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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stimulation of regeneration in mammals: pipe dream or realistic goal? (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science
    Wound repair and regeneration 6 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1524-475X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This article covers a broad spectrum of mammalian regenerative phenomena, including the natural capacity for regeneration of organs and tissues and the classification of mammalian reparative responses. Several broad strategies have been formulated for the stimulation or enhancement of regeneration. Historically, the most common strategy has been to alter the environment surrounding a damaged or regenerating structure. A more contemporary approach to the stimulation of regeneration is the application of cellular engineering principles, which involve strategies such as the implantation of cultured cells, with or without appropriate substrates. Genetic engineering, involving the implantation of genetically engineered cells or the introduction of genes directly into cells in vivo is in the early stages of practical application, although certain laboratory applications have been quite successful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1998.60504.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New limbs for old (1981)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 293 (1981), S. 685-686 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ALTHOUGH one of the oldest fields in experimental biology, limb regeneration remains one of the least understood, currently being in a state similar to that of genetics just prior to the rediscovery of Mendel's laws. From numerous descriptive and experimental studies have arisen traditional dogmas ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/293685a0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of morphogenesis of muscles of the forearm and hand during ontogenesis and regeneration in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 137-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Axolotl ; Forearm and hand muscle anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary As a basis for the comparison of muscle development during the ontogenesis and regeneration of the limb, this part of the investigation has provided an anatomical description of the muscles of the forearm and hand of the adult axolotl. Gross preparations and histological serial cross sections of forelimbs were reviewed in the light of the findings of the older authors. An anatomical description and any synonyms have been provided for each muscle. The descriptions of muscles have been documented with drawings from the extensor and flexor aspects of the limb as well as with serial histological cross sections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519725
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of morphogenesis of muscles of the forearm and hand during ontogenesis and regeneration in the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) (1974)
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 145 (1974), S. 149-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Axolotl ; Muscle development ; Forelimb ; Ontogenesis ; Regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphogenesis of muscles of the forearm and hand was studied in embryonic limbs of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and compared with the course of morphogenesis in the regenerating limb of adults. The first part of the paper describes the morphogenesis of muscles ontogenetic development. The course of development, from the stage of muscle blastemas through that of the independent muscle anlagen is described for each muscle. The separation of muscle anlagen and their differentiation forms a prominent proximodistal gradient. At the same time there is a clear radioulnar gradient in the formation of muscle anlagen. Phylogenetically, this radioulnar gradient is restricted to the developing limb of Urodeles. In the second part of the paper, the morphogenesis of muscles is described in the regenerating limb. The major features in regeneration recapitulate those in the embryonic limb. Proximodistal and radioulnar gradients of development are also present in the regenerating limb. This structural similarity in development supports the viewpoint that the regeneration blastema is an integrated morphogenetic unit in which muscles differentiate according to the same genetic plan as they do in the embryo. There are some differences, however, between the regenerating and embryonic limb. The regenerating limb is larger, its muscle blastemas are also larger from the beginning, and the regenerating limb has a relatively greater amount of mesenchymal cells, which are not closely integrated into the muscle or skeletal anlagen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00519726
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeneration in grafts of normal and denervated rat muscles (1975)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 353 (1975), S. 215-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Muscle Regeneration ; Muscle Transplantation ; Contractile Properties of Muscle Transplants ; Denervation of Muscle ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The soleus or extensor digitorum longus muscles of young rats were freely grafted into the bed of the corresponding contralateral muscle. The grafts were of normal muscle or muscles which had been denervated for 14 days. Grafts of normal muscle were characterized by little or no contractile activity for the first 2–4 days after transplantation. In contrast, denervated grafts contracted weakly, but consistently, throughout this early period. The patterns of contraction were complex. In early transplants, the contractions were due entirely to surviving muscle fibers in the graft, and the contractile characteristics were those of denervated muscle fibers. After the first week, contractions of newly regenerating muscle fibers within the grafts were superimposed upon and later took over those from the fibers that survived the original transplantation. The contraction time approached those of the normal soleus or extensor muscles during the second month after grafting, and the grafts contracted like fast or slow muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584285
