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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of 90° coupling in Fe/Ag/Fe structures: "Loose spins'' and fluctuation mechanism (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 6432-6438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Results are outlined of experimental work concerning Slonczewski's theories explaining 90° coupling: "loose spin'' theory and thickness-fluctuation mechanism. The loose spin theory suggests that 90° coupling originates from paramagnetic impurities in the interlayer of an exchange-coupled layered structure. The influence of these paramagnetic impurities on the magnetic exchange coupling was studied using the wedge technique. High-quality single-crystalline Fe/Ag/Fe samples were prepared in UHV and each sample consisted of two wedges: one wedge with additional Fe deliberately inserted during growth into the Ag interlayer and one wedge with a pure Fe/Ag/Fe structure. The detailed analysis of magneto-optic hysteresis loops revealed quantitatively the bilinearly and the 90° coupling strength. As predicted by loose spin theory additional Fe in the Ag spacer lead to a strong temperature dependence of the 90° coupling. According to the theory an increase of 90° coupling strength proportional to impurity concentration was detected while the strength of bilinear coupling decreased. For the pure Fe/Ag/Fe structure, a linear increase of the 90° coupling strength with decreasing temperature was observed. This result can be explained within the fluctuation mechanism which creates 90° coupling through a combination of interface roughness and intralayer ferromagnetic exchange. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.359117
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improving ferrite MIG head read-back distortions caused by domain walls and granularity (abstract) : 38th Annual Conference on Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 75 (1994), S. 6782-6782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ferrite MiG heads intended for narrow track ((approximately-less-than)10 μm) digital recording were recently investigated in the critical pole-tip region at the air-bearing-surface using micro-ellipsometry, Kerr microscopy, and electron back-scatter diffraction from individual grains,1 and using magnetic force microscopy to detect air-gap remanent fields.2 Comparison of these direct observations with readback-after-write waveforms from written test tracks, and consideration of granularity influences on bulk permeability and domain size, indicate that waveform instability and asymmetry from polycrystalline ferrite (PCF) heads would be diminished by suitable size and orientation of the grains.1 The use of single-crystal ferrite3 (SCF) for advanced laser enhanced etch definition3 of narrow pole MiGs can avoid this type of distortion. However, secondary signals4 often appear as weak pulses separated in time from the main gap pulse. We have associated this effect with a zig-zag shaped wall seen nucleated and propagated from the pole tips by a write pulse.4 This wall and its underlying domains lie remanent in the stressed ABS material and evidently react to the bit fields during the read cycle. The secondary read-back response, though similar to the pseudo-gap effect, differs in origin. Its timing depends on the distance of the zig-zag wall to the gap, not the fixed position of the sendust-ferrite interface. Our results indicate that suitable grain oriented ferrite would reduce PCF MiG head read-back asymmetry and instability. For SCF heads, a method for electrically removing zig-zag walls is possible and secondary pulse removal has now been demonstrated on a spin test strand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.356828
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetoresistance and magnetization oscillations in Fe/Cr/Fe trilayers : The 6th joint magnetism and magnetic materials (MMM)-intermag conference (1994)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 6604-6606 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The 2-ML (monolayer) oscillation period has been observed in the magnetization as well as in the magnetoresistance of Fe/Cr/Fe trilayers. Kerr effect measurements were performed in order to verify the periodicity and determine the kind of the coupling between the Fe layers. The magnetoresistance loops show characteristic steps at magnetic field values at which the size of the magnetization changes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358207
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Condensation of isolated metal clusters studied with a calorimeter (1999)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 110 (1999), S. 10008-10015 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We describe the combination of molecular beam techniques with a calorimeter in order to investigate thermal properties of isolated metal clusters. A size distribution of neutral SnN clusters with 6≤N≤600 is deposited on a bimetallic micromechanical sensor and the released heat during the cluster deposition can be determined from the time-dependent bending of the sensor. The size distribution of the deposited clusters coming from the pulsed source has been probed with a quasicontinuous time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The formation enthalpy per atom of the investigated SnN cluster size distribution is obtained from the measured calorimetric heat to Δhf,298=0.45–0.53 eV. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.478874
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microfabricated cantilever-based detector for molecular beam experiments (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 69 (1998), S. 3794-3797 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A low cost detector for particles in molecular beam experiments is presented which can easily be mounted in a molecular beam apparatus. The detector is based on microfabricated cantilevers, which can be employed either as single sensors or as sensor arrays. The single cantilever technique has been used to measure the absolute number of atoms coming out of a pulsed laser vaporization cluster source. The particles are detected by the shift of the thermally excited resonance frequency of the cantilever due to the cluster deposition. We have determined with the single cantilever the ratio of neutral to ionized clusters and we have investigated the cluster generation at different source conditions. In addition to this, a microfabricated cantilever array has been used to measure molecular beam profiles, which opens new possibilities for molecular beam deflection experiments. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1149180
