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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (35)
  • 2000-2004  (3)
  • 1995-1999  (18)
  • 1990-1994  (14)
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  • Fourier analysis
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of computational analysis and applications 2 (2000), S. 333-371 
    ISSN: 1572-9206
    Keywords: sampling theorem ; Cauchy's integral formula ; Poisson's summation formula ; Fourier analysis ; complex analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract First we show that several fundamental results on functions from theBernstein spaces $$B_\sigma ^p $$ (such as Bernstein's inequality andthe reproducing formula) can be deduced from a weak form of the classicalsampling theorem. In §3 we discuss the mutual equivalence of thesampling theorem, the derivative sampling theorem and a harmonic functionsampling theorem. In §§4–6 we discuss connections between thesampling theorem and various important results in complex analysis andFourier analysis. Our considerations include Cauchy's integral formula,Poisson's summation formula, a Gaussian integral, certain properties ofweighted Hermite polynomials, Plancherel's theorem, the maximum modulusprinciple, and the Phragmén–Lindelöf principle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 101 (2000), S. 233-246 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: binocular vision ; Fourier analysis ; strabismus ; temporal frequency ; visual evoked potential (VEP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this work was to study the second harmonic in the steady state pattern visual evoked potential (ssVEP) to various stimulus frequencies in subjects with normal and defective binocularity. ssVEPs were elicited by 4 c/deg sinusoidal gratings, with temporal frequencies ranging from 5 to 20 Hz (exp. 1) and 15 to 27.5 Hz (exp. 2). Responses were Fourier analysed and power and phase of the second harmonic to stimulus frequency were measured. For power, binocular enhancement in a bimodal fashion was found both in normals and in subjects with defective binocularity. The power with binocular stimulation was significantly higher in the normal group in the high frequency domain. Latency, estimated from the phase-frequency function, was longer in the group with defective binocularity, but this was statistically significant only for the high frequency domain. The results suggest that a visual system with normal binocular function can follow a stimulus with high temporal frequency more accurately than a system with disturbed binocularity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Medical & biological engineering & computing 38 (2000), S. 558-561 
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic simulation ; Pulse duplicator ; Cardiovascular system ; Atrial fibrillation ; Fourier analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Heart valve replacements are often associated with cardiac pathologies, but valvular prostheses are still tested in vitro under the same physiological conditions as for a healthy young man. Therefore a new mock circulatory system of the left heart, the dual activation simulator (DAS), has been built. The DAS allows atrial and ventricular dynamics to be controlled with pumps that activate anatomically shaped silicon models of the cavities. The mitral flow is a two-peak waveform. The E/A ratio can be changed, and the A-wave can be suppressed to simulate, for instance, atrial fibrillation. The cardiac rhythm and the mean flow-rate can be changed at will. The ability of the DAS to reproduce physiological flow is assessed by computation of the aortic input impedance and by harmonic analysis of left ventricular and atrial pressures. It allows the behaviour of valve prostheses to be studied in various conditions of concern to clinicians and can be a useful tool for engineers to improve valve prostheses or validate diagnostic tools such as 3D colour Doppler. The DAS and its capacities are described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatshefte für Mathematik 127 (1999), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 1436-5081
    Keywords: Key words: Homogeneous trees ; Fourier analysis ; wave equation ; 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 43A85 ; 35L05; 39A12
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  Let ? be a homogeneous tree, ℒbe the Laplace operator of ?, and b be the bottom of its L 2 spectrum. Let u be a solution of the (modified) wave equation on ?. Using Fourier analysis on ? we show that the energy of u is asymptotically divided into equal potential and kinetic parts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of combinatorics 3 (1999), S. 13-25 
    ISSN: 0219-3094
    Keywords: 60C05 ; 60G99 ; algebraic enumeration ; binary sequences ; set partitions into even-size blocks ; restricted set partitions ; finite residue classes modulo three ; moment ; centered moment ; cumulant ; bounds ; Fourier analysis ; Möbius inversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A probability set function is interpretable as a probability distribution on binary sequences of fixed length. Cumulants of probability set functions enjoy particularly simple properties which make them more manageable than cumulants of general random variables. We derive some identities satisfied by cumulants of probability set functions which we believe to be new. Probability set functions may be expanded in terms of their cumulants. We derive an expansion which allows the construction of examples of probability set functions whose cumulants are arbitrary, restricted only by their absolute values. It is known that this phenomenon cannot occur for continuous probability distributions. Some particular examples of probability set functions are considered, and their cumulants are computed, leading to a conjecture on the upper bound of the values of cumulants. Moments of probability set functions determined by arithmetical conditions are computed in a final example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 27 (1999), S. 23-43 
