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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Is a Survival Factor for Cerebellar Granule Cells in Culture (1995)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 64 (1995), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), purified from human fetal retinal pigment epithelium cell culture medium, was shown to potentiate the differentiation of human Y-79 retinoblastoma cells. To investigate potential neurotrophic effects of PEDF on neurons other than those of retinal derivation, we used cultures of cerebellar granule cells. The number of cerebellar granule cells was significantly larger in the presence of PEDF, as demonstrated by an assay for viable cells that uses 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt, conversion, by cell count, and by immunocytochemistry. The effect of PEDF showed a dose-response relationship, with a larger effect in chemically defined medium than in serum-containing medium [ED50 = 30 ng/ml (0.70 nM) in chemically defined medium and 100 ng/ml (2.3 nM) in serum-containing medium]. PEDF had no effect on incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (cell proliferation) or on neurofilament content (neurite outgrowth) measured by an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay. These results demonstrate that PEDF has a neurotrophic survival effect on cerebellar granule cells in culture and suggest the possibility that it may affect other CNS neurons as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1995.64062509.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase in Rat Adrenal Phenylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase mRNA Level Caused by Immobilization Stress Depends on Intact Pituitary - Adrenocortical Axis (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 63 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The effects of a single and of repeated immobilization stress on the expression of the final enzyme involved in epinephrine biosynthesis, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), are described. A single immobilization (whether lasting 5 or 120 min) caused a severalfold increase of the adrenal PNMT mRNA level as measured 2 h after the beginning of the procedure. This elevation was of a transient nature, peaked 3–6 h after the 2-h immobilization, and returned to control values by 12 h after the stress. When the animals were immobilized for 2 h/day for seven consecutive days, an increase in content of PNMT mRNA of a similar magnitude was observed, which persisted for at least 2 days after the seventh immobilization. The immobilization-induced increase was completely abolished in hypophysectomized animals, whereas adrenal denervation failed to prevent it. These data suggest that the immobilization-induced increase in adrenal PNMT mRNA level depends primarily on pituitary-adrenocortical regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63030808.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatostatin Content Increases Following Norepinephrine Depletion in Frontal Cortex of l-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine-Treated Mice (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 59 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of l-methyl-4-phenyl-l,2,3,6-tetrahy-dropyridine (MPTP) on somatostatin (SS)-containing neurons were examined by measuring dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), SS, and SS mRNA in striatum and frontal cortex of C57/B16 mice at various times following treatment with MPTP-HC1 (96 mg/kg i.p.). MPTP caused a 70% depletion of dopamine in striatum by 1 day and a 40% depletion of NE in frontal cortex within 3 days. SS content was increased in frontal cortex 4 days later, but not in striatum; there were no changes in SS mRNA. Maprotiline, a specific NE-uptake blocker, prevented both the depletion of NE and the increase of SS in frontal cortex due to MPTP administration. These results support the possibility that NE can regulate SS in frontal cortex and are discussed in terms of the decrease of SS seen in parkinsonian patients with dementia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb08900.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Vivo Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Cerebellar Neurons (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 66 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: In the CNS, nitric oxide (NO) functions as both neuromodulator and neurotoxic agent. In vivo neuronal expression of NO synthase (NOS) has been attributed to constitutive NOS—both the neuronal and the endothelial types. The other class of NOS—the inducible NOS (iNOS)—is known to mediate toxic effects of NO in various tissues. In this study, we show for the first time that direct intracerebellar injection of endotoxin and cytokine (lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ) induced in vivo neuronal expression of the iNOS gene, as demonstrated by fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining analyzed by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. This raises the possibility that neuronal iNOS might contribute significantly to the vulnerability of the brain to various insults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66041504.