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  • ZIB Catalog  (269)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (41,095)
  • 2005-2009  (41,364)
  • 1890-1899
  • 2005  (41,364)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A measurement of τ polarization in Z^0 decays (1992-8977)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 294 (1992), S. 466-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(92)91549-O
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the average lifetime of b hadrons (1993-4325)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Physics Letters B 317 (1993), S. 474-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 0370-2693
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0370-2693(93)91027-K
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Averaging Income Distributions (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Various inequality and social welfare measures often depend heavily on the choice of a distribution of income. Picking a distribution that best fits the data involves throwing away information and does not allow for the fact that a wrong choice can be made. Instead, Bayesian model averaging utilizes a weighted average of the results from a number of income distributions, with each weight given by the probability that a distribution is ‘correct’. In this study, prior densities are placed on mean income, the mode of income and the Gini coefficient for Australian income units with one parent (1997–8). Then, using grouped sample data on incomes, posterior densities for the mean and mode of income and the Gini coefficient are derived for a variety of income distributions. The model-averaged results from these income distributions are obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00226.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stochastic Unit Roots in the Capital Asset Pricing Model? (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Evidence is provided in this article for the existence of a stochastic unit root (STUR) in a proxy for the US risk-free interest rate, in preference to a standard fixed unit root. The implications of the existence of the STUR, on estimating and testing the capital asset pricing model, are also examined through simulations. The effects of the STUR in the risk-free interest rate, on conducting unit root tests for excess market returns and estimating the betas of assets, are found to be qualitatively similar to those of the standard (fixed) unit root. Thus, this article confirms the conjecture of Markellos and Mills (2001, Applied Economics Letters, 8, pp. 499–502) on the risk-free interest rate following near-integrated processes, at least for a STUR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00228.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Has liberalization affected profit margins in Indian Industry? (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this article, we analyse the determinants of firm-level profit margins in Indian manufacturing. The model we estimate is rich in its dynamic characterization allowing as it does for lagged terms, trend movements, business cycle effects and a structural break in 1991. We hypothesize that the reforms undertaken by the government in 1991 constitute a structural break that influences a firm's independence to react to other firms as well as the extent of competition faced by these firms. Inserting this into the standard industrial organization model of profits, we obtain a dynamic market model. Estimating this model for 1980–98, we find that the 1991 reforms did have a significant impact on profit margins in Indian industry. The reforms have worked through their impact on a firm's behavioural variables – advertising, Research and Development (R&D), capital–output ratios and managerial remuneration – though the precise variables that were significant varied from sector to sector. We find that relatively inefficient firms make significantly lower profits than others both before and after the liberalization as expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00224.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ‘Don’t Know Much About History…’: Revisiting the Impact of Curriculum on Subsequent Labour Market Outcomes (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Regression and neural network models of wage determination are constructed where the explanatory variables include detailed information about the impact of school curricula on future earnings. It is established that there are strong non-linearities and interaction effects present in the relationship between curriculum and earnings. The results have important implications in the context of the human capital vs. signalling and screening debate. They also throw light on contemporary policy issues concerning the desirability of breadth vs. depth in the school curriculum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.01287.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and Wage Inequality in a Dual Economy (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Who benefits from economic growth? This paper analyses the distributional impact of different types of growth within a two-sector model. The paper first presents necessary and sufficient conditions for unambiguous changes in wage inequality in a dual economy, based on analysis of the entire Lorenz curve. These conditions are then applied to the Harris–Todaro model with an urban non-agricultural sector and rural agriculture. It is shown that capital accumulation or technical progress in agriculture can shift the Lorenz curve inwards and reduce wage inequality, while the effects of development in non-agriculture are typically ambiguous.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00218.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Explaining ethnic unemployment and activity rates: evidence from the QLFS in the 1990s and 2000s (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article uses data from the Quarterly Labour Force Survey for 1992–95 and 2000–03 to examine changes in ethnic unemployment and economic activity. The intention was to compare the relatively high unemployment era of the 1990s with the lower unemployment era of the 2000s. Although the ethnic minority unemployment situation has improved, only half of the difference between white and non-white unemployment can be attributed to differences in observed characteristics. This suggests that a large unexplained discriminatory element still exists for most ethnic minorities. This has become larger for Pakistani/Bangladeshi men, implying a widening of the unexplained ethnic differential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00220.