    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacodynamics ; indirect response models ; chronobiology ; cortisol ; fluticasone propionate ; Fourier analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six mathematical functions to describe the chronobiology of cortisol concentrations were assessed. Mean data from a dose-proportionality study of inhaled fluticasone propionate were fitted with an indirect response model using various biorhythmic functions (single cosine, dual ramps, dual zero-order, dual cosines, and Fourier series with 2 and n-harmonics) for production rate. Data with known parameters and random variation were also generated and fitted using the ADAPT II program. Fitted parameters, model estimation criteria, and runs tests were compared. Models with preassigned functions: the dual ramps, the dual zero-order and the dual cosines provide maximum and minimum times for cortisol release rate, were suitable for describing asymmetric circadian patterns and yielding IC50 values. Fourier analysis differs from the other methods in that it uses the placebo data to recover equations for cortisol secretion rate rather than by postulation. Nonlinear regression for Fourier analysis, instead of the L 2 -norm method, was useful to characterize the baseline cortisol data but was restricted to a maximum of two harmonics. Apart from the single cosine function, which predicts symmetrical cortisol concentrations, all methods were satisfactory in describing the baseline and suppressed cortisol concentrations. On the other hand, Fourier series with L 2 -norm produced the best unbiased estimate for baseline patterns. The Fourier method is flexible, accurate, and can be extended to other drug-induced changes in normal periodic rhythms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 139-150 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words groundwater hydraulics ; transport system ; flow system ; Fourier analysis ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'analyse des hydrosystèmes souterrains est basée sur le concept de systèmes hiérarchiques d'écoulement souterrain. La topographie de la surface piézométrique, qui est étroitement liée à celle de la surface du sol, est le facteur principal de l'emboîtement hiérarchique des écoulements souterrains, gouvernés par la gravité, ce qui fait apparaître des systèmes d'écoulement de différentes échelles en étendue et en profondeur de pénétration. Le concept de système d'écoulement est extrêmement utile pour analyser les échelles spatiales et temporelles et leurs relations mutuelles. Les équations de base correspondant à l'échelle du laboratoire sont étendues à des échelles régionales, plus vastes. L'utilisation de la méthode de Fourier met mieux en valeur l'idée originale de Tóth de systèmes d'écoulement commandés par la topographie. De cette façon, les différentes échelles spatiales de la nappe sont séparées naturellement, en donnant une expression simple pour la profondeur de pénétration du système d'écoulement souterrain. Cette décomposition fournit aussi la relation entre les échelles spatiale et temporelle. Dans une approche analogue à celle des systèmes d'écoulement, des masses d'eaux de qualités différentes peuvent être appelées "systèmes de transport". Des études de terrain, une modélisation numérique à micro-échelle sur des domaines à macro-échelle et la théorie de la dispersion stochastique indiquent qu'entre des systèmes soumis à un transport en régime permanent, les interfaces sont relativement minces. Les interfaces sont beaucoup plus minces que les zones de mélange relativement étendues prédites par l'approche conventionnelle de l'ingénierie pour la macro-dispersion, dans laquelle on applique des longueurs de macro-dispersion, indépendant du temps et relativement étendues. Une approche d'ingénierie alternative, relativement simple, est présentée. Pour la macro-dispersion de la propagation de panaches de soluté, le terme alternatif de dispersion donne les mêmes résultats que l'approche d'ingénierie conventionnelle et donne des résultats corrects pour le transport en régime permanent.
    Abstract: Resumen El análisis de los sistemas de flujo se basa en el concepto de modelos jerárquicos de aguas subterráneas. La topografía del nivel freático, estrechamente relacionada con la topografía de superficie, es uno de los factores principales en la continuidad jerárquica del flujo subterráneo gravífico, dando lugar a sistemas de flujo con distintos órdenes de magnitud en lo que respecta a extensión lateral y profundidad. El concepto de sistemas de flujo es extremadamente útil para el análisis de las escalas espacial y temporal y de sus interrelaciones. Las ecuaciones básicas deducidas a escala de laboratorio se extienden a escalas regionales. Mediante análisis de Fourier se llega al esquema original de Tóth de sistemas de flujo dominados por la topografía. De esta manera, las diferentes escalas espaciales del nivel freático quedan separadas de manera natural, lo que conduce a una expresión simple para la profundidad de penetración en un sistema de flujo. Esta descomposición conduce además a una relación ente las escalas espacial y temporal. De manera análoga a los sistemas de flujo, los cuerpos de agua de distinta calidad química pueden llamarse "sistemas de transporte". Tanto los estudios de campo como los modelos numéricos regionales con discretización a microescala, o la teoría estocástica de la dispersión indican que, para los sistemas con transporte estacionarios, las interfaces son bastante delgadas; más delgadas, por ejemplo, que las predichas por un tratamiento convencional de la macrodispersión, donde se utilizan valores relativamente grandes e independientes del tiempo. El estudio de la macrodispersión de penachos contaminantes se realiza mediante un modelo alternativo simple, donde el término alternativo de dispersión da los mismos resultados que los modelos convencionales.