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ALTERATIONS OF CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-RELATED ENZYMES AND ATPase DURING UNILATERAL ISCHEMIA AND RECIRCULATION IN GERBIL CEREBRAL CORTEX (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 27 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract— Several enzyme activities were determined in gerbil cerebral cortex during unilateral ischemia or in the post-ischemic period following 1 h of ischemia. Adenylate cyclase and Na + -K + -activated ATPase showed essentially the same pattern. Neither enzyme changed during ischemia but the activities decreased on recirculation to 40–60% of right side control by 5 h. The ATPase had returned to control level by 20h; the adenylate cyclase by 7 days of recirculation. Particulate cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in the ischemic left hemisphere decreased throughout the 6h of ischemia. It remained depressed in the first 5 h of the post-ischemic period but returned to control by 20 h. The soluble protein kinase activity, the soluble cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase and the Mg2+ dependent ATPase did not change significantly during the ischemic or post-ischemic periods. The results suggest that ischemia and/or recirculation may affect cellular membranes and membrane-bound enzymes, in particular. Furthermore, the results imply that despite apparent metabolite recovery during the post-ischemic period, enzymatic changes are occurring that may be important for both the quality of recovery and the response to further ischemic insult.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1976.tb01550.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Culture Model of Reactive Astrocytes: Increased Nerve Growth Factor Synthesis and Reexpression of Cytokine Responsiveness (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 71 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Reactive gliosis, which occurs in response to damage to the central nervous system, has been recognized for years but is not yet understood. We describe here a tissue culture model of reactive astrocytes used to characterize their properties. Cultures are prepared 1 week following 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of rat substantia nigra and compared with astrocytes cultured from normal adult rats or rats injected with saline only. Astrocytes from the 6-OHDA-lesioned side contained elevated levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and GFAP mRNA and were intensely immunoreactive for GFAP, vimentin, and two epitopes that in vivo are found only on reactive astrocytes. The basal content of nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA and NGF in astrocytes from 6-OHDA-lesioned rats was significantly higher relative to control astrocytes. Two inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interferon-γ, increased synthesis of NGF up to 20-fold in the reactive cells, whereas there was no response in the normal adult astrocytes. Astrocytes from postnatal day 2 rats shared many of the properties of the reactive adult astrocytes. These cultures offer the possibility to characterize the cellular and molecular properties of reactive astrocytes and to determine the factors responsible for activation of astrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71020749.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Protects Cultured Cerebellar Granule Cells Against Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 68 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a survival factor for cerebellar granule cells in culture. In the present study, we have investigated the ability of a recombinant form of PEDF (rPEDF) to protect against glutamate neurotoxicity. When rPEDF was added to cerebellar granule cell cultures 30 min before addition of 100 µM glutamate, glutamate-induced neuronal death was significantly reduced. The protective effect of rPEDF was dose-dependent in the range from 0.023 to 7.0 nM (1–500 ng/ml), with a half-maximal dose of 0.47 nM. An antibody to rPEDF blocked this protective effect. Measurement of intraneuronal free calcium levels demonstrated that rPEDF raised the basal calcium content. However, after the elevation of intracellular calcium in response to administration of glutamate, rPEDF reduced the plateau level seen in the presence of glutamate. These data show that PEDF can protect neurons against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, possibly via a calcium-related pathway. The finding that only 30 min of preincubation is required for the neuroprotective effect, significantly faster than other known neurotrophic factors, suggests that PEDF may be useful clinically as a neuroprotective agent in the CNS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.68010026.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatostatin as a Trophic Factor Analysis of Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Somatostatin in Astrocytes (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 780 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb15109.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of Both Constitutive and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthases in Neuronal and Astrocyte Cultures (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 738 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21838.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Muscarinic Receptor Adenylate Cyclase Complex of Rat Striatum: Desensitization Following Chronic Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Activity (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 42 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Chronic inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity by treatment with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) decreased the capacity of acetylcholine (ACh) acting at a muscarinic receptor to inhibit basal adenylate cyclase activity in homogenates from rat striatum. There was also a loss of the capacity of ACh to inhibit the activation of adenylate cyclase by dopamine. The desensitization of the muscarinic receptor adenylate cyclase complex was associated with a marked attenuation of the capacity of ACh to stimulate a high-affinity GTPase activity present in striatal membranes. The EC50 value of ACh for inhibiting adenylate cyclase and for stimulating GTPase activity increased following treatment with DFP, while the Hill coefficient for both responses was unaltered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1984.tb02806.x
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