures with D-[3-3H]glucose tracer infusions were used in anaesthetised greyhounds to establish dose-response curves for rates of hepatic glucose production and glucose disposal with insulin, NαB1, NαB′ 1,-suberoyl-insulin dimer, and NɛB29, NɛB′ 29,-suberoyl-insulin dimer. With NαB1, NαB′ 1,-suberoyl-insulin dimer molar potencies relative to insulin were 68 %, (34–133) (mean and 95 % fiducial limits), for inhibition of hepatic glucose production and 14.7 %, (10.3–20.9) for glucose disposal. With NɛB29,NɛB′ 29,-suberoyl-insulin dimer potencies were 75 %, (31–184) and 2.5 %, (1.5–4.3), for inhibition of hepatic glucose production and for glucose disposal, respectively. The demonstration that both dimers exhibit a significantly greater effect on glucose production than on glucose disposal supports the suggestion that analogues with increased molecular size may exhibit reduced ability to gain access to peripheral target cells. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 1007–1013]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402169
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose and free fatty acid turnover in normal subjects and in diabetic patients before and after insulin treatment (1979)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 16 (1979), S. 297-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose ; free fatty acids ; oxygen consumption ; respiratory quotient ; insulin ; cortisol ; triiodothyronine ; thyroxine ; ketone bodies ; energy ; balance ; insulin-dependent diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Turnover rates of glucose and free fatty acids were measured, using3H-glucose and14C-1-palmitic acid as tracers, in insulin-requiring diabetic patients at presentation and after insulin treatment. Correlations were sought with rates of substrate oxidation, determined independently from respiratory exchange, and with plasma hormone concentrations. The rates of appearance of glucose and of free fatty acids were increased in the diabetics to 17.6 and 10.2 μmol min−1 kg−1 respectively. Both rates fell to normal (13.3 and 7.1 μmol min−1 kg−1) after insulin. In the untreated state there was an inverse relationship between the rates of utilisation of glucose and free fatty acids (r=0.61; p〈0.05). It is suggested that this relationship represents the impairment of peripheral glucose utilisation by free fatty acids and by ketone bodies in vivo, so far only demonstrated in vitro. The tracer calculated rates of glucose utilisation correlated well over a wide range with the respiratory quotient in untreated diabetics, while respiratory quotient was inversely related to free fatty acid turnover rates. In untreated diabetics plasma cortisol and 3,3′, 5′-triiodothyronine (rT3) were increased whereas thyroxine and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) were decreased. 3,5,3′-Triiodothyronine concentration was closely related to the metabolic clearance rate of glucose (p〈0.05), while cortisol concentrations correlated with glucose production (p〈0.02) and blood ketone body concentration (p〈0.02). It is concluded that glucose overproduction is the major contributor to the hyperglycaemia of untreated diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01223618
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