    Notes: Abstract  Flow-system analysis is based on the concept of hierarchical groundwater flow systems. The topography of the water table, which is strongly related to the topography of the land surface, is a major factor in the hierarchical nesting of gravity-driven groundwater flow, resulting in flow systems of different orders of magnitude in lateral extent and depth of penetration. The concept of flow systems is extremely useful in the analysis of spatial and temporal scales and their mutual relationships. Basic equations on the laboratory scale are extended to larger, regional scales. Making use of Fourier analysis further develops Tóth's original idea of topography-driven flow systems. In this way, the different spatial scales of the water table are separated in a natural way, leading to a simple expression for the penetration depth of a flow system. This decomposition leads also to the relationship between spatial and temporal scales. Analogous to flow systems, water bodies with different water quality may be called 'transport systems.' Field studies, numerical micro-scale modeling over macro-scale domains, and stochastic dispersion theory indicate that between systems with steady transport, the interfaces are relatively thin. The interfaces are much thinner than the relatively large mixing zones predicted by the conventional engineering approach to macrodispersion, in which relatively large, time-independent macrodispersion lengths are applied. A relatively simple alternative engineering approach is presented. For macrodispersion of propagating solute plumes, the alternative dispersion term gives the same results as the conventional engineering approach and gives correct results for steady-state transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 99 (1999), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: evoked responses ; ERG ; Fourier analysis ; pattern ERG ; steady-state ; VEP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fourier analysis is a powerful tool in signal analysis that can be very fruitfully applied to steady-state evoked potentials (flicker ERG, pattern ERG, VEP, etc.). However, there are some inherent assumptions in the underlying discrete Fourier transform (DFT) that are not necessarily fulfilled in typical electrophysiological recording and analysis conditions. Furthermore, engineering software-packages may be ill-suited and/or may not fully exploit the information of steady-state recordings. Specifically: • In the case of steady-state stimulation we know more about the stimulus than in standard textbook situations (exact frequency, phase stability), so `windowing' and calculation of the `periodogram' are not necessary. • It is mandatory to choose an integer relationship between sampling rate and frame rate when employing a raster-based CRT stimulator. • The analysis interval must comprise an exact integer number (e.g., 10) of stimulus periods. • The choice of the number of stimulus periods per analysis interval needs a wise compromise: A high number increases the frequency resolution, but makes artifact removal difficult; a low number `spills' noise into the response frequency. • There is no need to feel tied to a power-of-two number of data points as required by standard FFT, `resampling' is an easy and efficient alternative. • Proper estimates of noise-corrected Fourier magnitude and statistical significance can be calculated that take into account the non-linear superposition of signal and noise. These aspects are developed in an intuitive approach with examples using both simulations and recordings. Proper use of Fourier analysis of our electrophysiological records will reduce recording time and/or increase the reliability of physiologic or pathologic interpretations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The journal of Fourier analysis and applications 4 (1998), S. 67-91 
    ISSN: 1531-5851
    Keywords: 43A30 ; 43A65 ; 43A85 ; 68T10 ; 68U10 ; Fourier analysis ; irreducible representations of the groupSL(2, ℂ) ; harmonic analysis onSL(2, ℂ) ; projectively invariant classification of patterns ; projectively adapted pattern representation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Among all image transforms, the classical (Euclidean) Fourier transform has had the widest range of applications in image processing. Here its projective analogue, given by the double cover groupSL(2, ℂ) of the projective groupPSL(2, ℂ) for patterns, is developed. First, a projectively invariant classification of patterns is constructed in terms of orbits of the groupPSL(2, ℂ) acting on the image plane (with complex coordinates) by linear-fractional transformations. Then,SL(2, ℂ)-harmonic analysis, in the noncompact picture of induced representations, is used to decompose patterns into the components invariant under irreducible representations of the principal series ofSL(2, ℂ). Usefulness in digital image processing problems is studied by providing a camera model in which the action ofSL(2, ℂ) on the complex image plane corresponds to, and exhausts, planar central projections as produced when aerial images of the same scene are taken from different vantage points. The projectively adapted properties of theSL(2, ℂ)-harmonic analysis, as applied to the problems, in image processing, are confirmed by computational tests. Therefore, it should be an important step in developing a system for automated perspective-independent object recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical imaging and vision 8 (1998), S. 99-130 
    ISSN: 1573-7683
    Keywords: superposition of periodic structures ; moiré effect ; Fourier analysis ; geometry of numbers ; spectrum support ; dense spectrum ; discrete spectrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new approach is presented for investigating the superposition of any number of periodic structures, and the moiré effects which may result. This approach, which is based on an algebraic analysis of the Fourier-spectrum using concepts from the theory of geometry of numbers, fully explains the properties of the superposition of periodic layers and of their moiré effects. It provides the fundamental notations and tools for investigating, both in the spectral domain and in the image domain, properties of the superposition as a whole (such as periodicity or almost-periodicity), and properties of each of the individual moirés generated in the superposition (such as their profile forms and intensity levels, their singular states, etc.). This new, rather unexpected combination of Fourier theory and geometry of numbers proves very useful, and it offers a profound insight into the structure of the spectrum of the layer superposition and the corresponding properties back in the image domain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Mathematical geology 29 (1997), S. 953-962 
    ISSN: 1573-8868
