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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (18)
  • 2005-2009
  • 1975-1979  (14)
  • 1960-1964  (4)
  • 1890-1899
  • Catalysis
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 18 (1979), S. 421-429 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Triphase catalysis ; Catalysis ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Triphase catalysis (TC) has recently been introduced as a unique form of heterogeneous catalysis in which the catalyst and each of a pair of reactants are located in separate phases. Based on this concept, new synthetic methods have been developed for aqueous phase-organic phase reactions using a solid phase catalyst. Although it is only at an early stage of development, TC shows considerable potential for practical use. Our mechanistic understanding of these highly complex catalytic systems is at present very limited and detailed examination will be required before their relationship to phase-transfer, micellar, and interfacial catalysis becomes clear.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 18 (1979), S. 837-846 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: C-C coupling ; Synthetic methods ; Catalysis ; Silanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reagent hydrosilane/carbon monoxide opens up new possibilities for organic synthesis. Four cases will be discussed: 1. The reaction of olefins with hydrosilane (trialkylsilane) and carbon monoxide in the presence of Co, Ru, and Rh complexes leads to enol silyl ethers having one more carbon atom that the olefins. 2. Cyclic ethers underto carbonylative ring opening to ω-siloxyaldehydes when reacted with hydrosilane and carbon monoxide in the presence of Co2(CO)8 as catalysts 3. Aldehydes are catalytically converted into the next higher α-siloxyaldehydes or 1,2-bis(siloxy)alkenes depending on the reaction conditions used. 4. The reaction of alkyl acetates proceeds in various ways depending on the nature of the alkyl group; enol silyl ethers or alkenes are optained.-Mechanisms of these Co2(CO)8 catalyzed reactions using hydrosilane and carbon monoxide are discussed in which HCo(CO)n or R3SiCo(CO)nL function as catalytically active agents. With these species there are four types of catalytic cycles.-The synthetic possibilities of these catalytic reactions have still not been fully explored.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: ZnII complexes (ab initio study) ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zinc is one of the most important biological metals involved in the catalytic site of many enzymes. SCFab initio computations with good quality basis sets are reported for monoadducts of ZnII with various biologically significant ligands, and the fundamental features of the binding are characterized, using in particular energy decomposition scheme, population analysis and difference density curves. A test of the possibility of using pseudopotentials in this domain is also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2234
    Keywords: ZnII complexes (ab initio study) ; Catalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Zinc is one of the most important biological metals involved in the catalytic site of many enzymes. SCFab initio computations with good quality basis sets are reported for monoadducts of ZnII with various biologically significant ligands, and the fundamental features of the binding are characterized, using in particular energy decomposition scheme, population analysis and difference density curves. A test of the possibility of using pseudopotentials in this domain is also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 17 (1978), S. 505-515 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Pyridines ; Alkynes ; Nitriles ; Synthetic methods ; Cobalt catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Soluble organocobalt catalysts permit selective formation of substituted pyridines under mild conditions in a single step: mono-, di-, and trisubstituted pyridines can be obtained at will in high conversions and high yields from nitriles and alkynes. Polynuclear derivatives such as bipyridines can also be prepared by this method.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: 4-Dialkylaminopyridines ; Amino pyridines ; Acylation ; Catalysis ; Synthetic methods ; Pyridines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of 4-dialkylaminopyridines can be accomplished in two steps starting from pyridine. Compared to pyridine, these derivatives are approximately 104 times more active when used as acylation catalysts. Dialkylaminopyridines are being used with ever-increasing frequency for acylation reactions which proceed either incompletely or not at all in pyridine. This article reviews the various possible applications of 4-dialkylaminopyridines in terpene, steroid, carbohydrate and nucleoside chemistry as well as in the transformation of amino acids into α-acyl aminoketones and polymerization of isocyanates. In addition, N-substituted 4-dialkylaminopyridinium salts can be used for the transfer of sensitive groups to nucleophiles in aqueous medium. The exceptional catalytic effect of these derivatives, even in non-polar solvents, is due, in part, to the formation of high concentrations of N-acylpyridinium salts which are present in solution as loosely-bound, highly reactive ion pairs.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 17 (1978), S. 657-670 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Polymeric catalysts ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The present-day position in the field of polymeric catalysts is outlined. The following selected groups of polymeric catalysts are discussed: synthetic hydrolases, immobilized enzymes, phase-transfer catalysts, nucleophilically active bases, polymers with conjugated π-systems, photosensitizers, polymers as carriers for catalytically active metals or ions, and immobilized homogeneous catalysts. Polymeric catalysts have the following valuable properties: insoluble polymeric catalysts are readily separable from reaction solutions and can often be re-used without loss of activity; a hydrophobic matrix protects the organometallic active center from deactivation by oxygen and water; by fixation of finely divided metals on an ion exchanger, multistage reactions may be effected successively in one reactor. Polymeric carriers may influence the catalytic properties; for example, in the case of immobilized enzymes on polyionic carriers the pH of the activity maximum may be shifted.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Oxygenation ; Alkanes ; Synthetic methods ; Superacidic systems ; Catalysis ; Magic acid ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Owing to the ready availability of the starting materials, the functionalization of saturated hydrocarbons for preparing chemical intermediates and products represents an attractive goal. The possibility of converting alkane in a controlled way into alcohols, ketones etc., i.e. to oxyfunctionalize them, is particularly challenging. After a short account of previous methods used for the oxidation of alkanes, particular emphasis will be given to recently developed reactions of alkanes with oxygenating agents in superacidic media.