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Taxation, Reranking and Equivalence Scales (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: It is conjectured that if the government has a distributional objective and formulates tax policy with a view to equitable treatment of households, then adopting the scale that is implicit in transfer policy should identify only reranking that has no equity foundation. This motivates the question: can the reranking-minimizing scales be identified as those implicit in the transfer system? The analysis presented in this study suggests that the equivalence scale which minimizes reranking, while not necessarily equal to the tax implicit equivalence scale, is nevertheless in its vicinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2005.00213.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Market Structure, Efficiency and Rising Consolidation of the Banking Industry in the Euro Area (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Four factors are fundamentally altering the financial landscape in the Euro Area: deregulation, further disintermediation provoked by the common currency and common monetary policy, technological advances and increased competition from non-bank intermediaries. Faced with the combined pressures of these factors, banks are devising strategies to do business in this new environment. They respond by attempting to improve their efficiency and/or market power through consolidation and balance sheet restructuring. This article examines whether the ongoing process of consolidation should be rationalized on the basis of the benefits of economies of scale and scope or to the attempt of banks to tackle excess capacity problems. Empirical findings reveal a significant effect of efficiency measures on banking profitability indices. Also, we argue that further disintermediation caused by common currency and common monetary policy poses a threat to banks' profitability. Finally, these results have some implications for merger and antitrust policy as well as for supervisory and regulatory practices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2005.00215.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beliefs, Bailouts and Spread of Bank Panics (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article highlights the spread of bank panics across countries, as the public reassesses governments' propensity to bailouts. Policymakers decide whether to save collapsing banking systems by weighing social costs of crises against the costs associated with raising taxes to finance rescue packages. Policymakers know those social costs of bank liquidation whereas the public does not. In this setup, financial crises may result from the public's self-fulfilling prophecies about equilibrium outcomes, as lenders' expectations impinge on the taxation cost of bailouts. It follows that a banking crisis in a country leads creditors to reexamine policymakers' willingness to bailouts in other countries, which eventually makes their banks more vulnerable to self-confirming depositors' runs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2005.00216.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equal Treatment of Cultures and the Limits of Postmodern Liberalism (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 13 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00211.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction: Population & Political Theory (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 13 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00228.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Moral Rights of Creators of Artistic and Literary Works* (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 13 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00226.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resolving Interpretive Conflicts in International Human Rights Law (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 13 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00212.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regarding Optimum Population* (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 13 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00231.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Secular Philosophy and Muslim Headscarves in Schools* (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 13 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2005.00225.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Out of control: personal networks in European collaboration (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The formal ties that bind collaborating organisations are often assumed to be reinforced by the relationships of individual employees, and these by trust. So, too, are the personal networks by which employees acquire much of the information required for the organisation's innovation. It is easy to assume that personal networks should support collaborative arrangements. It is also tempting for managers to ensure that they do by bringing them under organisational control. This paper investigates collaboration in Esprit, the European Commission's programme for research in information technology. It finds personal networks, and considers the implications for innovation of attempts to render these networks compatible with collaboration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00400.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Content validation of a measure of R&D effectiveness (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The overall purpose of this paper is to analyse the content validity of a tool for measuring research and development (R&D) effectiveness in industry using an approach known as scale or construct validation.Since a large number of indicators is needed in order to measure this concept, and it is often difficult to find qualitative measures that would provide more information than quantitative measures or purely numerical magnitudes, we have constructed a scale that enables us to create a multiindicator to measure R&D inputs, processes, outputs and results. This multiindicator also enables us to group together all the relevant data obtained from the R&D management literature, which we then validate by consulting the opinion of experts from two firms that are very active in R&D and we have consulted two more nationally recognized Spanish researchers on R&D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00392.