    Keywords: time series ; Fourier analysis ; cyclolhems ; Pennsylvanian stratigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Several stratigraphic sequences in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) in Kansas (Midcontinent, USA) were analyzed quantitatively for periodic repetitions. The sequences were coded by lithologic type into strings of datasets. The strings then were analyzed by an adaptation of a one-dimensional Fourier transform analysis and examined for evidence of periodicity. The method was tested using different states in coding to determine the robustness of the method and data. The most persistent response is in multiples of 8–10 ft (2.5–3.0 m) and probably is dependent on the depositional thickness of the original lithologic units. Other cyclicities occurred in multiples of the basic frequency of 8–10 with persistent ones at 22 and 30 feet (6.5–9.0 m) and large ones at 80 and 160 feet (25–50 m). These levels of thickness relate well to the basic cyclothem and megacyclothem as measured on outcrop. We propose that this approach is a suitable one for analyzing cyclic events in the stratigraphic record.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 18 (1996), S. 807-821 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Plasma flow ; magnetohydrodynamics ; PACS 52.70 ; Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation ; Fourier analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Disruptive instabilities were investigated in the small-tokamak TBR-1 during the application of resonant helical magnetic fields created by external helical windings. Indications were found that the main triggering mechanism of the disruption was the rapid increase of them=2/n=1 mode which, apparently after reaching a certain amplitude, interacts with other resistive modes: the internal 1/1 mode in the case of a major disruption, or with higherm components, as the 3/1 or 4/1, in the case of minor disruptions. After the coupling, the growth of the associated islands would create a chaotic field line distribution in the region between the corresponding rational magnetic surfaces which caused the gross particle transport and, finally, destroyed the confinement. In addition, investigations on higherZ eff discharges in which a mixture of helium and hydrogen was used resulted in much more unstable plasmas but apparently did not alter the basic characteristics of the disruptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 19 (1996), S. 327-332 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Separation performance ; Fourier analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple procedure is presented for determining separation performance of HRGC analysis of multicomponent mixtures. The procedure is based on the computation of Autocovariance Function (EACVF) from the digitized experimental chromatogram. Graphic inspection of the EACVF plot permits easy computation of the width value of the single component peak, σ; from the EACVF value at t=O the number of component in the mixture, m, can be simply derived. From these two basic quantities all the other chromatographic performance attributes can be calculated. The consistency of the procedure is tested for different chromatograms and compared with the more complex EACVF fitting method. Several features of the multicomponent chromatogram, overloading effects included, are directly detected.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computational complexity 5 (1995), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 1420-8954
    Keywords: Lower-bound ; complexity ; Fourier analysis ; 68Q25 ; 68Q99
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We use Fourier analysis to get general lower bounds for the probabilistic communication complexity of large classes of functions. We give some examples showing how to use our method in some known cases and for some new functions. Our main tool is an inequality by Kahn, Kalai, and Linial, derived from two lemmas of Beckner.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 162-165 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Tardive dyskinesia Instrumental assessment ; Movement disorders Digital image processing ; Fourier analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present study was performed to investigate the reliability and validity of a new device for the assessment of oral dyskinesias by means of digital image processing. Twenty schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD) and ten healthy controls were studied. In patients instrumental scores were compared to different clinical rating scale scores. Measurements were repeated after 2 weeks under the same circumstances to assess test-retest stability. Instrumental scores discriminated well between normal subjects and dyskinetic patients and correlated significantly with clinical ratings (r=0.63). The test-retest correlations showed a correspondence not larger than 40%, detecting thus the fluctuation of the TD intensity over time. These results suggest that our device is a reliable and easy to handle technique for the assessment of TD. Furthermore, the ability of the device to analyze the frequency distribution of movements makes it a useful tool for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of TD.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1619-1560
    Keywords: heart rate ; diabetic neuropathies ; Fourier analysis ; parasympathetic nervous system ; sympathetic nervous system ; regression analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 24 subjects with type I insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were studied. Cardiac parasympathetic function was measured by supine heart rate variability (HRV) in the respiratory frequency 0.10–0.50 Hz and the sympathetic index was measured as the ratio of HRV between 0.055 and 0.098 Hz to that between 0.004 and 0.5 Hz. Factors assessing diabetic control and complications, and factors unrelated to diabetes but possibly influencing HRV, were recorded. Association with depressed HRV was assessed with correlation, and prediction of depressed HRV was determined with multiple regression. Factors associated with depressed HRV but not independently predictive were renal dysfunction and elevated thyroid stimulating hormone. Elevated glycosylated haemoglobin was not significantly correlated with depressed HRV. Four factors (presence of diabetic retinopathy, male gender, duration of diabetes and increasing age) were significant in the regression and sufficed to predict 81% of the sample variance. The relative weights (β) were −0.65, 0.40, −0.40 and 0.26, respectively. Supine sympathetic index was not sufficient to demonstrate sympathetic dysfunction. It is proposed that the regression model may be used to identify patients likely to have cardiac parasympathetic autonomic dysfunction.
