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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of Porcine Secretin. I. Degradation with Trypsin and Thrombin. Sequence of the Tryptic Peptides. The C-Terminal Residue* (1965)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 4 (1965), S. 2358-2362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00887a014
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tendon properties in relation to muscular activity and physical training (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 13 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Movement is caused by force transmission from contracting muscles to bone via tendon. The collagen structure of tendon is organized in a very hierarchical manner. The collagen fibril is considered the basic force-transmitting unit of tendon, and it is embedded in a hydrophilic extracellular matrix of proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans. It has recently been shown in human peritendinous tissue is more metabolically active in response to activity than previously thought, although it remains to be established, if the level of activity influences affects fibril diameter and/or total tendon cross-sectional area. Moreover, it cannot be unequivocally concluded that tendon adaptation to physical activity is one of a quantitative and/or qualitative nature. The currently available information is almost exclusively obtained from animal data, however, techniques such as microdialysis for tendon metabolism and ultrasound combined with MRI for tendon mechanical properties has already provided information on human tendon behavior, and is likely to further add to our understanding of how tendon adapt to physical activity. This review will address the structure and function of tendon, and the current knowledge of how tendons respond to activity with respect to biomechanical properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2003.00308.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic stress relaxation during static stretch in human skeletal muscle in the absence of EMG activity (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 6 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The present study sought to investigate the role of EMG activity during passive static stretch. EMG and passive resistance were measured during static stretching of human skeletal muscle in eight neurologically intact control subjects and six spinal cord-injured (SCI) subjects with complete motor loss. Resistance to stretch offered by the hamstring muscles during passive knee extension was defined as passive torque (Nm). The knee was passively extended at 5o/s to a predetermined final position, where it remained stationary for 90 s (static phase) while force and integrated EMG of the hamstring muscle were recorded. EMG was sampled for frequency domain analysis in a second stretch maneuver in five control and three SCI subjects. There was a decline in passive torque in the 90-s static phase for both control and SCI subjects, P〈0.05. Although peak passive torque was greater in control subjects, P〈0.05, there was no difference in time-dependent passive torque response between control (33%) and SCI (38%) subjects. Initial and final 5-s IEMG ranged from 1.8 to 3.4 μ V.s and did not change during a stretch or differ between control and SCI subjects. Frequency domain analysis yielded similar results in both groups, with an equal energy distribution in all harmonics, indicative of ‘white noise’. The present data demonstrate that no measurable EMG activity was detected in either group during the static stretch maneuver. Therefore, the decline in resistance to static stretch was a viscoelastic stress relaxation response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1996.tb00101.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic response to repeated static stretching in the human hamstring muscle (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 5 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The purpose of this study was (1) to evaluate the reproducibility of a new method of measuring passive resistance to stretch in the human hamstring muscle group, in vivo, using a test re-test protocol and 2) to examine the effect of repeated stretches. Passive resistance offered by the hamstring muscle group during knee extension was measured in 10 subjects as knee flexion moment (Nm) using a KinCom dynamometer. The knee was passively extended at 5 deg/s to the final position where it remained stationary for 90 s (static phase). EMG of the hamstring muscle was also measured. The test re-test protocol included 2 tests (tests 1 and 2) administered 1 h apart. On a separate occasion 5 consecutive static stretches were administered (stretches 1–5) separted by 30 s. Stretch 6 was administered one hour after stretch 5. In the static phase passive resistance did not differ between test 1 and test 2. Resistance declined in both tests 1 and 2, whereas EMG activity remained unchanged. The decline in resistance was significant up to 45 s. For the repeated stretches there was an effect of time (90 s) and stretch (1–5) with a significant interaction i.e., resistance diminished with stretches, and the 90-s decline was less as more stretches were performed. Passive resistance in stretch 6 was lower than in stretch 1. The present study has demonstrated a reliable method for studying resistance to stretch of the human hamstring muscle group. A viscoelastic response of the human hamstring muscle was shown. With 5 repeated stretches, resistance to stretch diminished and each stretch exibited a viscoelastic response, albeit less with each subsequent stretch. The effect of 5 repeated stretches was significant 1 h later.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00056.