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle number and pressure determination in high-pressure lamps (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 1263-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An experimental setup is described which makes it possible to determine the particle number per unit length and the pressure in high-pressure mercury lamps. For this purpose the absorption of the frequency-doubled 514.5-nm line of an Ar+ laser by the mercury ground state is used. The method has been applied to measure the spatial variation of the particle number along the axial direction of a high-pressure arc and also to determine the time-dependent particle number during the warm-up and cool-down phases of a lamp. Furthermore the frequency dependence of the pressure fluctuations in a high-pressure lamp during an ac cycle has been measured for sinusoidal as well as pulsed supply voltage. The results are in agreement with calculations from a numerical model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337348
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Magnetization processes in two different types of anisotropic, fully dense NdFeB hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption, and recombination magnets (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 87 (2000), S. 6119-6121 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Two types of textured, fully dense NdFeB hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption, and recombination (HDDR) magnets were produced. The first type was produced by hot pressing isotropic HDDR powder followed by die upsetting; the second, by hot pressing prealigned, anisotropic HDDR powder (MQA-T). Studies of the magnetization processes revealed that for isotropic HDDR powder and its hot pressed and die-upset magnets a much larger initial susceptibility is found after thermal demagnetization than after reverse dc-field demagnetization. Prealigned, hot pressed magnets made from MQA-T material showed a different virgin magnetization curve, indicating a unique coercivity mechanism. Interaction domains larger than the average grain size can be observed in both cases by Kerr microscopy, with the MQA-T type showing significantly broader interaction domains. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.372628
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pulsed field magnetometer for nondestructive monitoring of encapsulated magnetic materials : 37th Annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 5614-5616 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A study was recently undertaken to consolidate Sm2Fe17N3−x-based materials by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing). For HIPing, pressed green samples were placed at the center of evacuated, closely fitting, nonmagnetic, thin-walled, stainless-steel cans. The use of nonmagnetic, high-resistivity containers for the samples offered a unique opportunity to evaluate the magnetic properties of the samples after HIPing, without removing them from the HIP cans, by using a pulsed field magnetometer (PFM). The high electrical resistivity of the samples and their containers permits the slowly varying magnetic field (∼5 ms rise time, 45 ms pulse length) to penetrate a sample fully with no phase lags. Thus, the magnetization of a sample is essentially in equilibrium with the applied, time-varying magnetic field. With this method, a given set of encapsulated samples could be subjected to successively higher temperature heat treatments to determine their effects on the magnetic properties. The PFM allowed the rapid acquisition, storage, and processing of digital data by computer. The design of the PFM system, demagnetization corrections, procedures used, and some results are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353614
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermostability of Sm2(FeGa)17Cy prepared by gas-solid reaction (GSR) : The 41st annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 81 (1997), S. 4539-4541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The gas-solid-reaction (GSR) was used to introduce interstitial carbon atoms into Sm2Fe17−xGax compounds with x=0, 0.5, 1, and 2. For this process, powders made from homogenized ingots were annealed at 500 °C under methane for different times. The thermostability increases for small amounts of Ga and the investigation shows that Sm2Fe16.5Ga0.5Cy is stable up to 750 °C. In the case of Sm2Fe15Ga2Cy carburized for 6 h (y=2.0) and 18 h (y=2.2), the x-ray diffraction patterns show the Th2Zn17-type structure only. After annealing at 800 °C for 20 min the 6 h carburized sample shows a small amount of α-Fe and other phases and there is a large Fe content after annealing at 850 °C. For an 18 h carburized sample, less Fe and no other phases have be seen after annealing at 800 °C, i.e., the material is nearly single phase. The result that longer carburization times stabilize the Th2Zn17-type structure could also be manifested by Kerr microscopy. A comparison with mechanically alloyed Sm2Fe15Ga2C2 powders prepared with Sm excess shows that those are very stable up to 900 °C. The density of fine-grained Sm2Fe17−xGaxCy could be increased by hot pressing, but the degree of compaction and the phase purity very sensitively depend on the Ga content. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.365542
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Domain observation on nanocrystalline material : 35th annual conference on magnetism and magnetic materials San Diego, California (USA) 29 Oct − 1 Nov 1990 (1991)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 69 (1991), S. 5325-5327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Bulk polycrystalline material with a grain size in the nanometer range can be prepared by controlled crystallization of certain metallic glass alloys. The material shows excellent soft magnetic properties which are attributed to an effective averaging of the local crystal anisotropy over the scale of a Bloch wall width. The general appearance of observed domain patterns resembles those of metallic glasses. Wide in-plane domains as well as the characteristic stress patterns are observed. On annealing beyond the optimum temperature the coercivity rises which manifests itself by an irregular domain appearance. An interesting behavior is found if the samples are observed at temperatures beyond ∼320 °C. At this temperature the amorphous ferromagnetic grain boundary phase which couples the iron-rich crystallites becomes paramagnetic. The domains reversibly show a similar character as the overannealed samples. This observation indicates that overannealing leads in this material not only to grain growth beyond the optimum, but also to an interruption of the ferromagnetic coupling between the grains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348067
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