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  • 17
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    Springer
    Documenta ophthalmologica 90 (1995), S. 143-155 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Electroretinogram ; Fourier analysis ; Naka-Rushton equation ; Obesity surgical therapy ; Oscillatory potentials ; Vitamin A deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract New possible causes and unexplored aspects of the electroretinogram were evaluated in a case of vitamin A deficiency secondary to surgical therapy for morbid obesity. The Naka-Rushton equation, applied to the scotopic b-wave, demonstrated the quantal catch reduction caused by the loss of rhodopsin in the outer segment of photoreceptors. Study of the Fourier analysis of the photopic 20-Hz response suggested a primary involvement of the external retinal layers, with an indirect alteration of the inner layer. The electroretinogram oscillatory potentials showed alterations explained by the involvement of their generators related to the primary photoreceptor lesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 482-490 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; Transparency ; Opacity ; Scaling ; Cataract
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Power law analysis provides a quantitative method for characterization of spatial fluctuations in the cellular microstructure of the ocular lens. In the power law analysis, Fourier components of the spatial fluctuations are computed, and the relationship between the amplitude, A, and spatial frequency, f, of the components is defined by a power law function: |A|2≈(1/f)β. The exponent of the function, β, defines the scaling of the amplitude of the Fourier components as a function of spatial frequency. We performed two-dimensional power law analysis on electron micrographs of lens cells ranging from transparent to opaque. We identified two values of power law exponent, β, for the spatial fluctuations of all lens cells, one for low-and a second for high-spatial frequencies. In the low-spatial frequency region, the value of β was in the range of 0.53 to 1.33, for transparent and opaque cells. In the high-spatial frequency region, the value of β increased from 2.78 for transparent lens cells to 3.60 for opaque lens cells. The power law analysis provides a new method for quantitative characterization of the spatial fluctuations in the microstructure of transparent and opaque lens cells.
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  • 19
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    Annals of biomedical engineering 23 (1995), S. 772-786 
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Spatial co-occurrence matrix ; Fourier analysis ; Image processing ; Textural analysis ; Protein distribution ; Superfusion ; Aging ; Entropy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Many pathologies are age-related, e.g., cardiovascular disease generally occurs in midlife and cancer later in life. This suggests that aging predisposes the body to pathology. Plasma protein spatial distribution images of rat mesentery extracellular matrix (ECM) show texture due to the ECM structures, and there is an age-related decrease in tissue protein that may be related to matrix structure changes. The objective of this study was to compare changes in protein image texture under two conditions: superfusion with normal saline solution and aging. The decrease in soluble protein concentration during superfusion is a washout process, while the mechanism for the age-related decrease in tissue protein is unknown. Therefore, effects of aging and superfusion on tissue protein image texture were compared. Spatial co-occurence matrix and Fourier analysis techniques have been used for texture evaluation. Superfused images showed a more uniform protein texture. There were gradual age-related changes in image texture parameters. Entropy increased with age from 140 to 630 days, indicating that protein distribution became more disorganized. The results suggest that changes in protein image texture are due to age-related alterations in matrix structure because removing only protein by superfusion had opposite effects on texture parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 371-397 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Helmholtz equation ; least squares ; Galerkin method ; Fourier analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper a Galerkin least-squares (GLS) finite element method, in which residuals in least-squares form are added to the standard Galerkin variational equation, is developed to solve the Helmholtz equation in two dimensions. An important feature of GLS methods is the introduction of a local mesh parameter that may be designed to provide accurate solutions with relatively coarse meshes. Previous work has accomplished this for the one-dimensional Helmholtz equation using dispersion analysis. In this paper, the selection of the GLS mesh parameter for two dimensions is considered, and leads to elements that exhibit improved phase accuracy. For any given direction of wave propagation, an optimal GLS mesh parameter is determined using two-dimensional Fourier analysis. In general problems, the direction of wave propagation will not be known a priori. In this case, an optimal GLS parameter is found which reduces phase error for all possible wave vector orientations over elements. The optimal GLS parameters are derived for both consistent and lumped mass approximations. Several numerical examples are given and the results compared with those obtained from the Galerkin method. The extension of GLS to higher-order quadratic interpolations is also presented.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 20 (1995), S. 1003-1022 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: incompressible flow ; mixed formulations ; stabilized algorithms ; Fourier analysis ; finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: We present a method to assess the stability of pairs of interpolation spaces for mixed formulations. The method is based on a straightforward calculation of the eigenvalues of the discrete matrices through Fourier decomposition in plane waves and is intended to give, via straightforward numerical computations, a sharper determination of stability than the well-known ‘patch test’ of Zienkiewicz et al. Special attention is devoted to the study of stability and accuracy of equal-order interpolations.
