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  • 1
    ISSN: 0014-5793
    Keywords: Chromatin ; Compaction ; Electric dichroism ; Flexibility
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 71 (1993), S. 91-103 
    ISSN: 0022-0981
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Xenotransplantation ; Macrophages ; NK cells ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hyperacute rejection (HAR) of a discordant xenograft can be avoided by complement manipulation, but delayed xenograft rejection (DXR) still leads to graft loss. It is generally assumed that macrophages and NK cells play key roles in DXR. In the present study the survival times and cellular infiltrate following guinea pig to rat heart transplantation was analyzed in the course of DXR, following aspecific and specific manipulation of macrophages and NK cells. HAR was overcome by a single injection of cobra venom factor 1 day before heart transplantation. To aspecifically reduce the inflammatory response dominating DXR, dexamethasone (DEXA) was given. Treatment with DEXA markedly reduced infiltration by NK cells, macrophages, and granulocytes. It also led to prolonged graft survival times (median survival of 0.4 days, n = 10, P 〈 0.05). In the second series of experiments the specific roles of NK cells and macrophages in DXR were further assessed. Monoclonal antibody 3.2.3 was used to selectively deplete NK cells. Liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene biphosphonate was given to achieve macrophage depletion. Neither of these specific treatments, alone or combined, led to prolonged graft survival. Immunohistology revealed that at day 2 after transplantation no NK cells or macrophages were present in grafts from the combined treatment group. Only a mild infiltration of granulocytes was observed. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that NK cells and macrophages are not likely to be pivotal cell types in DXR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Implantation model ; Aortic valves ; Valve dysfunction ; Rejection ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Structural failure of heart valve allografts may be related to technical factors or immunological reactions. To circumvent nonimmunological factors a new rat implantation model was developed to study whether alloreactivity results in histopathological changes and valve dysfunction. Syngeneic (WAG-WAG, DA-DA) and allogeneic (WAG-BN, WAG-DA) transplantation was carried out using this new technique, and the function of explanted valves was assessed 21 days later by retrograde comptence testing. Additionally, grafts were examined using standard histological and immunohistochemical techniques. There was no leakage during retrograde injection in nine of tem syngeneic and two of ten allogeneic grafts. Microscopically, syngeneic valves appeared normal without fibrosis or intimal thickening, although CD8+ lymphocytes and macrophages were found in necrotic myocardial rim and adventitia. In contrast, allogeneic valves were deformed and noncellular, with extensive infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ and CD68+ cells in adventitia and media. Absence of fibrosis and intimal thickening in syngeneic transplanted valves indicated circumvention of nonimmunological factors. Allogeneic valve transplantation induces cellular infiltration in the graft with subsequent graft failure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transplant international 7 (1994), S. 47-61 
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Small bowel transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Small bowel transplantation (SBT) would, in theory, be the treatment of choice for patients suffering from the short bowel syndrome. Although SBT has been done with a considerable degree of success in some centers [36, 145], it is by no means an established or widely applicable therapy for those with short bowel syndrome. The small bowel is unique among vascularized organ grafts because it not only elicits a vigorous rejection reaction but is also capable of inducing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Rejection of the graft does not only lead to loss of function but also to bacterial translocation. The risk of fatal sepsis is aggravated by the immunosuppression given to prevent rejection. Here, the history of SBT is described, and recent developments in experimental and clinical SBT, as well as future prospects for this theoretically optimal treatment modality for patients dependent on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) for life, are outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets bénéfiques des transfusions de sang sur la survie des organes greffés ont été établis par de nombreuses études chez l'animal et chez l'homme. La suppression de ces effets par la splénectomie fait l'objet de cette étude expérimentale menée chez les chiens de race beagle. Ces chiens reçurent 3 fois une transfusion de 100 ml de sang provenant de chiens bâtards, 4, 3, et 2 semaines avant la transplantation d'un rein de chien bâtard ou avant une splénectomie. Sept des chiens transfusés furent splénectomisés une semaine avant la transplantation, neuf ne furent pas splénectomisés et un groupe de contrôle de neuf chiens qui avaient reçu une allogreffe ne furent ni transfusés ni splénectomisés. Tous les chiens greffés reçurent un traitement immuno-suppresseur postopératoire par azathioprine et prednisolone. Comme cela a déjà été démontré, l'étude entreprise a permis de constater que les 3 transfusions préopératoires chez les chiens qui ne furent pas splénectomisés se sont soldées par un prolongement significatif de la durée de survie du rein greffé; en effet les chiens transfusés ont survécu plus de 3 semaines, période au cours de laquelle 50% des reins greffés furent rejetés dans le groupe de contrôle; 4 des 9 chiens qui avaient été transfusés avant l'intervention sont d'ailleurs entrés dans le groupe des survivants à long terme. En ce qui concerne le groupe des chiens transfusés puis splénectomisés, 70% des beagles greffés présentèrent une réaction de rejet au cours des 3 semaines suivant la greffe et un seul animal a survécu à long terme. L'absence des effets bénéfiques de la transfusion chez la majorité des chiens splénectomisés conduit à penser que, dans les conditions expérimentales suivies, la rate joue un rôle crucial dans l'induction et l'expression de ces effets.
