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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Commentary (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 18-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245092
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  • 22
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Acute and chronic tolerance to nicotine measured by activity in rats (1973)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 30 (1973), S. 329-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Spontaneous locomotor activity has been used to assess the development and the dissipation of tolerance to nicotine in rats. Nicotine administered i.p. to experimentally naive rats depressed activity in a Y-shaped runway in a dose-related manner. After a single i.p. dose of nicotine, acute tolerance to the depressant action of a second dose developed with a definite time-course, becoming maximal after 2 h and wearing off after about 8 h. Repeated i.p. doses of nicotine (3 times daily for 8 days) elicited chronic tolerance, which was found to persist for at least 90 days after the end of regular treatment with the drug. Tolerance was also produced when nicotine was administered in rats' drinking water and through reservoirs implanted subcutaneously. We conclude that tolerance to nicotine in rats can develop quickly, may be measured easily, and persists for prolonged periods after withdrawal. A nicotine abstinence syndrome was not detected. The doses (mg/kg i.p.) of nicotine necessary to induce chronic tolerance in rats were similar to those probably obtained by cigarette smokers, but the different routes and rates of administration make precise comparisons difficult. However, it is suggested that relapse to tobacco use in man may be associated with the persistence of tolerance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429192
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    An observational study of hallucinogen-induced behavior in unrestrained Macaca mulatta (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 40 (1974), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Hallucinogens ; Hallucinations ; LSD ; Dimethyltryptamine ; Chlorpromazine ; Amphetamine ; Monkey Behavior
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract An attempt was made to develop an objective behavioral profile that could be used to distinguish the behavioral effects of hallucinogens from those of other classes of drugs. Saline, bromo-lysergic acid diethylamide, and two doses each of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), diemethyltryptamine (DMT), chlorpromazine, and d-amphetamine sulphate were administered to solitary adolescent rhesus monkeys whose behavior was observed, videotaped, and scored in a number of categories. Hallucinogens (LSD and DMT) could be distinguished from other drugs by the increased frequency of unusual behaviors such as spasms, stereotypy, and inappropriate behavior, and the decreased amount of exploration time. Hallucinogens also produced distinctive qualitative changes in behavior.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429415
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weight loss and shock-elicited aggression as indices of morphine abstinence in rats (1975)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 45 (1975), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Morphine ; Naloxone ; Dependence ; Aggression
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Weight loss and shock-elicited aggression have been compared as quantitative indices of morphine abstinence in rats. A range of doses of morphine was administered to rats by i.p. injection twice daily for 12–15 days. After injections were stopped, morphine-abstinent rats lost weight precipitously, and showed an increased frequency of fighting in response to aversive stimulation (foot-shock). Recovery of weight appeared complete after 15–20 days but a significant increase in aggression was found at 18 days post-withdrawal; this virtually disappeared after 52 days. Both the amount of weight lost and the frequency of fighting increased as a function of the previous maintenance dose of morphine; the effective dose range appeared similar for these two indices. Weight loss was much less variable than fighting, had the advantage of rapid, objective measurement, and appeared to be the more reliable index of abstinence.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429054
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Differential impairment of delayed matching in monkeys by scopolamine and scopolamine methylbromide (1967)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 11 (1967), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of scopolamine hydrobromide and its quaternary analogue, scopolamiae methylbromide, in two doses (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) upon delayed matching performance was studied in monkeys. Scopolamine in the lower dose depressed significantly only performance rate, while in the higher dose it depressed both performance rate and percentage accuracy of the monkeys during the first two cycles of the experiment. On the other hand, scopolamine methylbromide (both doses) depressed just responding rate, but the effect was more pronounced towards the end of the experiment (i.e. after more than 10 hr after drug administration). These results indicate the ability of scopolamine methylbromide to influence behavior possibly by passing the blood brain barrier and thus impair the response rate of the animals.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404606
