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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 18 (1980), S. 361-387 
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relationship between number of viable cells of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica on inoculated potato seed tubers and blackleg development was investigated in 2 years for five cultivars grown in the contrasting climates of Scotland and Israel. Blackleg, and to a lesser extent non-emergence, increased with higher numbers of bacteria on the seed tubers at planting. This relationship was also found for several commercial seed stocks of one cultivar naturally contaminated with different numbers of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica.The threshold number of bacteria necessary for the development of blackleg declined during the growing season and was also higher for the cultivar Pentland Crown in comparison with the others. In general, yield declined linearly with blackleg incidence and there was a 0.8% reduction in yield for every 1 % blackleg at 13 weeks after planting. Yield loss was positively related to the incidence of blackleg late in the season, whereas the relationship between yield loss and the incidence of non-emergence was poor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 35 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In Israel field infections of potato plants by Erwinia chrysanthemi are characterized by wilting of the leaves followed by total desiccation of the plants. These symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by Verticillium dahliae or those that develop during the normal process of plant senescence. Diagnosis of E. chrysanthemi in the spring-sown (February) crop in Israel is difficult because all three conditions often appear at approximately the same time, late in the growing season in May when the air temperature exceeds 25°C. The symptoms of E. chrysanthemi infection were reproduced in the field when potato seed tubers, tested and found to be contaminated at a low level with E. carotovora pv. carotovora, were inoculated with a strain of E. chrysanthemi isolated from a diseased potato plant. When plants in a growth cabinet at 30°C were stem-inoculated with E. chrysanthemi, similar symptoms developed when the relative humidity was low (c. 80%). Presence of the disease only on plants grown from seed contaminated with E. chrysanthemi and not from uncontaminated seed suggests that the bacterium is seed borne, as is E. carotovora pv. atroseptica, the blackleg pathogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 35 (1986), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Considerable tuber contamination by soft rot erwinias in rotting tubers can occur when grading potato stocks. Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora, from a single rotting tuber, contaminated c. 100 kg of potatoes during mechanical grading, c. 50% being contaminated with 104–105 bacteria per tuber. Survival of the bacteria during storage was related to the degree of damage sustained by the tubers during grading which in turn depended on the model of oscillating riddle grader used and the cultivar of potato. Chemical disinfection of the grader immediately before use and of tubers immediately after grading reduced contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 37 (1988), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The resistance of eight potato cultivars to tuber soft rot caused by E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica was assessed in 2 years using three different test methods. Similar cultivar resistance rankings were obtained for any one method within a year and between years for two methods (single site, infectivity titration), but not for the third (vacuum infiltration). However, the ranking of cultivars differed for the three methods. Ranking was not affected by inoculating the cortex or the more susceptible medullary tissue, or by assessing rotting in terms of infection frequency or lesion size, but it was affected by oxygen concentration during incubation. Differences among cultivars were greater when inoculated tubers were incubated anaerobically than when incubated with 5% oxygen. There was no relationship between the relative susceptibilities of cultivars to tuber soft rot in storage in January/February and those of mother tubers after planting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Small plots of potatoes were inoculated with a mixture of Erwinia carotovora (E. c.) subsp. carotovora and E. carotovora subsp, atroseptica strains resistant to rifampicin. Subsequently the population off, c. subsp, carotovora and E. c. subsp, atroseptica (rifampicin-resistant and wild types) present as epiphytes on the surface of potato leaves was assessed using three methods, qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative, during 1986 and 1987. The population was generally low (〈 102 colony forming units (〉 104cfu/g leaves) but reached higher levels (〉 104 cfu/g) on occasions later in the growing season, Rifampicin-resistant erwinias were reisolated only infrequently throughout this study. Different methods of haulm destruction (herbicide, pulverization, sulphuric acid treatment and natural senescence) greatly influenced the number of erwinias present in the resulting plant debris. Pulverization resulted in the highest population (106-107 wild-type cfu/g) in both seasons. In 1987. the wettest of the two seasons of this study, herbicide treatment resulted in similarly high populations. The results suggest that the high numbers of erwinias found in the haulm debris were probably derived from the generally low populations of epiphytic bacteria previously present on healthy leaves, E. c. subsp, carotovora was the most frequent subspecies in the rotting plant debris; E. c. subsp, atroseptica was more commonly found on healthy leaves. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the production of seed potatoes with a low risk of blackleg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relationship between contamination of potato seed tubers with Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca), blackleg disease development, and the incidence and level of progeny tuber contamination in field grown crops was studied in 1998, 1999 and 2000. Seed tubers were inoculated by vacuum infiltration at three levels (low, intermediate and high) with a streptomycin-resistant marker strain of Eca (SCRI1039Str) and planted in the field. Blackleg disease development was directly related to the level of seed tuber contamination. The higher the level of seed tuber contamination, the earlier in the season blackleg disease appeared and the greater the final level of disease, which continued to rise as the season progressed. High and low levels of seed tuber contamination were related to high and low incidences of progeny tuber contamination, respectively, at all sampling times. However, an intermediate degree of seed tuber contamination tended to be associated with a low level of blackleg disease, a variable incidence of progeny tuber contamination early in the season but a high incidence later in the season. The level of progeny tuber contamination, derived from seed tubers inoculated at the three different levels of Eca, was categorized into four contamination classes (〈 102, 102–103, 103–104 and 〉 104 marker strain colony-forming units/mL peel extract). At the lowest level of seed tuber contamination, progeny tuber contamination tended to be in the two lower categories. However, as seed tuber contamination increased, the proportion of contaminated progeny tubers in the two higher categories also increased. Overall, the results suggest that progeny tuber contamination is related to seed tuber contamination and blackleg disease, and that the threshold level of seed tuber contamination remains an important factor in predicting both blackleg disease and tuber health.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three soft rot erwinias, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica and E. chrysanthemi are associated with potatoes causing tuber soft rot and blackleg (stem rot). Latent infection of tubers and stems is widespread. As opportunistic pathogens, the bacteria tend to cause disease when potato resistance is impaired. Pathogenesis or disease development in potato tubers and stems is discussed in terms of the interaction between pathogen, host and environment, microbial competition and recent findings on the molecular basis of pathogenicity. Emphasis is placed on the role of free water and anaerobiosis in weakening tuber resistance and in providing nutrient for erwinias to multiply. Blackleg symptoms are expressed when erwinias predominate in rotting mother tubers, invade the stems and multiply in xylem vessels under favourable weather conditions. Soft rot erwinias tend to out-compete other bacteria in tuber rots because of their ability to produce larger quantities of a wider range of cell wall-degrading enzymes. However, despite extensive studies on their induction, regulation and secretion, little is known about the precise role of the different enzymes in pathogenesis. The putative role of quorum-sensing regulation of these enzymes in disease development is evaluated. The role certain pathogenicity-related characters, including motility, adhesion, siderophores, detoxifying systems and the hrp gene complex, common to most bacteria including symbionts and saprophytes, could play in latent and active infections is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 17 (1974), S. 187-199 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wöchentliche Musterentnahme von Kartoffelpflanzen während der Vegetationszeit im Jahre 1968 zeigte, dass einige Mutterknollen schon früh im Juli faulten und dass die meisten Knollen Ende August ausserordentlich stark angefault waren (abb. 2). SowohlErwinia carotovora var.carotovora als auchE. carotovora var.atroseptica wurden wiederholt von diesen Knollen und von Erde in ihrer Nähe isoliert. Tochterknollen wurden erst angesteckt, wenn ein grosser Teil der Mutterknollen faul geworden war (Abb. 2). Zudem waren die angesteckten Tochterknollen fast immer mit Pflanzen verbunden, an denen die Mutterknollen faulten. Das Fehlen der Anstekkung bei Knollen der Nachkommenschaft (Topf-und Feldversuche) von Pflanzen, bei denen die Mutterknolle entfernt wurde, im Vergleicht mit Pflanzen, denen die Mutterknolle belassen wurde (Tabellen 1 und 2), ist ein weiterer Beweis, dass die Pflanzknolle die Hauptquelle der Ansteckung von Kartoffelbeständen in Schottland ist. Diese Hypothese wird ferner gestützt durch die früheren Feststellungen (Pérombelon, 1972a und 1973), dass die Bakterien nicht im Boden über-wintern, dass die meisten Pflanzknollen in Schottland mitE. carotovora angesteckt sind und dass Schwarzbeinigkeit kenne grössere Ansteckungsquelle ist. In den frühen Stadien der Vermehrung waren die auf Virusbefall untersuchten Klone, basierend auf Knollenauslese, stärker infiziert als jene, die von virusgetesteten Stengelstecklingen stammten (Tabelle 3). Diese Beobachtung wird versuchsweise erklärt mit den Begriffen der Anoder Abwesenheit von Mutterknollen im ursprünglichen Vermehrungsmaterial und im Zeitpunkt der Ernte. Die umfassende Ansteckung von Knollen, die aus handelsüblich auf Virusbefall getesteten Partien aus Stengelstecklingsvermehrung stammten (Tabelle 4), weist darauf hin, dass Wiederansteckung jedoch eine allgemeine Erscheinung ist und dass die Quelle der Krankheitserreger bei den verseuchten Maschinen, den Grundbesitzern und den Insekten zu suchen ist. Es kann sein, dass anfänglich nur wenige Knollen befallen sind. Die Verseuchung wird sich jedoch in den Partien in wenigen Generationen infolge der grossen Anzahl der durch das Verfaulen der angesteckten Mutterknollen im Boden freigewordenen Bakterien ausbreiten.