    Abstract: Resumen El efecto benéfico de las transfusiones de sangre sobre la supervivencia de órganos transplantados ha sido confirmado en numerosos estudios en animales y en el hombre. Poco se conoce sobre el mecanismo involucrado en el fenómeno transfusional. El papel del bazo en la manifestación del fenómeno transicional fue estudiado en perros. Los perros fueron transfundidos tres veces con 100 ml de sangre canina 4, 3 y 2 semanas antes del transplante de riñón o la esplenectomía. Siete perros transfundidos fueron esplenectomizados una semana antes del transplante, nueve animales transfundidos no fueron esplenectomizados y un grupo control de nueve alotransplantes no fue transfundido ni esplenectomizado. Todos los recipientes recibieron inmunosupresión con azatioprina y prednisolona. Al igual que lo demostrado previamente, se encontró que la administración de 3 transfusiones pretransplante en el grupo no esplenectomizado resultó en una prolongación significativa de la supervivencia del transplante renal. Todos los animales transfundidos sobrevivieron por más de 3 semanas, periodo durante el cual más del 50% de los riñones en el grupo de control fue rechazado. Cuatro de 9 perros transfundidos se convirtieron en sobrevivientes a largo plazo. En el grupo transfundidoesplenectomizado, el 70% de los recipientes rechazaron el riñón en forma aguda en las primeras 3 semanas, y sólo un animal se convirtió en su perviviente a largo plazo. La ausencia del efecto transfusional en la mayoría de los animales esplenectomizados sugiere que, bajo las condiciones experimentales utilizadas, el bazo juega un papel crucial en la inducción y manifestación del fenómeno transfusional.
    Notes: Abstract The role of the spleen in the manifestation of the transfusion phenomenon was studied in beagle dogs. Beagles were transfused 3 times with 100 ml blood from different mismatched mongrel dogs, at 4, 3, and 2 weeks before mongrel kidney transplantation or splenectomy. Seven transfused dogs were splenectomized 1 week before transplantation, 9 transfused animals were not splenectomized, and a group of 9 kidney allografted controls was neither transfused nor splenectomized. All recipients were given postoperative immunosuppression, which consisted of azathioprine and prednisolone. As with earlier demonstrations it was found that 3 pretransplant blood transfusions in the nonsplenectomized group led to a significant prolongation of kidney graft survival. All transfused animals survived for more than 3 weeks, a period in which more than 50% of the kidneys in the control group were rejected. Four out of 9 transfused dogs became long-term survivors. In the transfused-splenectomized group, 70% of the recipients rejected their kidney acutely within 3 weeks, and only one animal became a long-term survivor. The absence of a transfusion effect in most of the splenectomized dogs suggests that, under the experimental conditions employed, the spleen plays a crucial role for the induction and manifestation of the transfusion phenomenon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Key words Hepatocellular carcinoma ; Liver transplantation ; Rat model ; DEN
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to develop an animal model to evaluate the biology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after liver transplantation. HCC was induced in Brown Norway (BN) rats (n = 45) by diethylnitrosamine (DEN) administered continuously through the drinking water. Starting from day 14, rats were sequentially autopsied or syngeneically transplanted according to Kamada's cuff technique. After 74 days of DEN administration, neoplastic liver lesions appeared and after a mean of 102 days (SD ± 6) the animals died of abdominal haemorrhage from liver tumours. At this time lung metastases were present in three-fifths animals. Transplantation success was dependent on the DEN consumption and thereby the tumour stadium. After 74 days of DEN administration BN rats could no longer be transplanted because of anaesthetic problems or technical problems due to tumour adhesion to surrounding tissues. No recurrence was found in the transplants. In conclusion, we believe that timing of the operation in this HCC model is essential because the physical condition of the animals prohibits orthotopic liver transplantation in an advanced tumour stage. With a different DEN dosage scheme this problem may be solved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 55 (1999), S. 281-284 
    ISSN: 1399-0047
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The genomic RNA of all retroviruses is encapsidated in virions as a dimer of single-stranded chains held together near their 5′-end. For HIV-1, the initial site of dimerization has been shown to be a hairpin with a nine-residue loop containing a self-complementary sequence of six residues. This structure is proposed to promote dimerization by loop–loop interaction and formation of a so-called `kissing complex'. A 23-nucleotide RNA strand containing the loop enclosed by a seven base-pair stem has been synthesized. This oligomer was crystallized by the vapour-diffusion method at 310 K, pH 6.5, with methyl-pentanediol as the precipitant agent in the presence of MgCl2, KCl and spermine. Quasi-complete diffraction data were obtained at 2.7 Å resolution with a conventional X-ray source and at 2.3 Å resolution on a synchrotron beamline. The space group is P3121 or its enantiomorph P3221, with cell parameters a = b = 60.1, c = 65.9 Å at ambient temperature, or a = b = 59.0, c = 64.3 Å in a nitrogen-gas stream. There are two oligomers per asymmetric unit as determined from absorbance measurements of a dissolved crystal whose volume was carefully determined. In some cases, either perfectly or partially twinned crystals were obtained. Perfect twinning is detected by an apparent hexagonal symmetry and yields unusable crystallographic data, whilst partial twinning yields usable data after adequate processing. Structure solution is under way by searching for heavy-atom derivatives and systematically substituting bromo- or iodo-uridines for uridines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Gene Structure and Expression 825 (1985), S. 365-374 
    ISSN: 0167-4781
    Keywords: (Calf thymus) ; DNA condensation ; Electric birefringence ; Electric dichroism ; Rotational relaxation time ; Spermine
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Gene Structure and Expression 909 (1987), S. 165-172 
    ISSN: 0167-4781
    Keywords: DNA bending ; DNA condensation ; DNA fragment ; Electric dichroism ; Spermine
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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