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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematische Zeitschrift 130 (1973), S. 249-253 
    ISSN: 1432-1823
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 268 (1971), S. 334-347 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Extrahepatic Drug Metabolism ; Chlorpromazine ; Imipramine ; Imipramine-N-oxide ; Total Hepatectomy ; Liver Perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolism of chlorpromazine (CPZ), imipramine (IP), and imipramine-N-oxide (IPNO) was studied in microsomal preparations of various rat tissues in vitro and in the isolated perfused liver. A technique for a total hepatectomy in the rat has been developed, allowing estimations of extrahepatic and hepatic drug metabolism in vivo. CPZ is converted to its sulfoxide and other metabolites in the liver and, to a minor degree, in many extrahepatic organs except brain and skin. Whole blood of several species shows a remarkable sulfoxidizing activity which can be traced to the hemoglobin and is likely to represent a heme catalysis. IP is metabolized in the liver in vitro and, to a very minor extent, in lung and kidney. Blood, brain and many other extrahepatic tissues do not metabolize this drug in vitro. However, gastro-intestinal contents of rats and humans demethylate IP to Desmethylimipramine (DMI). This is likely to be the reason for a hepatic/ extrahepatic metabolism ratio of 53/47 measured in sham operated and totally hepatectomized rats. The occurrence of IPNO metabolism in extrahepatic tissues in vitro was confirmed in vivo with hepatectomized rats. The hepatic/extrahepatic ratio is 10/90. The course of IPNO metabolism, compartmental distribution and biliary excretion of the drug and its metabolites was studied in rat liver perfusion experiments. Immediate partial conversion of IPNO to IP and DMI by hemoglobin was confirmed by perfusion experiments without the liver, and liver perfusions with hemoglobin-free perfusates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 284 (1974), S. 339-352 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Hepatic Uptake Mechanisms ; Drug Metabolism ; Subcellular Distribution ; Drug Translocations ; Biliary Excretion ; Imipramine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pharmacokinetic processes have been studied using a recirculating rat liver perfusion system. Imipramine and its major metabolites have been determined at various times up to 3 h in perfusate, liver, bile and subcellular liver fractions. Imipramine undergoes a rapid hepatic uptake, the initial extraction being close to 100%. Most of the unchanged drug is then localized in the microsomal fraction. Metabolism is not limited by uptake and follows the pathways known from previous work. Like imipramine, its lipophilic metabolite, desmethylimipramine is bound to microsomes. Its concentration ratios, endoplasmic reticulum/cytosol and liver/perfusate, are around 200. In contrast, the polar glucuronides are easily released from the ER, their site of formation, into the cytosol and presumably from there excreted into the bile. A smaller amount of the glucuronides is increted into the perfusate where they reach a steady state level. Analogous experiments with a non-recirculating perfusion system yielded comparable results except for a more rapid imipramine uptake. The results obtained in this study suggest that the pharmacokinetics of many drugs with high apparent volumes of distribution may be largely governed by intracellular binding of lipophilic compounds and translocation processes of polar metabolites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 48 (1970), S. 682-688 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Methods for thin-layer chromatography of urinary amino acids on commercially available procoated plates of micro-crystalline cellulose are presented. The urine is desalted by passing it through columns containing Amberlite CG 120 I. The amino acids are eluted by a solution of 5 per cent ammonia. The eluate is taken to dryness and dissolved in such an amount of water that 1 µl corresponds to 1 µg of creatinine. 1 µl is spotted to plates (10×10 cm) by micro pipets. Every urine is developed two-dimensionally by two solvent pairs. First pair: Ethanol-H2O (83:17), first direction, three times developed up to 8 cm, tert-Butanolmethylethylketone-NH3-diethylamine-H2O (35:35:10:0,4:20), second direction, once developed up to 8 cm. Second pair: n-Butanol-acetone-glacial acetic acid-H2O (35:35:10:20), first direction, phenol-formic acid (15 per cent) (250 g+83 ml), second direction, once developed up to 8 cm. Using these solvent pairs it is possible to separate most of the important urinary amino acids and diagnose or suspect most of the known metabolic disorders with a disturbed urinary excretion of amino acids. Phosphoethanolamine, S-sulphocysteine and taurine are lost by desalting the urine. Special problems of detecting and locating some amino acids are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden zur Dünnschichtchromatographie der Harnaminosäuren auf mikrokristalliner Cellulose angegeben. Vor der dünnschichtchromatographischen Trennung wird der Urin (Amberlite CG 120 I, H+-Form; Elution mit 5% igem NH3) entsalzt. Nach Einengen des Eluats zur Trockne und Lösung des Rückstandes in einer auf den Kreatiningehalt des Urins bezogenen Menge Wasser wird der Urin auf Cellulose-Fertigplatten der Fa. Merck AG. aufgetragen. Die Plattengröße beträgt 10×10 cm. Durch Verwendung von zwei Fließmittelpaaren ist es möglich, bei den meisten der bekannten Stoffwechselkrankheiten mit vermehrter Aminosäure-Ausscheidung eine Diagnose oder eine Verdachtsdiagnose zu stellen. Ausnahmen sind lediglich die Hypophosphatasie, der Sulfitoxydase-Mangel und die Taurinurie, da die bei diesen Störungen vermehrt ausgeschiedenen Aminosäuren Phosphoäthanolamin, S-Sulfo-l-cystein und Taurin bei der Entsalzung verloren gehen. Auf spezielle Probleme des Nachweises einzelner Aminosäuren wird eingegangen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 42 (1972), S. 187-188 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