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Cigarette nicotine content as a determinant of human smoking behavior (1970)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 17 (1970), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Smoking ; Nicotine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Measures of smoking rate and psychological effects of cigarettes with varying nicotine content were made in 15 subjects. While subjects did perceive differences in strength and quality of the experimental lettuce cigarettes as compared to their own brands, their smoking rates did not decrease differentially over the nicotine gradient. The decrement in smoking due to the experimental cigarettes persisted when subjects resumed smoking their own cigarettes. However, the smoking that did occur in the absence of both tobacco and nicotine indicates that the habit itself often exhibits functional autonomy from the physiological effects of nicotine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00402094
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Impairment of delayed matching in monkeys by chlorpromazine and pentobarbital (1969)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 125-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Chlorpromazine ; Pentobarbital ; Delayed Matching ; Motor Impairment ; Sedation ; Memory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Monkeys trained to perform in a delayed matching test under five delay conditions were given chlorpromazine hydrochloride (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) and pentobarbital sodium (1.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg) before test sessions. Both drugs decreased response rate proportionally as dose increased. Chlorpromazine initially depressed accuracy, but showed no specific effects as delay interval increased. Pentobarbital had little effect upon accuracy, although impairment on the simultaneous conditions was seen at the highest dose. It is concluded that neither drug produced specific effects upon short-term memory.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407045
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The behavioral effects of a new psychoactive drug (d-Carbine) on a passive avoidance response and locomotion and its interaction with amphetamine (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 21 (1971), S. 82-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Avoidance ; Impairment ; Relationship ; Antagonism ; Synergism ; Imipramine ; Carbidin ; Amphetamine ; Chlorpromazine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The relationship between amphetamine and a new psychotropic drug, carbidin (in comparison with imipramine and chlorpromazine) was studied on a test of activity and the passiv avoidance conditioned response. Carbidin and imipramine woud appear to differ from chlorpromazine in their mode of action on conditioned response. Looking at the interactions between amphetamine and the other drugs in the two tests differences in the mode of action of carbidin and imipramine becomes apparent. Whereas in the passive avoidance conditioning situation both drugs had similar effects alone and in combination with amphetamine in the activity test, though both are without effect when given alone, in combination with amphetamine the interactions are in opposite directions. Imipramine has a synergistic effect, whereas carbidin has marked antagonistic affect completely reversing the amphetamine induced increase in activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403999
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nicotine tolerance in rats; role of dose and dose interval (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 34 (1974), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Nicotine ; Tolerance ; Spontaneous Motor Activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In experimentally naive rats, nicotine reduced spontaneous locomotor activity in a dose-related manner. After a single pretreatment with nicotine, acute tolerance developed; this was shown by a shift of the dose-response curve, such that the dose of nicotine required to produce a given decrement in activity was multiplied by a factor of about 2.4. In a second experiment, a range of doses of nicotine was found to induce tolerance, but the dose inducing the maximum degree of tolerance was rather critical. The results demonstrated the importance of using a range of pretreatment and challenge doses when assessing tolerance to nicotine. However, frequently repeated doses were not necessary, since tolerance developed when nicotine was administered to rats only once in every 3 days. In terms of tolerance liability in rats, it seems that nicotine is not discriminable from other drugs upon which dependence can be established.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422555
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparison of ECS and flurothyl-induced retrograde amnesia in mice (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 12 (1968), S. 91-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Different groups of mice were exposed to flurothyl vapors immediately 5, 60, 360, and 720 min after a one-trial passive avoidance learning procedure. The first three groups 24 hours later showed a marked retention deficit, but retest performance of the 6 hour group was significantly less impaired than the first three. The 12 hour group was not significantly different from the control group. When only clonic seizures were elicited, performance was just as impaired as in mice which had exhibited tonic convulsions. The effective intervals at which RA was produced were similar for both flurothyl and ECS. However, the temporal gradient of RA to the flurothyl treatment was significantly flatter than that produced by a 15 mA-ECS under otherwise identical conditions.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401537
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