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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEURAL LIMITATIONS IN PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS: Implications for Diet Breadth and Evolution of Host Affiliation (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 46 (2001), S. 703-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review points out the problem of processing multiple sensory inputs and provides evidence that generalists suffer a disadvantage compared with specialists with respect to efficiency of host plant choice and discrimination. The specialists' mechanisms for improved efficiency are discussed as well as some of the processes that may be selected to increase processing efficiency in generalists. The fitness consequences of differences in efficiency of specialists and generalists are pointed out. One of the major disadvantages for generalists is the increase in vulnerability to ecological risks, especially risks imposed by various natural enemies. Efficiency-related factors are indicated as previously underestimated elements that could influence host affiliations including diet breadth and changes in host plant use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.703
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Induced food preferences in caterpillars: the need to identify mechanisms (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 78 (1996), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: induction ; imprinting ; learning ; caterpillar ; Lepidoptera ; experience ; diet breadth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This review discusses the ambiguity of results obtained from dual-choice feeding tests, especially in relation to the study of effects of experience. Induced preference experiments done this way can be caused by up to nine potential changes in caterpillar behavior. In addition different physiological mechanisms that could lead to the process of induced preference are discussed. These include habituation to deterrents, the increased ability to process xenobiotics, the acquisition of specific positive responses, sensitization, and associative learning. These different processes might relate to function in different ways so that distinguishing them is important to progress in understanding the phenomenon. Suggestions for experimental designs that provide details on processes involved are indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304451
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective attention and host-plant specialization (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sensory system ; neural interactions ; diet breath ; plant signals ; information processing ; herbivores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The importance of attentional processing is summarized, and the different ways in which selective attention is maintained, explained. Examples from arthropods are highlighted. The significance of selective attentiveness for insect herbivores is discussed. In the finding and selecting of host plants, insects should adopt the strongest or most clear-cut cues that override noise, and they should channel the appropriate sensory information efficiently. It is argued that achieving this end is difficult and costly because the information capacity of the sensory system is far greater than the capacity of the central nervous system to process it. It is suggested that the need to obtain a clear signal quickly and efficiently may be one of the factors favoring reduced diet breadth, and that the existence of highly specific and sensitive receptor neurons is an adaptation to the information-processing problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194741
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between deterrence and toxicity of plant secondary compounds for the alfalfa weevil Hypera brunneipennis (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 64 (1992), S. 289-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Deterrence ; oral dosing ; toxicity ; diet breadth ; Hypera brunneipennis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A variety of plant secondary compounds, several of which are quite widespread in nature were tested for their deterrence to the specialist coleopteran Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman) in short-term behavioral assays. The compounds were nicotine, quinine, sparteine, hordenine, linamarin, amygdalin, sinigrin, morin, juglone, chlorogenic acid, digitonin, mimosine, diosgenin, rutin and ursolic acid. Nine of these were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over one to two weeks of adult life, using fecundity as a measure of the effects. In only one case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00341092
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Meal size in nymphs of Locusta migratoria (1972)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 15 (1972), S. 399-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nahrungsmenge, die von einer Larve der Wanderheuschrecke, Locusta migratoria L., im fünften Entwicklungsstadium bei einer einzigen Mahlzeit verzehrt wird, wurde ermittelt, indem ihr Darm und Darminhalt sofort nach dem Fressen gewogen wurden. In der Mitte des Entwicklungsstadiums wurden größere Mengen verzehrt, Weibchen fraßen mehr als Männchen, jedoch sind die weiblichen Larven ja auch größer. Die Menge der aufgenommenen Nahrung vergrößerte sich mit der Dauer künstlichen Futterentzuges. Sie erreichte ihren Höhepunkt nach sechs Stunden, nach welcher Zeit der Vorderdarm absolut leer war. Die verzehrten Mengen waren je nach der Art der Nahrung unterschiedlich. Auch stellten die Insekten sich so ein, daß sie von einer bestimmten Nahrung mehr zu sich nahmen, wenn sie daran aufgezogen worden waren. Nach längeren Zeitspannen der Isolierung hatten sie die Tendenz, weniger zu fressen. Temperatur und Feuchtigkeit hatten keinen Einfluß auf die Mengen, die verzehrt wurden, außer bei 40°, bei welcher Temperatur sich das gesamte Verhalten zum Fressen ändert.