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Load-displacement properties of the human triceps surae aponeurosis and tendon in runners and non-runners (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The load-displacement and stress–strain characteristics of the human triceps surae tendon and aponeurosis, in vivo, was examined during graded maximal voluntary plantarflexion efforts in runners who trained 80 km/ week or more and age-matched non-runners. Synchronous real-time ultrasonography of triceps surae tendon and aponeurosis displacement, electromyography of the gastrocnemius, soleus and dorsiflexor muscles, and joint angular rotation were obtained. Tendon cross-sectional area and ankle joint moment arm were obtained from magnetic resonance imaging. Tensile tendon force was calculated from the joint moments and tendon moment arm and stress was obtained by dividing force by cross-sectional area. Strain was obtained from the displacements normalized to tendon length. Antagonist coactivation and small amounts of ankle joint rotation significantly affected tensile tendon force and aponeurosis and tendon displacement, respectively (P 〈 0.01). Plantarflexion moment was similar in runners (138 ± 27 Nm, mean ± SEM) and non-runners (142 ± 17 Nm). Tendon moment arm was alike in non-runner (58.3 ± 0.2 mm) and runners (55.1 ± 0.1 mm). Similarly, there was no difference in tendon tensile force between runners (2633 ± 465 N) and non-runners (2556 ± 401 N). The cross-sectional area of the Achilles tendon was larger in runners (95 ± 3 mm2) than non-runners (73 ± 3 mm2) (P 〈 0.01). The load-deformation data yielded similar stiffness (runners 306 ± 61 N/mm, non-runners 319 ± 42 N/mm). The maximal strain and stress was 4.9 ± 0.8% and 38.2 ± 9.8 MPa in non-runners and 4.1 ± 0.8% and 26.3 ± 5.1 MPa in runners. The larger tendon cross-sectional area in trained runners suggests that chronic exposure to repetitive loading has resulted in a tissue adaptation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.120205.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Passive properties of human skeletal muscle during stretch maneuvers (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 8 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Despite limited scientific knowledge, stretching of human skeletal muscle to improve flexibility is a widespread practice among althletes. This article reviews recent findings regarding passive properties of the hamstring muscle group during stretch based on a model that was developed which could synchronously and continuously measure passive hamstring resistance and electromyographic activity, while the velocity and angle of stretch was controlled. Resistance to stretch was defined as passive torque (Nm) offered by the hamstring muscle group during passive knee extension using an isokinetic dynamometer with a modified thigh pad. To simulate a clinical static stretch, the knee was passively extended to a pre-determined final position (0.0875 rad/s, dynamic phase) where it remained stationary for 90s (static phase). Alternatively, the knee was extended to the point of discomfort (stretch tolerance). From the torque-angle curve of the dynamic phase of the static stretch, and in the stretch tolerance protocol, passive energy and stiffness were calculated. Torque decline in the static phase was considered to represent viscoelastis stress relaxation. Using the model, studies were conducted which demonstrated that a single static stretch resulted in a 30% viscoelastic stress relaxation. With repeated stretches muscle stiffness declined, but returned to baseline values within 1 h. Long-term stretching (3 weeks) increased joint range of motion as a result of a change in stretch tolerance rather than in the passive properties. Strength training resulted in increased muscle stiffness, which was unaffected by daily stretching. The effectiveness of different stretching tecniques was attributed to a change in strech tolerance rather than passive properties. Inflexible and older subjects have increased muscle stiffness, but a lower stretch tolerance compared to subjects with normal flexiblity and younger subjects, respectively. Although far from all questions regarding the passive properties of humans skeletal muscle have been answered in these studies, the measurement technique permited skeletal muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00171.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exercise-induced rib stress fractures: influence of reduced bone mineral density (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 15 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: Exercise-induced rib stress fractures have been reported frequently in elite rowers during the past decade. The etiology of rib stress fractures is unclear, but low bone mineral density (BMD) has been suggested to be a potential risk factor for stress fractures in weight-bearing bones. The present study investigated BMD in seven Danish national team rowers with previous rib stress fracture (RSF) and 7 controls (C) matched for gender, age, height, weight and training experience. Total body scan and specific scans of the lumbar spine (L2–L4), femoral neck and distal radius were performed using a DEXA scanner. The RSF subjects showed significantly lower L2–L4 BMD: RSF: 1.22±0.05 g cm−2 (mean±SEM) (median 1.19 g cm−2, range 1.02–1.37 g cm−2) compared to C: 140±0.04 g cm−2 (median 1.41 g cm−2, range 1.27–1.57 g cm−2) (P=0.028).The present results suggest that low bone mineral density may be a potential risk factor for the development of exercise-induced rib stress fractures in elite rowers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00400.