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contractile and histochemical properties of regenerating cross-transplanted fast and slow muscles in the rat (1975)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 353 (1975), S. 227-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Muscle Transplantation ; Muscle Regeneration ; Histochemistry of Muscle ; Contractile Properties of Muscle Transplants ; Denervation of Muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The soleus (SOL) or extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of month-old rats were denervated for 14 days and then cross-transplanted so that the fast muscle was placed into the bed of the slow muscle and vice versa. At 17, 30, 60, and 90 days the transplants were tested for certain contractile and histochemical properties. By 90 days the cross-transplanted SOL showed complete conversion of the full contraction time and nearly complete conversion of the half relaxation time to those of the normal EDL. In contrast, the contraction and relaxation times of the cross-transplanted EDL became considerably slowed, but did not attain the values of the normal SOL. Histochemical staining for ATPase and SDH activity demonstrated similar transformations of fiber types. The degree of transformation of twitch and histochemical characteristics in cross-transplanted muscles was greater than the values reported after cross-innervation of the same muscles. The cross-transplantation model has certain advantages over nerve cross-union experiments because the cross-transplanted muscle is placed in the normal functional environment of the other muscle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00584286
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition and axial deviation of limb regeneration in the newt by means of a digit implanted into the amputated limbSupported by grants from the Damon Runyan Foundation and the Muscular Dystrophy Association. (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 154 (1977), S. 223-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This research was designed to follow up the observation of Thornton and Kraemer ('51) that regressed, denervated limbs of Ambystoma larvae will not regenerate upon reinnervation if all digits on the limbs were not completely resorbed. The object of this experiment was to determine whether the presence of an apical structure, protruding past the amputation surface, would affect the regenerative process. Both forearms of adult newts were amputated midway between the elbow and the wrist. One limb served as a normal regeneration control, and in the other limb the third digit from the removed hand was implanted in place of the removed radius, so that the three distal phalangeal segments protruded past the plane of amputation. Blastema formation in the experimental limbs was delayed by several weeks as compared with control limbs. Approximately one third of the experimental limbs did not regenerate. The regenerates that did form were strongly deviated (45-90°) radially from the longitudinal axis of the limb. Experimental analysis showed that the delay in regeneration is due largely to the projecting part of the digit. The radial deviation of the regenerates is not due to the digital implant, but rather to the removal of the radius. Trauma alone does not account for this phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051540204
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The histology of inhibition of limb regeneration in the newt, Triturus, by actinomycin D (1967)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 122 (1967), S. 249-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Adult newts, Triturus viridescens, were treated with from 1.0-10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D one day before amputation of both forelimbs. Mean survival times ranged from over 50 days in newts treated with 1.0 μg/g to 13.2 days in animals given 10.0 μg/g body weight of actinomycin. Low doses little altered the course of regeneration, but animals treated with over 2.0 μg/g never formed blastemas. In another series, animals were given doses of 2.5 μg/g body weight of actinomycin D at intervals from 14 days before to 30 days after amputation. It was found that certain signs of toxicity (loss of equilibrium) are related to the time of administration of the drug whereas others (hemorrhage into the limb stumps) are restricted to a definite phase of the regenerative process. Early administration of actinomycin completely inhibits regeneration whereas later treatment results in a considerably lessened effect. The postamputational stages which are basically destructive in nature are not noticeably affected by actinomycin D, but the phases of dedifferentiation, blastema formation and redifferentiation are strongly inhibited.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051220306
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A staging system for forelimb regeneration in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanumSupported by NIH training grant 5-T01-GM 00312 (PWT), the Muscular Dystrophy Association (BMC) and a Rackham Grant and NIH-HD 08150 (TGC). (1976)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 150 (1976), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A staging system has been devised for normal regeneration from the upper arm in the mature axolotl. It consists of seven externally definable stages: (1) Wound healing (WH); (2) Dedifferentiation (DD); (3) Early bud (EB); (4) Medium bud (MB); (5) Late bud (LB); (6) Palette (Pal), and (7) Digital outgrowth (DO). Serial histological sections of 38 regenerating limbs were used to correlate gross stages with microscopic events in the regenerative process.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051500106
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A scanning electron microscopic study of differentiation of the digital pad in regenerating digits of the kenyan reed frog, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniqueiContribution number 78 from the Amphibian Facility.Supported in part by a grant from the Muscular Dystrophy Associations, Inc. and NIH Grants HD08150 and RR 0572 (1977)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 153 (1977), S. 387-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Newly metamorphosed Kenyan reed frogs, Hyperolius viridiflavus ferniquei, are able to regenerate amputated digits. The terminal digital pad is also completely reformed. Differentiation of the regenerating digital pad was studied by scanning electron microscopy. External differentiation of the digital pad began late in the second postamputational week with the appearance of small patches of specialized epidermal cells on the ventral surface of the regenerating digit. The differentiation of the pad spread out radially until late in the fourth week, when its overall shape approximated that of the normal digital pad. The appearance of patches of digital pad epidermis on the ends of spike regenerates arising from the forearm was also confirmed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051530305
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