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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology of the Soft Rot Erwinias (1980)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 18 (1980), S. 361-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.18.090180.002045
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between potato seed tuber contamination by Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica, blackleg disease development and progeny tuber contamination (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 52 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relationship between contamination of potato seed tubers with Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca), blackleg disease development, and the incidence and level of progeny tuber contamination in field grown crops was studied in 1998, 1999 and 2000. Seed tubers were inoculated by vacuum infiltration at three levels (low, intermediate and high) with a streptomycin-resistant marker strain of Eca (SCRI1039Str) and planted in the field. Blackleg disease development was directly related to the level of seed tuber contamination. The higher the level of seed tuber contamination, the earlier in the season blackleg disease appeared and the greater the final level of disease, which continued to rise as the season progressed. High and low levels of seed tuber contamination were related to high and low incidences of progeny tuber contamination, respectively, at all sampling times. However, an intermediate degree of seed tuber contamination tended to be associated with a low level of blackleg disease, a variable incidence of progeny tuber contamination early in the season but a high incidence later in the season. The level of progeny tuber contamination, derived from seed tubers inoculated at the three different levels of Eca, was categorized into four contamination classes (〈 102, 102–103, 103–104 and 〉 104 marker strain colony-forming units/mL peel extract). At the lowest level of seed tuber contamination, progeny tuber contamination tended to be in the two lower categories. However, as seed tuber contamination increased, the proportion of contaminated progeny tubers in the two higher categories also increased. Overall, the results suggest that progeny tuber contamination is related to seed tuber contamination and blackleg disease, and that the threshold level of seed tuber contamination remains an important factor in predicting both blackleg disease and tuber health.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00821.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potato diseases caused by soft rot erwinias: an overview of pathogenesis (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant pathology 51 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Three soft rot erwinias, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, E. carotovora ssp. atroseptica and E. chrysanthemi are associated with potatoes causing tuber soft rot and blackleg (stem rot). Latent infection of tubers and stems is widespread. As opportunistic pathogens, the bacteria tend to cause disease when potato resistance is impaired. Pathogenesis or disease development in potato tubers and stems is discussed in terms of the interaction between pathogen, host and environment, microbial competition and recent findings on the molecular basis of pathogenicity. Emphasis is placed on the role of free water and anaerobiosis in weakening tuber resistance and in providing nutrient for erwinias to multiply. Blackleg symptoms are expressed when erwinias predominate in rotting mother tubers, invade the stems and multiply in xylem vessels under favourable weather conditions. Soft rot erwinias tend to out-compete other bacteria in tuber rots because of their ability to produce larger quantities of a wider range of cell wall-degrading enzymes. However, despite extensive studies on their induction, regulation and secretion, little is known about the precise role of the different enzymes in pathogenesis. The putative role of quorum-sensing regulation of these enzymes in disease development is evaluated. The role certain pathogenicity-related characters, including motility, adhesion, siderophores, detoxifying systems and the hrp gene complex, common to most bacteria including symbionts and saprophytes, could play in latent and active infections is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0032-0862.2001.Shorttitle.doc.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of a wilt disease of the potato plant in Israel caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 35 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In Israel field infections of potato plants by Erwinia chrysanthemi are characterized by wilting of the leaves followed by total desiccation of the plants. These symptoms are indistinguishable from those caused by Verticillium dahliae or those that develop during the normal process of plant senescence. Diagnosis of E. chrysanthemi in the spring-sown (February) crop in Israel is difficult because all three conditions often appear at approximately the same time, late in the growing season in May when the air temperature exceeds 25°C. The symptoms of E. chrysanthemi infection were reproduced in the field when potato seed tubers, tested and found to be contaminated at a low level with E. carotovora pv. carotovora, were inoculated with a strain of E. chrysanthemi isolated from a diseased potato plant. When plants in a growth cabinet at 30°C were stem-inoculated with E. chrysanthemi, similar symptoms developed when the relative humidity was low (c. 80%). Presence of the disease only on plants grown from seed contaminated with E. chrysanthemi and not from uncontaminated seed suggests that the bacterium is seed borne, as is E. carotovora pv. atroseptica, the blackleg pathogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1986.tb02004.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blackleg development and tuber yield in relation to numbers of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica on seed potatoes (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 39 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The relationship between number of viable cells of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica on inoculated potato seed tubers and blackleg development was investigated in 2 years for five cultivars grown in the contrasting climates of Scotland and Israel. Blackleg, and to a lesser extent non-emergence, increased with higher numbers of bacteria on the seed tubers at planting. This relationship was also found for several commercial seed stocks of one cultivar naturally contaminated with different numbers of E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica.The threshold number of bacteria necessary for the development of blackleg declined during the growing season and was also higher for the cultivar Pentland Crown in comparison with the others. In general, yield declined linearly with blackleg incidence and there was a 0.8% reduction in yield for every 1 % blackleg at 13 weeks after planting. Yield loss was positively related to the incidence of blackleg late in the season, whereas the relationship between yield loss and the incidence of non-emergence was poor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1990.tb02483.