    Abstract: Résumé Des prélèvements hebdomadaires de plantes de pomme de terre au cours de la saison 1968 ont montré que plusieurs plante-mères pourrissaient déjà en juillet et qu'à la fin août la pourriture avait atteint la plus grande partie d'entr'eux (fig. 2). Sur ceux-ci et dans le sol du voisinage, on a isolé fréquemment aussi bienErwinia carotovora var.carotovora queE. carotovora var.atroseptica. Les tubercules-fils sont contaminés seulement lorsqu'une proportion élevée de tuberculesmères sont pourris (fig. 2). Au surplus, on trouve presque toujours les tubercules-fils contaminés dans les plantes dont le tubercule-mère est en pourriture. L'absence de contamination dans la descendance de tubercules de plantes poussées en pots et en champ dont le tubercule-mère a été enlevé, par opposition à la présence de pourriture là où le tubercule-mère est présent (tableaux 1 et 2), apporte une preuve supplémentaire que le plant-mère set la principale source de contamination des cultures de pommes de terre en Ecosse. Cette hypothèse est renforcée par les précédentes découvertes (Pérombelon, 1972 et 1973) que les bactéries n'hivernent pas dans le sol, que la plus grande partie des plants d'Ecosse sont contaminés parE. carotovora et que les plantes atteintes de jambe noire ne constituent pas une source majeure de contamination. Dans les premiers stades de multiplication, les clones testés pour l'absence de virus qui se développent à partir de tubercules uniques sélectionnés sont davantage contaminés que ceux provenant de boutures de tiges testées (tableru 3). Cette observation s'explique expérimentalement en termes de présence ou d'absence du tubercule-mère au début de la propagation du matériel et au moment de la récolte. L'importante contamination des plants commerciaux testés pour les virus (VT stocks) originaires de boutures de tiges (tableau 4) suppose un phénomène général de ‘recontamination’; elle suppose aussi que la source initiale des bactéries sont les machines, les repousses et les insectes. Initialement quelques tubercules seulement peuvent être atteints. Cependant la contamination s'étendrait dans les stocks au cours des diverses générations, en raison du grand nombre de bactéries libérées dans le sol par les tubercules-mères contaminés.
    Notes: Summary Some mother tubers rotted as early as July and most were extensively rotted by the end of August.Erwinia carotovora var.carotovora andE. carotovora var.atroseptica were frequently isolated from them and from the soil in their vicinity. Daughter tubers became contaminated only after the rotting mother tubers had liberated bacteria into the soil. By the end of August and early September most of these were contaminated. Moreover, the absence of contamination in progeny tubers of pot and field grown plants without mother tubers in contrast to its presence where mother tubers were present further supports the view that the seed tuber is the main source of contamination byE. carotovora in potato crops in Scotland. In the early stages of multiplication, virus tested clones raised from single tuber selections were more contaminated than those originating from virus tested stem cuttings. This observation is tentatively explained in terms of the presence or absence of mother tubers in the original propagative material and of the time of harvest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: E. carotovora var.carotovora ; E. carotovora var.atroseptica ; stem cuttings derived stocks ; Scotland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Von 1977 bis 1978 wurde auf vier Betrieben im Osten Schottlands im Laufe der Vermehrung von Pflanzkartoffelposten (SC), die von Stengelschnitten stammten, eine erneute Verseuchung durchErwinia carotovora beobachtet. Zudem wurden Stichproben von SC-Posten unterschiedlichen Alters aus einer grösseren Zahl von Betrieben untersucht. Die Zusammenfassung aller Ergebnisse der vier Betriebe zeigte, dass die ersten drie Generationen der Bestände (Vermehrungsjahre 1 bis 3) zu weniger Ansteckung neigten als jene in den Jahren 4 und 5, wenn die Posten zur Erzielung von Saatgut tieferer Anbaustufen (Tabelle 1) mit konventionellen Handelsmethoden behandelt wurden. Höhere Verseuchungsgrade wurden auch in den Jahren 4 und 5 in den Stichprobenposten erreicht (Tabelle 5). Wenn die Daten Betrieb für Betrieb analysiert wurden, fand man auf einigen Betrieben durchwegs hohe und auf anderen niedrige Verseuchungsgrade (Tabelle 2). Obwohl die Gesamtzusammenfassung der Daten (Tabelle 1) darauf hinwies, dass sowohlE. carotovora var.carotovora als auchE. carotovora var.atroseptica in ungefähr gleichem Ausmass vorhanden waren, war der erste Organismus auf drei von vier Betrieben und der letztere auf