    Additional Material: 34 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BIT 34 (1994), S. 177-204 
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: 65F10 ; 15A06 ; 65F90 ; 65K10 ; Conjugate gradient method ; preconditioning ; incomplete factorization ; polynomial preconditioner ; matrix-free method ; Fourier analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Preconditioning strategies based on incomplete factorizations and polynomial approximations are studied through extensive numerical experiments. We are concerned with the question of the optimal rate of convergence that can be achieved for these classes of preconditioners. Our conclusion is that the well-known Modified Incomplete Cholesky factorization (MIC), cf. e.g., Gustafsson [20], and the polynomial preconditioning based on the Chebyshev polynomials, cf. Johnson, Micchelli and Paul [22], have optimal order of convergence as applied to matrix systems derived by discretization of the Poisson equation. Thus for the discrete two-dimensional Poisson equation withn unknowns,O(n 1/4) andO(n 1/2) seem to be the optimal rates of convergence for the Conjugate Gradient (CG) method using incomplete factorizations and polynomial preconditioners, respectively. The results obtained for polynomial preconditioners are in agreement with the basic theory of CG, which implies that such preconditioners can not lead to improvement of the asymptotic convergence rate. By optimizing the preconditioners with respect to certain criteria, we observe a reduction of the number of CG iterations, but the rates of convergence remain unchanged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 76 (1994), S. 1005-1043 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Wave propagation ; spatiotemporal bifurcation theory ; biorthogonal decomposition ; Fourier analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract By using biorthogonal decompositions, we show how uniformly propagating waves, togehter with their velocity, shape, and amplitude, can be extracted from a spatiotemporal signal consisting of the superposition of various traveling waves. The interaction between the different waves manifests itself in space-time resonances in case of a discrete biorthogonal spectrum and in resonant wavepackets in case of a continuous biorthogonal spectrum. Resonances appear as invariant subspaces under the biorthogonal operator, which leads to closed sets of algebraic equations. The analysis is then extended to superpositions of dispersive waves for which the (Fourier) dispersion relation is no longer linear. We then show how a space-time bifurcation, namely a qualitative change in the spatiotemporal nature of the solution, occurs when the biorthogonal operator is a nonholomorphic function of a parameter. This takes place when two eigenvalues are degenerate in the biorthogonal spectrum and when the spatial and temporal eigenvectors rotate within each eigenspace. Such a scenario applied to the superposition of traveling waves leads to the generation of additional waves propagating at new velocities, which can be computed from the spatial and temporal eigenmodes involved in the process (namely the shape of the propagating waves slightly before the bifurcation). An eigenvalue degeneracy, however, does not necessarily lead to a bifurcation, a situation we refer to as being self-avoiding. We illustrate our theoretical predictions by giving examples of bifurcating and self-avoiding events in propagating phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 839-850 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Capillary GC ; Chemometry ; Fourier analysis ; Multicomponent mixture chromatograms ; PCB analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aroclor and Aroclor mixture chromatograms obtained using temperature programmed high resolution capillary GC coupled with mass spectrometric selective detection have been investigated by Fourier analysis developed for the study of multicomponent chromatograms. The experimental autocorrelation function (EACF), i.e. peak shape and position correlation, showed a retention - structure pattern which could be associated with both the type of Aroclor and the ion used for selective ion monitoring (m/z value). In particular, o-m and m-m isomerization effects were singled out by EACF analysis. By fitting EACF with previously developed theoretical models, it was possible to characterize a specific Aroclor in terms of the number of PCB congeners present in it. The results obtained agreed closely with the typical Aroclor content. For the Aroclor mixture, the distribution of inter-distance between successive peaks was derived. The two first distribution moments obtained agreed with those derived from retention data reported in the literature. The consequences on the separation performance, i.e. the number of singlets, doublets, etc. in the chromatogram, are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Source pressure ; Fourier analysis ; Contraction duration ; Shortening deactivation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By fitting isovolumic phases of an ejecting beat with a model-wave function, one can predict source pressure of the ejecting beat (Sunagawa et al.Trans Biomed Eng 1980; 27:299–305), this being a major determinant of systolic performance. Prior applications of this principle have involved two assumptions: (1) that the isovolumic pressure wave is shaped like an inverted cosine wave, and (2) that duration of an isovolumic beat is the same as that of an ejecting beat. The first assumption might cause overestimation of source pressure, since an isovolumic pressure wave begins declining before the midpoint of the wave. The second assumption might cause underestimation of source pressure, since an ejecting beat is always shorter than an adjacent isovolumic beat at the ejecting beat's enddiastolic volume. Although the two errors tend to cancel, it would be more rational and accurate to use a realistic model wave shape and a realistic isovolumic beat duration. To acquire the information necessary for this, pressure and volume time courses were measured during ejecting beats and adjacent isovolumic beats in dogs under the following steady-state conditions: basal, atrial pacing at various rates, infusion of dobutamine, infusion of verapamil, coronary ligation(s), and ventricular pacing at various sites. These conditions affected the amplitude and duration of isovolumic pressure waves substantially but did not affect the shape of the waves significantly. The duration of each isovolumic beat exceeded that of the previous ejecting beat to a degree which corresponded approximately to the ejecting beat's normalized pressure reserve (source pressure minus peak ejection pressure)/(source pressure). A more accurate source-pressure prediction should be possible by use of a realistic isovolumic pressure-wave shape and by taking account of the effect of pressure reserve on contraction duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics 44 (1992), S. 13-25 