    Additional Material: 16 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 449-459 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Entropy ; Binding energy ; Enzyme catalysis ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Why are enzyme-catalyzed reactions so much faster than uncatalyzed reactions, and why are enzymes so specific? What is the effect of mere approximation of enzyme and substrate, and what is the influence of the strain energy? Attempts to answer these questions have led to comparisons between entropy changes in intermolecular and intramolecular reactions, and to determinations of the intrinsic energy of the bond arising by non-covalent interaction between enzyme and substrate.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 493-505 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Phase-transfer catalysis ; Catalysis ; Synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) has grown into a versatile preparative method in the last few years. The most notable new developments include the use of crown ethers as phase-transfer catalysts and the introduction of solid-liquid PTC. Some representative examples have been selected from the large number of new PTC reactions and some of them are summarized in tables.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 817-826 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Titanium tetrachloride ; Synthetic methods ; Catalysis ; C-C coupling ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Titanium tetrachloride can accelerate numerous organic reactions. Valuable syntheses of, e.g., allyl sulfides, amides, enamines, and ketones are based upon transformations of functional groups with TiCl4. Particular mention should also be made of carbon-carbon linkage with TiCl4 which permits the synthesis of hydroxy ketones and carbonyl compounds of the Michael adduct type. TiCl4 reduced in situ is suitable for the reduction of chloroarenes or the linkage of two aldehyde molecules to give an alkene.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 16 (1977), S. 285-293 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Evolution ; Enzyme catalysis ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new function derived from kinetic data, the efficiency function, can be used to quantify the efficiency of a catalyst. For freely diffusing species the maximum efficiency is unity. The enzyme triose phosphate isomerase has an efficiency of 0.6 and is thus almost a perfect catalyst. The efficiency of the acetate ion as catalyst for the same reaction is 2.5 × 10-11. This increase in catalytic efficiency is discussed in terms of three types of evolutionary improvement: the uniform binding of the substrate to the enzyme, changes in the internal thermodynamics of the bound states, and more effective catalysis of elementary steps. These concepts are illustrated for triose phosphate isomerase.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 15 (1976), S. 150-156 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Analytical methods ; Trace analysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Catalyzed reactions are becoming increasingly improtant in analytical chemistry, and especially in trace analysis. The acceleration of a particular reaction (indicator reaction) promoted by the catalyst provides information about the catalyst concentration. Substances which lower or raise the activity of a catalyst (inhibitors or activators, respectively) can likewise be determined in this way. The course of a reaction is usually monitored by physical measuring techniques. Various methods of conducting these kinetic-catalytic studies are discussed in this article. - Use of catalyzed reactions for end point detection in volumetric analysis is also feasible.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 15 (1976), S. 586-592 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Environmental chemistry ; Automotive exhaust gases ; Exhaust gases ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides can be simultaneously transformed into inoffensive substances on multifunctional catalysts. Consisting of noble metals or base metal oxides deposited on an inert support, these catalysts can be used in monolithic form or as granular packings. Compared with other methods of automotive exhaust detoxification, multifunctional catalysts are distinguished by incurring fuel savings.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Proton transfer ; Catalysis ; Enzyme catalysis ; Hydrolysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proton occupies a special position as a promoter and mediator in chemical reactions occurring in solution. Many reactions in organic chemistry are catalysed by acids or bases; likewise, most enzymes contain active groups which promote acid-base catalysis. To understand the reaction mechanisms involved, it is necessary to identify the elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps as well as their course in time. Systematic investigation of these elementary steps has become possible only with the development of new methods for studying very fast reactions. The present paper reviews the information obtained in this type of investigation. The result is a relatively complete picture of the elementary proton transfer mechanisms and a comprehensive description of the modes and laws of acid-base and enzymatic catalysis.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 185-191 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Coordination modes ; Catalysis ; Cyclooctatetraenes ; Reppe chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The relationship between the structure and the catalytic activity of nickel(II) complexes in the synthesis of cyclooctatetraene by the method of W. Reppe is discussed. The cyclotetramerization of acetylene takes place within labile Ni(II)-acetylene π-complexes. Inhibition tests have made it probable that four molecules of acetylene are grouped around the nickel ion in the transition state, in a configuration which favors the formation of the eight-membered ring.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 3 (1964), S. 93-101 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Organometallic catalysts ; Catalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Lithium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetic investigations of the polyreaction of isoprene with organolithium compounds as initiators in n-heptane as solvent indicate the following sequence of reactions: 1. formation of an adduct between a monomeric form of the organolithium compound and the isoprene and 2. reaction of this adduct with an associated form of the organolithium compound with insertion of the isoprene. The adduct formation is considered to be due to chemisorption, and proof of such chemisorption of a monomer (ethylene) is also demonstrated for a homogeneous Ziegler-type catalyst. All the reactions can be formulated in the form of cyclic structures with electron-deficient character. Postulation of such ring structures explains the surprising values obtained for the frequency factors and equilibrium constants.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1 (1962), S. 80-88 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Oxidation ; Palladium ; Catalysis ; Alkenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidation of olefins to carbonyl compounds with palladium compounds, especially the oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde, is at present carried out on a technical scale. The reaction takes place via a palladium-olefin complex, the formation of which is inhibited by halide ions. Hydrolysis to the carbonyl compound is inhibited by hydrogen ions. The knowledge gained by studying the reaction of olefins with pure solutions of palladium salts allows important conclusions to be drawn concerning the action of technical catalyst solutions containing copper and palladium chloride.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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