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contamination and subsequent multiplication of soft rot erwinias on healthy potato leaves and debris after haulm destruction (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 43 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Small plots of potatoes were inoculated with a mixture of Erwinia carotovora (E. c.) subsp. carotovora and E. carotovora subsp, atroseptica strains resistant to rifampicin. Subsequently the population off, c. subsp, carotovora and E. c. subsp, atroseptica (rifampicin-resistant and wild types) present as epiphytes on the surface of potato leaves was assessed using three methods, qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative, during 1986 and 1987. The population was generally low (〈 102 colony forming units (〉 104cfu/g leaves) but reached higher levels (〉 104 cfu/g) on occasions later in the growing season, Rifampicin-resistant erwinias were reisolated only infrequently throughout this study. Different methods of haulm destruction (herbicide, pulverization, sulphuric acid treatment and natural senescence) greatly influenced the number of erwinias present in the resulting plant debris. Pulverization resulted in the highest population (106-107 wild-type cfu/g) in both seasons. In 1987. the wettest of the two seasons of this study, herbicide treatment resulted in similarly high populations. The results suggest that the high numbers of erwinias found in the haulm debris were probably derived from the generally low populations of epiphytic bacteria previously present on healthy leaves, E. c. subsp, carotovora was the most frequent subspecies in the rotting plant debris; E. c. subsp, atroseptica was more commonly found on healthy leaves. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the production of seed potatoes with a low risk of blackleg.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb02687.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods of testing potato cultivars for resistance to soft rot of tubers caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 37 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The resistance of eight potato cultivars to tuber soft rot caused by E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica was assessed in 2 years using three different test methods. Similar cultivar resistance rankings were obtained for any one method within a year and between years for two methods (single site, infectivity titration), but not for the third (vacuum infiltration). However, the ranking of cultivars differed for the three methods. Ranking was not affected by inoculating the cortex or the more susceptible medullary tissue, or by assessing rotting in terms of infection frequency or lesion size, but it was affected by oxygen concentration during incubation. Differences among cultivars were greater when inoculated tubers were incubated anaerobically than when incubated with 5% oxygen. There was no relationship between the relative susceptibilities of cultivars to tuber soft rot in storage in January/February and those of mother tubers after planting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1988.tb02096.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contamination of potatoes by Erwinia carotovora during grading (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant pathology 35 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3059
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Considerable tuber contamination by soft rot erwinias in rotting tubers can occur when grading potato stocks. Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora, from a single rotting tuber, contaminated c. 100 kg of potatoes during mechanical grading, c. 50% being contaminated with 104–105 bacteria per tuber. Survival of the bacteria during storage was related to the degree of damage sustained by the tubers during grading which in turn depended on the model of oscillating riddle grader used and the cultivar of potato. Chemical disinfection of the grader immediately before use and of tubers immediately after grading reduced contamination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1986.tb01977.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potato blackleg: Epidemiology, host-pathogen interaction and control (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 98 (1992), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Erwnia carotovora subspp.carotovora ; atroseptica ; E. chrysanthemi ; tuber soft rot ; blackleg epidemiology ; control ; pathogenicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Blackleg is caused byErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca) andE. chrysanthemi (Echr) in cool and hot climates respectively. The bacteria are opportunistic pathogens and rely on their strong pectolytic character to infect plants when conditions favor their multiplication. Blackleg is a seedborne disease and the bacteria can survive in a quiescent form in lenticels and wounds during storage. The contaminated mother tuber and not the blackleg plant is the main source of progeny tuber contamination. Other sources of the pathogen are airborne (insects and aerosols) erwinias deposited on leaves and from there to the soil and progeny tubers, and erwinias in rotting tubers smeared into wounds incurred during mechanical crop handling. Most seed tubers are contaminated but blackleg incidence is related to seed contamination level modulated by soil water status. Competitiveness of the erwinias in the rotting mother tuber is affected by temperature, Eca is favored at 〈25°C and Echr at higher temperatures. The ubiquitousE. carotovora subsp.carotovora apparently fails to compete successfully with the other erwinias and saprophytic pectolytic bacteria in mother tubers and therefore does not cause blackleg. Disease control measures are based on avoiding tuber contamination by cultural means (early harvesting), reducing tuber contamination level (dry storage and hot water treatment) and planting ‘clean’ seed identified by quantifying tuber contamination rather than by visual crop inspection. Finally, recently identified highly resistant, even under anaerobic conditions, wildSolanum spp. could be used to breed for resistant cultivars by conventional methods or by genetic engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01974480
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A semi-selective medium for estimating population densities of pectolyticErwinia spp. in soil and in plant material (1971)
    Springer
    Potato research 14 (1971), S. 158-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Stewart’s medium modified by omitting bile salts and adding 1.15×10−3 g/l gentian violet and 20 ppm Agral 90 was better than the original medium and as good as a nonselective medium such as nutrient agar for estimating population numbers ofErwinia carotovora var.carotovora andE. carotovora var.atroseptica. Although growth of unwanted organisms on soil dilution plates of the modified Stewart’s medium was slightly more extensive than on those of the complete Stewart’s medium, viable counts ofErwinia were still feasible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02361827
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