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategic management of intangible assets and value drivers in R&D organizations (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper takes a resource-based view of the R&D process. Based on the literature, we forward a theory that allows us to predict the dynamic interaction and transformation of five key resources, namely human, relational, organizational, monetary, and physical. Utilizing visualization tools allows us to test this theory on various levels in order to draw insights from the data. The output of the analysis improves the strategic understanding of an organization. In particular, it improves the understanding of how intangible resources drive the value creation in an R&D organization. Further analysis of the data allows us to identify resources that are either under utilized or over utilized, which might indicate inefficiencies in the organizational performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00377.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Competing in the new economy: the effect of intellectual capital on corporate entrepreneurship in high-technology new ventures (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Intellectual capital (IC) offers a potential source of sustainable competitive advantage and is believed to be the font from which technological development and economic growth may spring. This study proposes a three-dimensional framework for describing and measuring a firm's IC that includes human capital, intellectual property, and reputational capital. Drawing upon the resource-based view of the firm, it is argued that in high-technology new ventures (HTNVs) IC assets offer a unique source of advantage that facilitates entrepreneurship by reducing the risk and increasing the returns from investments in innovation and venturing. This paper reports the results of an empirical study of 237 HTNVs in the US that issued an initial public offering between 1994 and 1998. It is found that these firms' top management team human capital diversity and organizational reputation are of greatest significance for their entrepreneurial performance. Interestingly, these factors far outweigh the insignificant effect observed for intellectual property on subsequent innovation and venturing activities. The implications for theory and practice are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00379.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Value creation potential of intellectual capital in biotechnology – empirical evidence from Finland (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The objective of the study was to empirically verify impacts of intellectual capital (IC) to the anticipated future sales of small- and medium-sized companies within the biotechnology industry. The study creates and develops tools for the valuation of companies by relating the existing intangibles and the expected value creation of the companies in that industry displaying high growth prospects but long and insecure product development phases. Theoretically, IC is divided into the following three categories: human capital (HC), structural capital (SC), and relational capital (RC). In the empirical setting, survey data of small- and medium-sized Finnish biotechnology companies are used. In the econometric analyses, the interactions, or empirical co-variation, between the three categories of IC explain two-thirds of the variance in the anticipated future sales of the sample companies. Thus, it seems that a well-balanced combination of HC, SC, and RC implies value creation potential and high anticipated future sales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00381.x
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Firm size and the effect of R&D on Tobin's q (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Significant market value effects of research and development (R&D) are generally apparent, but aggregate evidence has the potential to obscure meaningful differences according to firm size. Consistent with findings reported by Chauvin and Hirschey (1993) for the late 1980s, valuation effects of R&D remain somewhat greater for larger as opposed to smaller firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00384.x
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The spatial configuration of the entrepreneurial support network for the semiconductor industry (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study is the first to examine the spatial location of different actors in the entrepreneurial support network for high-technology start-up firms. The actors included in this study are lead venture capitalists, independent members of the board of directors, investment bankers, and law firms. Using data based on 44 semiconductor initial public offerings, the geographical location of these newly public firms and the actors in their support network is mapped, and the spatial relationships between these firms and their network are examined. It was found that the geographical proximity between these actors and the firms they support varied significantly, with a firm's legal counsel being the most proximate, followed by investment bankers, venture capitalists, and independent directors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00368.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An examination of the relationships between leadership style, quality, and employee satisfaction in R&D versus administrative environments (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Academics and executives argue that effective leadership is a key predictor of R&D success as well as quality management. Recent research highlights transformational leadership as a highly effective style shown to predict performance in organizations. However, no study examined the role of transformational and transactional leadership in building quality climate in R&D versus non-R&D settings. We examined the relationship between leadership style and the establishment of a quality environment in an R&D setting based on an empirical study of 511 research engineers and scientists. It is found that both transformational leadership and transactional contingent-reward leadership are related to the establishment of a quality environment in the R&D part of a telecommunications firm. However, the impact of transactional contingent-reward leadership ceases to be significant once both leadership styles are considered simultaneously using structural equations. A transformational leadership style was also found to be related to employee satisfaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00371.x