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of CpG Dinucleotides in Activation of Natural IFN-α-Producing Cells by a Lupus-Related Oligodeoxynucleotide (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 54 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN) 5'-TTTTCAATTCGAAGATGAAT-3' (ODN H), identified in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) serum, induced the production of interferon (IFN)-α in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) when combined with lipofectin. Flow cytometric analysis with staining for surface antigens and intracellular IFN-α, showed that the IFN-α-producing cells (IPC) were the natural IPC, also termed type 2 dendritic cell precursors (pDC2) or plasmacytoid monocytes. The importance of unmethylated CpG dinucleotides for the interferogenic activity of ODN was studied. Methylation of CpG impaired the activity of single-stranded (ss) ODN H, but increased that of the complementary ssODN I. Furthermore, CpG-methylated double-stranded (ds) ODN Hmet-Imet lost, but hemimethylated dsODN H-Imet retained interferogenic activity. Inversion of the CpG to GpC had no effect on the interferogenic activity of ssODN H, increased that of ssODN I, however abolished the activity of dsODN H-I. Alteration of the CpG in ODN H to ApG and in the ODN I to CpT destroyed their activity. The induction of IFN-α is therefore sequence-specific, but unmethylated CpGs are not always required, especially not in ssODNs. Interferogenic DNA sequences could therefore be more frequent in eukaryotic genomes than previously thought and their capacity to activate natural IPC may have implications for immune responses to microbial antigens and nuclear autoantigens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3083.2001.01018.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of supervised rehabilitation on strength, postural sway, position sense and re-injury risk after acute ankle ligament sprain (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 9 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The effect of an early rehabilitation program, including postural training, on ankle joint function after an ankle ligament sprain was investigated prospectively. Ninety-two subjects, matched for age, sex, and level of sports activity, were randomized to a control or training group. All subject received the same standard information regarding early ankle mobilization. In addition, the training group participated in supervised physical therapy rehabilitation (1 h. twice weekly) with emphasis on balance training. Postural sway, position sense and isometric ankle strength were measured 6 weeks and 4 months after the injury, and at 12 months re-injury data were obtained. In the training group, there was a significant difference between the injured and uninjured side for plantar flexion (P〈0.01), eversion (P〈0.01) and inversion (P〈0.05), but not for dorsiflexion at 6 weeks. In the control group, there was a significant difference between the injured and uninjured side for plantar flexion (P〈0.01), eversion (P〈0.01), inversion (P〈0.01), and dorsiflexion (P〈0.05) at 6 weeks. Postural sway, but not position sense, differed between the injured and uninjured side in both groups (P〈0.01) at 6 weeks. The side-to-side percent differences were similar in both groups for all variables (P〉0.05) at 6 weeks, and there were no side-to-side differences at 4 months in either group. In the control group, 11/38 (29%) suffered a re-injury. while this number was only 2/29 (7%)) in the training group (P〈0.05). These data showed that an ankle injury resulted in reduced ankle strength and postural control at 6 weeks, but that these variables had normalized at 4 months, independent of the supervised rehabilitation. However, the findings also demonstrated that supervised rehabilitation may reduce the number of re-injuries, and therefore may play a role in injury prevention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1999.tb00217.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isokinetic muscle strength and hiking performance in elite sailors (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 8 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of the present study was to describe the isokinetic strength profile and its relation to hiking performance in male (Sm, n=15) and fmale (Sf, n=6) elite sailors compared to a group of male control subjects (Cm, n=8) similar in age, anthropometry and level of fitness. Eccentric knee extension strength was higher in Sm compared to Cm. (P〈0.01). Furthermore, Sm were stronger during trunk extension (P 〈 0.05), but not during trunk flexion compared to CM. Overall muscle strength was lower in SF compared to SM (P 〈 0.01) and CM (P 〈 0.05), except for eccentric knee extension strength, where SF and CM did not differ (P 〉 0.05). Hiking performance correlated to maximal eccentric and isometric knee extensor strength in SF (rs= 0.83–0.88, P 〈 0.05) and in CM (rs= 0.73-0.77, P 〈 0.05) and to maximal eccentric knee extensor strength at high velocity in SM (rs= 0.46-0.54, P 〈 0.05). For a subgroup of hikers in SM (n= 8), hiking peformance correlated to maximal isometric-eccentric knee extensor strength (rs=0.67-0.74, P〈0.05), whereas no correlations emerged for the non-hikers (n=7). Few correlations were observed between hiking performance and maximal concentric trunk flexor strength (rs=0.69-0.92, P 〈 0.05). Unexpectedly, in SM correlations also were observed between hiking performance and maximal strength of the trunk extensors (rs=0.46-0.53, hike subgroup: rs=0.64-0.67, P 〈 0.05). In conclusion, notably high levels of maximal eccentric knee extesor strength were observed for the male and female elite sailors examined in the present study. Furthermore, the present results suggest that hiking performance depends in part on maximal isometric-eccentric knee extensor strength. The maximal strength of the trunk extensors, which potentially stabilizes the lower back and spine, also seems to have some importance for the hiking performance of top-level sailors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1998.tb00183.x
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