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    Unknown
    New York : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    The Public interest. 22 (1971:Winter) 25 
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 113 (1972), S. 193-204 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Tyrosinosis ; Influence of Dietary Treatment ; Metabolism of Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, Methionine ; Hypoglycemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die biochemischen und klinischen Veränderungen eines Patienten mit Tyrosinose wurden über 2 Jahre verfolgt. Die Reduktion der Phenylalanin- und Tyrosinaufnahme führte zur Heilung der Rachitis sowie zur Normalisierung der Hypophosphatämie, der tubulären Phosphatreabsorption und der Methioninämie. Dieser Effekt war bei Auslaßversuchen reproduzierbar. Die Störungen im Methioninabbau besserten sich jedoch auch später unabhängig von der Tyrosinämie. Diese spontane Besserung, eher unabhängig von der Therapie und im Verlauf der Erkrankung oder mit zunehmendem Alter erfolgend, ließ sich gleichfalls an anderen Symptomen, wie der Thrombocytopenie, den Gerinnungsstörungen und dem verzögerten Phenylalaninabbau beobachten. Der fehlende oder nicht reproduzierbare Einfluß des normalisierten Tyrosinstoffwechsels auf diese Symptome spricht dafür, daß sie eher unabhängig neben der Tyrosinämie bestehen und nicht durch diese bedingt sind. Das Ausmaß der Tyrosinämie war in allen Krankheitsphasen abhängig von der Menge des aufgenommenen Phenylalanin und Tyrosin, die Belastungen mit Phenylalanin ergeben unabhängig vom Alter etwa gleiche Konzentrationskurven für Tyrosin. Die Störungen im Glucosestoffwechsel scheinen durch die Methioninämie verursacht, da Hypoglykämie und fehlender Anstieg des Blutzuckers nach Glukagoninjektion nur bei erhöhten Methioninserumkonzentrationen auftraten, bei isolierter Tyrosinerhöhung hingegen nicht gefunden wurden und beides durch eine Methioninbelastung provoziert werden konnte.
    Notes: Abstract A child with so-called “tyrosinosis” was treated with a reduced phenylalanine and tyrosine intake (100 mg/kg/day) for two periods of 2 and 9 months each. Healing of rickets, normalization of phosphate in the serum and increased tubular reabsorption of phosphate occurred during treatment achieving normal tyrosine levels, whilst these parameters, worsened when the tyrosine in the palsma rose. Methioninemia disappeared and reappeared together with tyrosinemia during and after the first period of treatment (methionine intake was unchanged). Later on these symptoms were no longer correlated, and high levels of methionine were only found during a period of vomiting, loss of weight, failure to grow and normal blood tyrosine levels. Thus the delayed methionine degradation seems be influenced by age, rate of protein synthesis and tyrosinemia. Thrombocytopenia, disturbed liver functions and other symptoms also improved with advancing age or during the natural course of the disease and did not seem to be directly related to dietary treatment. By contrast, the degree of tyrosinemia remained unchanged, depending on the amount of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the food. Hypoglycemia and methioninemia were correlated, the difference in blood sugar between periods with and without methioninemia being statistically significant. Furthermore, there was no rise in the glucose level after glucagon injection when the methionine level was elevated, whilst the results of the glucagon tests were approximately normal at low methionine levels. These findings indicate that hypoglycemia and rickets are secondary symptoms, whereas the other abnormalities seem be more independent of the disturbed tyrosine metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
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    Unknown
    New York, N. Y. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Commentary. 51:1 (1971:Jan.) 31 
    ISSN: 0010-2601
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Theology and Religious Studies
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0010-2601
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Theology and Religious Studies
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  • 10
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    Unknown
    New York, N. Y. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Commentary. 54:1 (1972:July) 49 
    ISSN: 0010-2601
    Topics: General, Interdisciplinary , Theology and Religious Studies
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