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Abigail Edwards and John R. Wilson, Implementing Virtual Teams: A Guide to Organizational and Human FactorsSusan Greenfield, Tomorrow's PeoplePaul Dobson, Kenneth Starkey and John Richards, Strategic Management Issues and Cases
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00375.x
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Funding sources and the strategic roles of decentralised R&D in multinationals (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyses the sources of funding accessed by laboratories of foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) operating in the UK. The five separate sources of funding are systematically related to four different roles that such labs are seen to play. The results confirm the view that decentralised R&D in MNEs now plays significant and carefully defined roles in the technological and competitive evolution of these enterprises. The strong position of central group funds is seen to reflect two trends in the status of decentralised labs. Firstly, to support their willingness to activate strong local scientific inputs for longer-term and speculative (risky) research programmes. Secondly, to inculcate an acceptance of individual labs to operate within interdependent networks of group operations (precompetitive research or product development).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00374.x
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation Effects on Company Beta Components (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper introduces a general model to analyse the effects of regulation on company risk. In particular, we consider two determinants of systematic risk: the company's overall risk and the correlation between the regulated company's value and the market. Theoretical findings indicate that, as regulation gets stricter, the company's abnormal returns will turn negative whereas the two systematic risk components will increase, and vice versa. We use event analysis elements and a time-varying beta estimation to verify the regulation impact on risk and returns in the English electricity distribution industry. We find that systematic risk varies significantly during the period considered in our analysis. Furthermore, the analysis points to negative relationships between abnormal returns and both market correlation and overall risk variations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00227.x
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  • 29
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    Quality Competition and Social Welfare in Markets with Partial Coverage: New Results (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We use a vertical product differentiation model under partial market coverage to study the social welfare optimum and duopoly equilibrium when convex costs of quality provision are either fixed or variable in terms of production. We show the following new results. First, under fixed costs, the social planner charges a uniform price for the single variant that just covers costs of quality provision. Like the duopoly equilibrium, this socially optimal pricing entails a partially uncovered market, but a smaller share of the market is served compared with the duopoly equilibrium. Second, for the variable cost case, it is socially optimal to provide both high- and low-quality variants, but market shares need not be equal. This differs from the result in fully covered markets. Third, in the duopoly equilibrium, the quality spread is too wide under variable costs relative to the social optimum. Under fixed costs, the duopoly produces two variants, but quality is too low relative to the social optimum, which has only one variant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00229.x
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hours Constraints and In-Work Poverty (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We develop a new approach to modelling the impact of personal characteristics on the extent of poverty, using propensity score matching methods. This is used to evaluate the contribution of hours constraints to poverty, as revealed in UK and US datasets. The results reveal a significant difference, consistent with the existence of greater labour market flexibility in the US.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00225.x
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  • 31
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    The Taylor Rule: A Spurious Regression? (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the econometric properties of the Taylor (1993) rule applied to US, Australian and Swedish data to judge its empirical relevance. Unit root tests indicate that the variables in the Taylor rule are near integrated processes, implying that cointegration is a necessary condition both for consistent estimation of the parameters of the model and compatibility between the model and the data. Tests find little support for cointegration and, together with an out-of-sample forecast exercise, suggest that we should have serious doubts about the Taylor rule as a reasonable description of how monetary policy is presently conducted. Parameters in Taylor rule regressions are therefore likely to be inconsistently estimated, and caution should be taken before central bank policy is evaluated using such methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.01220.x
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  • 32
