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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 27 (1971), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 1600-5724
    Quelle: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Notizen: Some potentials describing electrostatic interactions between oxygen and sodium, potassium, rubidium and caesium ions are tested in known organic crystal structures. The atomic and ionic coordinates may be predicted satisfactorily by locating the deepest minimum of the potential energy which depends on rotational and translational degrees of freedom.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 46-55 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Schlagwort(e): Shrinkage ; Shrinkage farce ; drawn polyethylene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract Measurements of shrinkage and shrinkage force have been undertaken on drawn polyethylenes over a wide range of temperatures. The behaviour has been studied as a function of draw ratio and molecular weight for several linear polyethylenes and polyethylene copolymers. Although complete retraction is observed on heating even the most highly drawn samples above the melting range, at lower temperatures the shrinkage is less than that of low draw material. This is attributed to the formation of a substantial degree of crystal continuity during drawing, so that shrinkage requires mobility in the crystalline phase. The shrinkage forces are very high, being comparable with the drawing stresses at corresponding temperatures, and are molecular weight dependent, increasing with increasing molecular weight. It is considered that the results presented here on shrinkage and shrinkage force provide further support for the proposition that the drawing process relates to the extension of a molecular network.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 259 (1981), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Schlagwort(e): Polyethylene ; Structure of high modulus ; Ultra-oriented polymers ; Structure of
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die morphologische strukturelle Charakterisierung von ultrahoch orientierten Polymeren wird unter Berücksichtigung von Ergebnissen der Sekundärelektronenmikroskopie, der Röntgen- und Ramanstreuung der DSC und der Gelchromatographie (GPC) diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß zwischen schwach verstreckten und ultrahoch orientierten Produkten gewisse Ähnlichkeiten bestehen. So sind Fibrillen und Kristallamellen auch bei extrem hohen Verstreckverhältnissen noch beobachtbar. Andererseits sind sog. Kristallbrücken zwischen benachbarten Kristallamellen ein charakteristisches Strukturelement ultrahoch, verstreckter Strukturen. Röntgen- und GPC-Messungen zeigen daß Strukturen mit hohem Elastizitätsmodulen nicht notwendigerweise extrem lange Kristallsequenzen enthalten müssen. Selbst bei höchsten Verstreckverhältnissen überschreitet die mittlere Kristallitlänge (Gewichtsmittel) nicht 600 Å. Hierdurch wird ein statistisches Modell für die Struktur der kristallinen Phase in LPE unterstützt. Es wird betont, daß-einige Aspekte des Verstreckverhaltens und der Überhitzung von orientierten Proben besser durch topologische als durch strukturelle Gesichtspunkte erklärt werden können. Die Analyse des Deformationsvorganges und die Analogie zum Verstreckverhalten von vernetztem LPE unterstützten stark die Vorstellung, daß man es mit einem molekularen Netzwerk zu tun hat, dessen Netzpunkte durch Kristallite und amorphe Verschlaufungen gebildet werden.
    Notizen: Summary The morphological and structural characterisation of ultra-oriented polymers have been reviewed in the light of evidence from a variety of techniques (SEM, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, DSC and GPC). It has been shown that similarities exist between low draw samples and ultra oriented products. Fibrils and lamellar crystals are still present at the highest draw ratios. However, a key element in these structures is the development of crystalline bridges linking adjacent lamellae. The X-ray and GPC measurements indicate that the structural continuity associated with high moduli does not involve extremely long crystalline sequences. Even at the highest draw ratios the weight average crystal size does not exceed 600 Å. These results support a model for the structure of the crystalline phase in ultra oriented LPE proposed on the basis of statistical calculations. Finally, it has been emphasized that to explain some aspects of the drawing behaviour of the polymers and the superheating effects exhibited by the oriented samples, topological rather than structural arguments have to be invoked. The analysis of the deformation process and the analogies with the drawing behaviour of cross-linked LPE strongly suggest the presence of a particular molecular network in which effective junctions are provided by the crystals and amorphous entanglements.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 34 (1999), S. 2781-2787 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Maschinenbau
