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  • 1960-1964  (23)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1612-4766
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 29 (1964), S. 2922-2927 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 104 (1963), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 6 (1961), S. 183-200 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 29 (1964), S. 2592-2595 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 29 (1964), S. 3721-3722 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 51 (1964), S. 93-93 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 9 (1964), S. 211-212 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the investigations described the number of parasites (Trichogramma embryophagum hartig (var.cacoeciae marchal)) released on each tree was determined in relation to the size of the trees. Since the sectional area of the trunks, measured below the ramification, is fairly well correlated with the size of the crowns, we correlated the number ofTrichogramma to the sectional area of the trunks. In 1961 we released a number which generally corresponded to 40 wasps for each square centimeter of the sectional area of the trunks. On the trees of one orchardTrichogramma in larval und pupal stage (in eggs ofSitotroga cerealella (oliv.)) were released in small pipes closed with wiregauze; so big predators could not enter and destroy the unhatchedTrichogramma. An apparatus, named by us “Dosierungs-Trommel” (dose drum) (described and illustrated in the text) makes it possible to spray a definite amount of parasitized and unparasitized eggs (ofAnagasta kuehniella) on the crowns of apple trees. The release ofTrichogramma in this way gave better results than the release of the same amount of wasps from containers fastened to the trunks of apple trees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The pentatomidPerillus bioculatus (Fabr.), a predator ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in North America, was sent to Germany (Darmstadt) from Canada (Belleville) in 1956–1958 and reared there for later use in biological control against the Colorado potato beetle. After outlining the life history of the different instars a method of shipment is described which was successfully employed in transferring the eggs from America and to Hungary and Poland. Cages and methods used in group- and in mass-rearings are depicted. — The average food intake of one individual ofP. bioculatus during its development from the egg to the adult stage was either 285 eggs or 3,7 fourth instar larvae (L4) or 5,1 adults ofL. decemlineata. The last larval instar (L5) consumed approx. 69% of it (Fig. 10). For first instar larvae sucking on plants is obligatory. Adults after hibernation use mostly 0,7–0,8 adult potato beetle or 0,5 L4 of the prey per day. The predator is able to starve without great losses 1–2 months during summer time; occasionally, this is done spontaneously. The sexual index of adultP. bioculatus was 1∶1. The average egg number per mated female was 95–98 per month when fed with eggs or larvae ofL. decemlineata amounting to approx. 100–120 eggs during lifetime. Unmated females or such fed with beetles only produced much less eggs. Larval development is retarded through unfavourable nourishment. Mortality in the rearings was low when favourable temperature (day-time above 25°C), good food (eggs and larvae ofL. decemlineata) and enough hiding places were available. A practical mass rearing method is described which yielded in 123 or 91 days an 45- or 67- fold increase respectively of the start population. Hibernation ofP. bioculatus results under all conditions so far studied in high mortality. The species hibernated successfully twice in Darmstadt. Although warm temperatures activate them in the field it was not possible to obtain permanent reproduction and food intake in the laboratory at high temperatures and long day conditions (after end of August). The bugs are not motion-less but only lethargic during winter. — In field experiments using pesticides which remain to be necessary on potato fields the differential susceptibility ofP. bioculatus was tested (Tab. 6). Most selective properties were shown by the stomac insecticide calcium arsenate and the fungicides Dithane, Maneb and cuprous oxide.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die PentatomidePerillus bioculatus (Fabr.), ein natürlicher Feind vonLeptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) in Nordamerika, wurde 1956 bis 1958 aus Kanada (Belleville) nach Deutschland (Darmstadt) geschickt und hier für eine spätere Verwendung zur biologischen Bekämpfung des Kartoffelkäfers aufgezogen. Nach einer Schilderung der Lebensweise der einzelnen Entwicklungsstadien wird die Methode beschrieben, die sich beim Import der Wanzeneier aus Amerika und bei deren Versand nach Polen und Ungarn 1959 bewährt hat. Die bei der Durchführung von Gruppenzuchten und Massenzuchten erprobten Käfigtypen und Verfahren werden geschildert. — Als mittlerer Nahrungsverbrauch eines Individuums während der Entwicklung zur Imago wurden entweder 285 Kartoffelkäfer-Eier oder 3,7 L4 oder 5,1 Käfer dieser Art ermittelt. Das letzte (5.) Larvenstadium verbraucht dabei 69% der angegebenen Menge (Abb. 10). Für Erstlarven ist Saugen an Pflanzenstengeln lebenswichtig. Imagines nach der Überwinterung verbrauchten meist 0,7–0,8 Kartoffelkäfer oder 0,5 L4 am Tag. Ohne grosse Verluste können die Wanzen im Sommer 1–2 Monate hungern; gelegentlich tun sie das sogar spontan. Das Geschlechterverhältnis der Imagines betrug 1∶1. Die durchschnittliche Eizahl eines begatteten Weibchens wurde bei Ernährung mit Eiern oder Larven vonL. decemlineata mit 95–98 im Monat und mit schätzungsweise 100–120 im ganzen Leben ermittelt. Unbegattete oder nur mit Käfern ernährte Weibchen legten viel weniger Eier. Die Larvenentwicklung wird durch ungünstige Ernährung verlangsamt. Die Mortalität in den Zuchten war niedrig, wenn eine günstige Temperatur (tags über 25°C), eine hochwertige Ernährung (Eier und Larven des Kartoffelkäfers) und reichlich Versteckplätze in den Käfigen zur Verfügung standen. Die praktische Durchführung einer Massenzucht wird geschildert, deren Ausbeute in 123 bzw. 91 Tagen das 45- bzw. 67 fache des Ausgangsbestandes war. Die Überwinterung vonP. bioculatus ist unter allen bisher bekannten Bedingungen sehr verlustreich. Im Freiland konnte die Art bisher zweimal in Darmstadt überwintern. Obwohl warme Tage sie aus den Verstecken locken, gelang es in zahlreichen Versuchen bei hoher Temperatur und ständigem Futterangebot nicht, die Wanzen den Winter über sich fortpflanzen zu lassen; auch die Nahrung wurde monatelang nahezu ganz verweigert. Die Tiere sind im Winter nicht erstarrt, sondern nur lethargisch. — Als Vorbereitung für eine Freilassung der Raubwanze durchgeführte Versuche mit Pflanzenschutz-Mitteln, die auf Kartoffelfeldern weiterhin notwendig sein werden, wurde die verschiedenartige Empfindlichkeit vonP. bioculatus gegenüber einigen Insektiziden und Fungiziden bestimmt (Tab. 6). Besonders schonend waren Kalkarsen und die Phytophthora-Mittel Dithane, Maneb und Kupferoxydul.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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