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    The effect of school resources on educational attainment: evidence from Denmark (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We investigate the effect of school inputs in primary and lower secondary schools on the probability of eventually passing upper secondary or vocational education. Danish administrative register data for a large number of young people and their parents are used. Educational outcome and controls for family background are measured at the individual level, whereas school expenditure and controls for municipal socioeconomic characteristics are measured at the municipal level. As unobserved characteristics may be correlated for pupils within the same municipality, we estimate linear probability and logit models with random municipal-specific effects in addition to standard OLS and logit models. With the full sample of pupils and the full set of controls, we find that expenditure per pupil has a statistically significant, but rather small, positive effect on educational attainment. Effects of teacher–pupil ratios are less significant. The expenditure effects are generally higher for pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00217.x
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  • 33
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    Endogenous distribution and equilibrium growth: a note (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Does distributive conflict diminish during the course of economic development? This article outlines a model in which distribution, the tax rate and growth evolve endogenously over time. When voting occurs over a tax on capital, we show that the growth rate is maximized at the political equilibrium in the long run. When voting occurs over a general income tax, we show that the growth rate is maximized at the political equilibrium in both the short and long run. These results suggest that the transitional dynamics of growth models with redistributive politics lead to growth-maximizing outcomes, as distributive conflict diminishes in the course of development. This implies that the democratic process leads to greater consensus over policy choices, with a perfect convergence of interest across individuals with respect to the tax rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00219.x
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  • 34
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    Decomposing poverty changes into vertical and horizontal components (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Variations in aggregate poverty indices can be due to differences in average poverty intensity, to changes in the welfare distances between those poor of initially unequal welfare status and/or to emerging disparities in welfare among those poor of initially similar welfare status. This note uses a general cost-of-inequality approach that decomposes the total change in poverty into a sum of indices of each of these three components. This decomposition can serve inter alia to integrate horizontal and vertical equity criteria in the poverty alleviation assessment of social and economic programmes. The use of these measures is briefly illustrated using Tunisian data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-3378.2005.00221.x
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  • 35
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    The Game Academics Play: Editors versus Authors (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article studies a game between authors and editors. Editors play as leaders while authors are the followers. Authors maximize the number of publications seeking to increase the impact of their work in the literature, captured by citations. Editors maximize the quality of papers they publish in order to increase the reputation of their journals. The main results are: (i) rules aimed at increasing scholars productivity, such as requirements to obtain tenure, increase author's citations and journal's quality; (ii) editors willingness to build journal's reputation hurt journal's quality and increase author's publications; (iii) journal's reputation increases citations and journal's quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2005.00212.x
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  • 36
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    Testing Multiple Non-Nested Factor Demand Systems (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 57 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article explains how to obtain straightforward extensions of the most popular univariate non-nested statistics, and of the RESET-test, to a multivariate context and examines how to use these tests to compare alternative factor demand systems. The empirical application involves the classical Berndt–Khaled KLEM data set. A statistically adequate specification is determined for each competing factor demand system. The empirical results are interpreted for each system, the models are compared on the basis of multivariate paired and joint non-nested procedures and practical indications about what to expect if these tests are applied to alternative factor demand specifications are provided.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2005.00214.x
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    Editorial (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00403.x
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  • 38
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    Drivers of organizational creativity: a path model of creative climate in pharmaceutical R&D (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A path model of organizational creativity was presented; it conceptualized the influences of information sharing, learning culture, motivation, and networking on creative climate. A structural equation model was fitted to data from the pharmaceutical industry to test the proposed model. The model accounted for 86% of the variance in the creative climate-dependent variable. Information sharing had a positive effect on learning culture, which in turn had a positive effect on creative climate, while there were negative direct effects of information sharing on creative climate and on intrinsic motivation. This study suggests that information sharing and intrinsic motivation are important drivers for organizational creativity in a complex R&D environment in the pharmaceutical industry. Implications of the model are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00395.x