    Notes: Abstract Meal size in fifth-instar nymphs of Locusta migratoria L. has been investigated by weighing the gut and its contents immediately after feeding. Larger meals are taken in mid-instar, while females eat more in one meal than males under the same conditions. Bigger meals are also eaten after longer periods of food deprivation, but after deprivation for two hours or less, corresponding with the normal interfeed length, meals are smaller than would be expected from the potential maximum foregut volume. The maximum volume attained varies with the type of food available to the insects and is influenced by previous conditioning. Temperature and humidity do not affect meal size except at 40°, at which temperature the usual pattern of feeding is completely altered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293604
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging patterns and dietary mixing in the field by the generalist grasshopperBrachystola magna (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 779-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: diet mixing ; foraging ; generalist ; grasshopper ; plant-insect interaction ; omnivory ; Brachystola magna ; Taeniopoda eques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The foraging behavior of a cryptic romaleine grasshopper was observed in its natural habitat in southern Arizona. Individual polyphagy, dietary mixing, and the pattern of feeding on different substrates were monitored. Individuals were found to be extreme generalists with surprising levels of feeding on other insects. Differences in the foraging behavior between grasshopper species are discussed in relation to the habitat, the season, and the different defensive strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997126
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavior of newly hatched potato tuber moth larvae,Phthorimaea operculella Zell. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in relation to their host plants (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 1 (1988), S. 261-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: potato tuber moth ; Phthorimaea opercullela ; host plant ; larval dispersal ; feeding ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of neonate larvae of Phthorimaea operculella.Host finding from soil-laid eggs and dispersal from hosts and nonhosts were first examined. Of first-instar larvae hatching from soil-laid eggs, 80% found the potato plant while roughly 50% found each of the other three plants (datura, tobacco, and tomato). Dispersal from potato, datura, and tobacco was very low, while on tomato it was higher and a high mortality was observed in the 24 h period. Dispersal from nonhost plants was high. Behavior on leaves of hosts and non-hosts is described and some host-plant specific behaviors are identified. Effects on behavior of some of the physical and chemical factors are described. Methylene dichloride extracts of potato leaf wax reduced locomotion rates and the number of turns during locomotion. Also methylene dichloride extract and, to a lesser extent, methanol extract caused biting behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054525
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging by a Generalist Grasshopper: The Distance Between Food Resources Influences Diet Mixing and Growth Rate (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 10 (1997), S. 829-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: foraging ; grasshopper ; predation risk ; dietary mixing ; Schistocerca ; patch size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The grasshopper, Schistocerca americana, grew better on a mixture of cotton and kale than on either alone. When the two foods were placed in close proximity, growth rates were similar among individuals, but when they were 20 cm apart growth rates were extremely variable among individuals. Behavioral analyses showed that distance influenced the dietary mixing behavior of individuals. Foods close together were sampled more often and there were more meals that included both food types. When foods were distant, individuals tended to stay for relatively long periods at one or the other; when on cotton, this resulted in more feeding on cotton, which was an inferior food. Individuals varied in the extent to which they were constrained by the distance between the two foods. Those that moved between the foods less and therefore mixed less seemed to grow less well, suggesting the possibility of a trade-off between active foraging and behavior associated with predator avoidance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOIR.0000010416.54387.44
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Behavioral Mechanism for Incorporating an Unpalatable Food in the Diet of a Generalist Herbivore (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 10 (1997), S. 841-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: herbivore ; grasshopper ; foraging ; Schistocerca americana ; novelty ; neophilia ; learning ; habituation ; nutrition ; diet mixing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated mechanisms that could lead to incorporation of unpalatable foods into the diet of a generalist grasshopper, Schistocerca americana: nutritional stress, habituation, learning, and attraction to novelty. The model system involved mesquite, a palatable but inferior food, and mulberry, an unpalatable but adequate food. Nutritional stress, due to prolonged intake of the inferior food, mesquite, did not increase the acceptability of mulberry. Habituation to the deterrent compounds in mulberry and associative learning of the nutritional benefits of mulberry also did not occur. However, mulberry became more acceptable after a day of restriction to a single food type other than mulberry, and even deterrent and nutritionally worthless alternatives such as filter paper became acceptable after a day on any one food type. A tendency to feed on novel food types may be a proximate mechanism for the incorporation of relatively unpalatable, but nutritionally valuable foods into the diet. Novelty and the apparent need for diversity of foods are discussed in the context of exploratory foraging behavior by generalist herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOIR.0000010417.24991.9e
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of plant chemistry on the acceptability of caterpillar prey to the argentine antIridomyrmex humilils (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 579-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Iridomyrmex humilis ; predation ; chemical defense ; nicotine ; Lepidoptera ; plant/insect interactions ; herbivore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to test the acceptability of two palatable, cryptic caterpillars, the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta, and the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni, reared on different diets, to the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis. Ants preferred larvae reared on artificial diet, groundcherry, or cowpea to tobacco-reared larvae. Ants also preferred larvae reared on artificial diet without nicotine to larvae reared on diet containing nicotine (5% dry wt). Experiments were also performed to test the response of ants to larval extracts and chemicals applied to the surface of palatable prey. Ants did not respond differently to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella, treated with larval extracts or regurgitate from tobacco-reared larvae compared to artificialdiet-reared larvae, but ants were deterred byP. operculella larvae treated with nicotine compared to untreated larvae. The results of this study indicate that caterpillars can derive at least some degree of chemical protection from their food plant without sequestering and storing plant compounds and without the development of elaborate aposematic characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997232
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