dem vierten Betrieb vorherrschend (Tabelle 3). Obwohl die Ansteckung früh während der Bestandesvermehrung auftreten kann, gab es im allgemeinen keinen Entwicklung im Verseuchungsgrad. Statt dessen fiel der Verseuchungsgrad manchmal von einer Generation zur nächsten (Tabelle 4). Diese Ergebnisse wurden versuchsweise mit dem Aufwand an Sorgfalt durch den einzelnen Pflanzen, durch den Zustand der Bodenfeuchtigkeit und durch den Lufttransport der Bakterien erklärt. Auf einigen Betrieben konnten die Kartoffelbestände nicht nur über einige Generationen relativ frei von Ansteckung durchE. carotovora erhalten werden, sondern weisen auch darauf hin, dass seit 1973 eine deutliche Verbesserung eintrat, selbst wenn einige Jahre nässer und damit für die Bestandesverseuchung günstiger waren als andere (Tabelle 6). Parallel mit dieser Abnahme der Verseuchung verläuft ein schwächeres Auftreten der Schwarzbeinigkeit in Pflanzbeständen, die seit 1973 zur Feldbesichtigung angemeldet wurden, als ein stets höherer Anteil von Beständen von Stengelschnitten stammte (Tabelle 7).
    Abstract: Résumé La recontamination parErwinia carotovora de lignées de pommes de terre de semences (SC)_ provenant de bouturage dans le procédé de multiplication a été contrôlée dans quatre exploitations agricoles dans l'est de l'Ecosse de 1977 à 1978. Des lignées de bouture, sélectionnées au hasard, de différents âges, provenant d'une plus grande gamme d'exploitations, furent aussi examinées. Le résumé des résultats obtenus dans les quatre exploitations montraient que les trois premières générations de récolte (années de multiplication 1 à 3) avaient tendance à être moins contaminées que celles des années 4 et 5 quand les lignées avaient été traitées par des méthodes commerciales conventionnelles utilisées pour des clones de qualité inférieure (tableau 1). De hauts niveaux de contamination furent aussi obtenus dans les années 4 et 5 des lignées sélectionnées au hasard (tableau 5). Quand les données furent analysées ferme par ferme, les niveaux de contamination montrèrent qu'ils étaient significativement hauts dans certaines exploitations et bas dans d'autres (tableau 2). De la même manière, quoique le résumé des résultats (tableau 1) suggère queErwinia carotovora var.carotovora etErwinia carotovora var.atroseptica étaient présents en même quantité, le premier pathogène prédominait dans 3 exploitations sur quatre, et le dernier dans la quatrième exploitation (tableau 3). Bien que la contamination puisse avoir lieu au début de la multiplication de la lignée, il n'y a pas eu, en général, de niveau de contamination avancée. Le niveau de contamination tombait même quelquefois d'une génération à l'autre (tableau 4). Les résultats s'expliquaient par l'importance des précautions prises par les agriculteurs, le niveau d'humidité dans le sol et la transmission aérienne des bactéries. Non seulement on a pu maintenir dans quelques exploitations des lignées de pommes de terre relativement indemnes de contamination parErwinia carotovora pendant plusieurs générations, mais encore les résultats suggèrent qu'une amélioration notable a eu lieu depuis 1973 pendant certaines années plus humides, et par conséquent plus favorables à la contamination de la récolte que d'autres (tableau 6). Parallèlement à cette réduction de contamination, la jambe noire a eu moins d'importance dans les cultures de semence soumises au contrôle depuis 1973, tandis qu'une proportion de plus en plus élevée provenait de bouture (tableau 7).
    Notes: Summary Recontamination byErwinia carotovora of seed potato stocks (VT) derived from stem cuttings in the process of multiplication was monitored on four farms in the east of Scotland from 1973 to 1978. Randomly selected VT stocks of different ages from a wider range of farms were also examined. The results showed that although contamination can occur early during stock multiplication there was, in general, no stepwise increase in contamination level from one generation to the next. However, contamination tended to be greater after the third multiplication year when stocks are grown by conventional methods used for lower-grade seed stocks. It is notable that contamination was consistently high on some farms and low on others. Contamination byE. carotovora var.carotovora tended to be greater than byE. carotovora var.atroseptica. These results may be explained by the farm practices of individual growers, soil moisture status and aerial transmission of the bacteria. The results also indicate that contamination of some potato stocks derived from stem cutting could be maintained at a low level over several generations more readily on some farms than on others.
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