    Notizen: Abstract The mechanical relaxation behaviour of high and linear low density polyethylenes has been examined using tensile dynamic mechanical measurements and compared to the deformation behaviour observed in tensile drawing. In this way the relationship between the mechanical relaxations and the tensile deformation has been investigated. It is shown that the brittle-ductile transition relates to the γ-relaxation while the yield behaviour is related to the interlamellar shear process and the c-shear process.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 2355-2369 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Schlagwort(e): fracture ; fatigue ; polyethylene ; molecular weight distribution ; short chain branch content ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: Stepwise fatigue crack propagation in a range of polyethylene resins, some of which are candidates for use in pipes for natural gas distribution, was studied. Examination of the effect of molding conditions on fatigue crack propagation in a pipe resin indicated that fast cooling under pressure produced specimens with the same crack resistance as specimens taken from a pipe extruded from this resin. The mechanism of stepwise crack propagation in fatigue was the same as reported previously for creep loading. Observations of the region ahead of the arrested crack revealed a complex damage zone that consisted of a thick membrane at the crack tip followed by a main craze with subsidiary shear crazes that emerged from the crack tip at an angle to the main craze. The effects of molecular parameters, such as molecular weight, comonomer content, and branch distribution, on the kinetics of fatigue crack propagation were examined. Correlation of creep and fatigue crack resistance made it possible to relate fatigue fracture toughness to molecular parameters by invoking concepts of craze fibril stability developed for creep. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2355-2369, 1998
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 15 (1975), S. 219-224 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Recent work is presented on the plastic deformation of linear polyethylenes. This work demonstrates the importance of molecular weight and initial morphology in determining the drawing behavior, and shows that by appropriate choice of these two factors a substantial increase in draw ratio and hence stiffness can be achieved over conventionally-oriented polyethylenes. Under optimum conditions a modulus of approximately 700 Kbar was obtained at a draw ratio of ∼30. These very high modulus materials displayed an extensibility to break of at least 3 percent and a strength of about 4 Kbar. In some cases they also exhibited very high melting points (∼139°C) and exceptionally good thermal stability.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 18 (1978), S. 533-536 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The influence of the degree of crystallinity and morphology on the drawing behavior of linear polyethylene (LPE) has been investigated on three polymers with molecular weights ranging from 67,000 to over 300,000. Samples of similar crystallinity, but different morphology, were obtained by subjecting the polymers to two distinct preparations: slow cooling from the melt in one case and rapid quenching followed by annealing at 120°C in the other. The resulting isotropic products, characterized by optical microscopy and density measurements were drawn at constant speed and the deformation process monitored by recording the draw ratio/draw time relationship and the stress/strain curves. The results indicate that crystallinity per se does not have a primary effect in determining the rate of local deformation except in the case of polymers of very low weight average molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution. A dominant role seems to be played by the broad features of the sample morphology as detected by optical microscopy. A comprehensive explanation of these results is based on the concept of a network structure whose nature is affected by the annealing treatment to an extent which depends on the degree of coupling between adjacent crystalline regions in the isotropic undrawn polymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 16 (1976), S. 721-724 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Following the discovery that linear polyethylene can be drawn to very high draw ratios to produce oriented fibres and films with ultra-high initial moduli, a similar study has been undertaken for polypropylene. In particular, the modulus/draw ratio relationship has been obtained for a range of polymers of different molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. The effects of thermal history and draw temperature were studied, and it was shown that under optimum conditions material with an initial modulus at room temperature of 1.9 × 1010 Nm-2 (205 gdtex, 3 × 106 psi) can be obtained. This value is at least 50 percent greater than those previously recorded for drawn fibres and about one half of the theoretical modulus.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 54 (1994), S. 2119-2124 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: An extensive series of homopolymers and copolymers has been investigated to test earlier indications of a possible link between resistance to slow crack growth and creep of macroscopic oriented samples. It was found that in the majority of cases a good correlation exists between a single creep parameter and slow crack growth. The existence of such a correlation supports the model presented, in which crack growth is primarily controlled by the creep of fibrils spanning the craze zone. The limit of improvement achievable by increasing molecular weight and the greater effectiveness of short-chain branching to improve fibril creep have been highlighted. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 2331-2343 
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Schlagwort(e): Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Notizen: The dynamic mechanical properties of a number of ultra-highly drawn polyethylenes have been studied over a wide range of temperature. It is shown that the materials possess low temperature Young's moduli as high as 1.6 Mbar, a figure which approaches the theoretical and experimental values for the c-axis crystalline modulus of this polymer.The α and γ relaxation processes are still clearly discernible even at highest drawn ratios (ca. 35) and a quantitative analysis of the results, using structural data obtained from broad line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements, suggests that the data are consistent with a modified series model.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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