    ISSN: 1572-9052
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; array estimation ; velocity estimation ; space-time spectral analysis ; random media ; random arrays ; frequency wavenumber processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Consider the situation where a plane wave signal is received by a spatial arrangement of recorders. Information derived from observations on such a process can be used to determine the speed and direction of the signal together with properties of the medium through which the signal is being propagated. Certain models for the case where the signal velocity can be regarded as stochastic and where the array is irregular are investigated and estimation procedures proposed. A major practical property of these models is that, unlike their deterministic counterparts, coherence decays to zero as distance between recorders increases.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile single photon emission tomography (SPET) ; Amplitude images ; Fourier analysis ; Thallium-201 SPET
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine the role of rest and stress gated technetium-99m methoxyisobutylisonitrile (sestamibi), in the detection of coronary artery disease, routine Fourier analysis of these images was performed with the best septal left anterior oblique (LAO) position of 20 patients (17 men, 3 women; aged 40–75 years) who also underwent rest or redistribution/stress single photon emission tomography (SPET) (99mTc-sestamibi and Thallium-201), gated blood pool imaging and coronary angiogram. There were 6 patients with single-vessel disease, 6 with two-vessel disease, 4 with three-vessel disease, 2 with coronary spasms, 1 with a patent graft and 1 with anginal episodes but a normal angiogram result. Three normal volunteers (2 women, 1 man; aged 24–26 years) also had rest and stress gated blood pool as well as rest and stress gated 99mTc-sestamibi imaging. Rest and stress 99mTc-ses-tamibi amplitude and phase images depicted regional myocardial wall shortening from the outer layer of the myocardium to the center of the left ventricle as follows a high amplitude halo of maximal negative count rate variaton; a circular thinner halo of negligible amplitude; a central region of maximal positive count rate variation, as the images evolved from end-diastole to end-systole. Similar patterns with regional differences represented abnormal myocardial wall shortening. (99mTc-sestamibi and 201T1 SPET) images were in agreement in 90% of the patients and 92% of myocardial regions. 201T1 SPET detected 83% of angiographically proven lesions, as compared with 80% for 99mTc-setamibi SPET and 80% for the amplitude images. The amplitude images demonstrated a larger number of other abnormalities not predicted on the angiogram, probably because they were able to detect regions with a potential for flow improvement and transient regional wall shortening abnormalities. Amplitude and phase analyses of gated rest and stress 99mTc-ses-tamibi images are easy to perform and may become an important adjunct to (99mTc-sestamibi SPET) images for a complete evaluation of both regional myocardial perfusion and regional contractile function using a single tracer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 247 (1992), S. 109-117 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Crassostrea cucullata ; Fourier analysis ; shell form ; shell length ; regression analysis ; environmental factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variations of shell form and shell length were studied for oysters growing in the mangroves of Gazi Creek, Kenya, and related to different environmental factors. For the study of the form, Fourier analysis was performed on the circumference of 85 oysters. The resulting coefficients were compared among specimens using cluster analysis. The correspondence between this classification and substrate diameter is virtually perfect (only one misclassification out of 85 oysters). For the clusters based on height above chart datum, 9 specimens, all on intermediate height levels, were misclassified. Orientation with respect to tidal current had 13 misclassifications. Mangrove species seemed to influence form only marginally, if at all. In the study of the size ofCrassostrea cucullata, the length of 956 oysters, growing along two transects were measured, and correlated with several environmental factors. Oyster length was not related to substrate diameter or its orientation with respect to the main current. Length was not influenced by density up to a cover of 70%. For densities higher than 70%, there was a fairly strong negative correlation (r 2 = 0.634,n = 217). Length was not correlated with height above bottom (base of the tree) for heights lower than 20 cm, while oysters growing closer to the bottom were smaller. The correlation with height above chart datum was negative but very low (r 2 = 0.060,n = 957). However, if all measurements of oysters closer than 20 cm to the bottom, and all from a density of more than 70% cover are deleted from the data set, the correlation with height increased dramatically, the slope still being negative (r 2 = 0.859,n = 543).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: Obsessive-compulsive disorder ; EEG ; Theta rhythm ; Fourier analysis ; Coefficient of variations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spectral EEG characteristics of thirteen patients with severe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) were investigated topographically. The finding of predominantly left posterior frontal to mid-temporal theta-2 is discussed in light of previous EEG studies and recent neuroradiologic findings.
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  • 30
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    Springer
    Brain topography 4 (1992), S. 309-319 
    ISSN: 1573-6792
    Keywords: Principal components ; Isotropicity ; Complex statistics ; Electroencephalography ; Equivalent dipoles ; Fourier analysis ; Brain mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the normal resting EEG crosspectrum Svv(ω) is analyzed using complex multivariate statistics. Exploratory data analysis with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is followed by hypothesis testing and computer simulations related to possible neural generators. The Svv(ω) of 211 normal individuals (ages 5 to 97) may be decomposed into two types of processes: the ξ process with spatial isotropicity reflecting diffuse, correlated cortical generators with radial symmetry, and processes that seem to be generated by more spatially concentrated, correlated sources. The latter are reflected as spectral peaks such as the process. The eigenvectors of the ξ process are the Spherical Harmonic Functions which explains the recurring pattern of maps characteristic of the spatial PCA of qEEG data. A new method for estimating sources in the frequency domain which fits dipoles to the whole crosspectrum is applied to explain the characteristics of the localized sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 31
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    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 63 (1991), S. 300-307 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Oxygen uptake ; Carbon dioxide output ; Ventilation ; Pseudorandom binary sequence ; Fourier analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dynamics of ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2), carbon dioxide output (VCO2), and heart rate (f c) were studied in 12 healthy young men during upright and supine exercise. Responses to maximal and to two different types of submaximal exercise tests were contrasted. During incremental exercise to exhaustion, the maximal work rate, VO2max, VEmax, f c,max, and ventilatory threshold were all significantly reduced in supine compared to upright exercise (P〈0.01–0.001). Following step increases or decreases in work rate between 25 W and 105 W, both VO2 and VCO2 responded more slowly in supine than upright exericse. Dynamics were also studied in two different pseudorandom binary-sequence (PRBS) exercise tests, with the work rate varying between 25 W and 105 W with either 5-s or 30-s durations of each PRBS unit. In both of these tests, there were no differences caused by body position in the amplitude or phase shifts obtained from Fourier analysis for any observed variable. These data show that the body position alters the dynamic response to the more traditional step increase in work rate, but not during PRBS exercise. It is speculated that the elevation of cardiac output observed with supine exercise in combination with the continuously varying work-rate pattern of the PRBS exercise allowed adequate, perhaps near steady-state, perfusion of the working muscles in these tests, whereas at the onset of a step increase in work rate, greater demands were placed on the mechanisms of blood flow redistribution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 13 (1991), S. 579-597 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Diffusion-convection ; Fourier analysis ; Stability ; Artificial viscosity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper develops a stability analysis of second-order, two- and three-time-level difference schemes for the 2D linear diffusion-convection model problem. The corresponding 1D schemes have been extensively analysed in two previous papers by the same author. Most of these 2D schemes obviously generalize 1D schemes, i.e. their stencil only uses the nearest points and defines ‘product difference schemes’; however, the stability results are not always the exact generalization of the 1D stability properties. Moreover, the 1D nonviscous MFTCS scheme may only be generalized if one uses a nine-point scheme. Numerical experiments for different values of the cell Reynolds number allow a comparison to be made between the theoretical and numerical stability limits.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Documenta ophthalmologica 76 (1990), S. 65-71 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Coefficient of variation ; domain of frequency ; domain of time ; Fourier analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dark-adapted and light-adaped electroretinograms of 13 subjects with 23 normal eyes were analyzed by means of Fourier spectrum. The oscillatory potentials in the time domain were filtered out from the electroretinogram after a corresponding bandpass was given in the frequency domain. The coefficient of variation of total power, dominant power and dominant frequency of the isolated oscillatory potentials in the frequency domain, summed amplitudes and area of the isolated oscillatory potentials, each amplitude and implicit time of the first four major oscillatory potential wavelets in the time domain were compared. The implicit time showed the smallest coefficient of variation; summed amplitudes of OP1 to OP4 showed smaller coefficients of variation than those of the area, the amplitude of each oscillatory potential wavelet, dominant frequency and dominant and total power. The coefficient of variation of these measurement parameters in light-adapted electroretinograms was smaller than those in dark-adapted electroretinograms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1741-0444
    Keywords: Aortic regurgitation ; Arterial compliance ; Fourier analysis ; Impedance ; Mean aortic pressure ; Peripheral resistance ; Windkessel model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three methods for measuring arterial compliance when aortic regurgitation is present are examined. The first two methods are based on a Windkessel model composed of two elements, compliance C and resistance R. Arterial compliance was estimated from diastolic pressure waveforms and diastolic regurgitant flow for one method, and from systolic aortic pressure waveforms and systolic flow for the other method. The third method was based on a three-element Windkessel model, composed of characteristic resistance r, compliance C and resistance R. In this method arterial compliance was calculated by adjusting the model to the modulus and phase of the first harmonic term of the aortic input impedance. The three methods were compared and validated in six anaesthetised pigs over a broad range of aortic pressures. The three methods were found to give quantitatively similar estimates of arterial compliance at mean aortic pressures above 60 mm Hg. Below 60 mm Hg, estimates of arterial compliance varied widely, probably because of poor validity of the Windkessel models in the low pressure range.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 11 (1990), S. 427-444 
    ISSN: 0271-2091
    Keywords: Fourier analysis ; Eulerian-Lagrangian ; Least squares ; Transport ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A Fourier analysis was performed in order to study the numerical characteristics of the effective Eulerian-Lagrangian least squares collocation (ELLESCO) method. As applied to the transport equation, ELLESCO requires a C1-continuous trial space and has two degrees of freedom per node. Two coupled discrete equations are generated for a typical interior node for a one-dimensional problem. Each degree of freedom is expanded separately in a Fourier series and is substituted into the discrete equations to form a homogeneous matrix equation. The required singularity of the system matrix leads to a ‘physical’ amplification factor that characterizes the numerical propagation of the initial conditions and a ‘computational’ one that can affect stability.Unconditional stability for time-stepping weights greater than or equal to 0-5 is demonstrated. With advection only, ELLESCO accurately propagates spatial wavelengths down to 2Δx. As the dimensionless dispersion number becomes large, implicit formulations accurately propagate the phase, but the higher-wave-number components are underdamped. At large dispersion numbers, phase errors combined with underdamping cause oscillations in Crank-Nicolson solutions. These effects lead to limits on the temporal discretization when dispersion is present. Increases in the number of collocation points per element improve the spectral behaviour of ELLESCO.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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