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Creating high-performing software development teams (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: With software development (SD) constituting one of the largest portions of corporate capital expenditures, an organization's capability to manage the SD process is a key success factor. Additionally, SD is increasingly an important driver of successful technology-based products as evidenced by the interdependence of software and hardware in telecommunications equipment, computers, medical devices, measurement/monitoring equipment, and industrial controls equipment. Building high-performing SD teams that utilize state-of-the-art development processes increases the likelihood that firms can compete and meet the ever-expanding expectations of stakeholders. We first introduce the generic process models of SD and then address a number of major issues that can arise in the course of building highly effective SD teams. We then identify a number of best practices that can improve SD teams, both in terms of technical and intragroup aspects, and the role that senior management can play in reinforcing effective project team behaviors. Finally, we address the concept of capturing learning from SD project teams and advance several areas for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00396.x
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  • 40
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    MARGINAL ZONE B CELLS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 161-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Our views regarding the origins and functions of splenic marginal zone B cells have changed considerably over the past few years. Perspectives regarding the development and function of these cells vary considerably between investigators studying human and rodent immunology. Marginal zone B cells are now recognized to constitute a distinct naive B lymphoid lineage. Considerable progress has been made regarding the mechanisms involved in marginal zone B cell development in the mouse. Many of the molecular events that participate in the retention of this lineage of B cells in the marginal zone have been identified. Here, we discuss the functions of these cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. We also attempt to reconcile differing viewpoints regarding the generation and function of marginal zone B cells in rodents and primates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115728
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  • 41
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    ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC MEMORY B CELL DEVELOPMENT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 487-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Helper T (Th) cellĐ??regulated B cell immunity progresses in an ordered cascade of cellular development that culminates in the production of antigen-specific memory B cells. The recognition of peptide MHC class II complexes on activated antigen-presenting cells is critical for effective Th cell selection, clonal expansion, and effector Th cell function development (Phase I). Cognate effector Th cellĐ??B cell interactions then promote the development of either short-lived plasma cells (PCs) or germinal centers (GCs) (Phase II). These GCs expand, diversify, and select high-affinity variants of antigen-specific B cells for entry into the long-lived memory B cell compartment (Phase III). Upon antigen rechallenge, memory B cells rapidly expand and differentiate into PCs under the cognate control of memory Th cells (Phase IV). We review the cellular and molecular regulators of this dynamic process with emphasis on the multiple memory B cell fates that develop in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115732
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  • 42
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    B CELL SIGNALING AND Tumorigenesis (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 415-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes are regulated by receptors localized on the cell surface. Engagement of these receptors induces the activation of intracellular signaling proteins that transmit the receptor signals to distinct targets and control the cellular responses. The first signaling proteins to be discovered in higher organisms were the products of oncogenes. For example, the kinases Src and Abelson (Abl) were originally identified as oncogenes and were later characterized as important proteins for signal transduction in various cell types, including lymphocytes. Now, as many cellular signaling molecules have been discovered and ordered into certain pathways, we can better understand why particular signaling proteins are associated with tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss recent progress in unraveling the molecular mechanisms of signaling pathways that control the proliferation and differentiation of early B cells. We point out the concepts of auto-inhibition and subcellular localization as crucial aspects in the regulation of B cell signaling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115606
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  • 43
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    Electronic Resource
    IMMUNOLOGY OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 683-747 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Multiple sclerosis (MS) develops in young adults with a complex predisposing genetic trait and probably requires an inciting environmental insult such as a viral infection to trigger the disease. The activation of CD4+ autoreactive T cells and their differentiation into a Th1 phenotype are a crucial events in the initial steps, and these cells are probably also important players in the long-term evolution of the disease. Damage of the target tissue, the central nervous system, is, however, most likely mediated by other components of the immune system, such as antibodies, complement, CD8+ T cells, and factors produced by innate immune cells. Perturbations in immunomodulatory networks that include Th2 cells, regulatory CD4+ T cells, NK cells, and others may in part be responsible for the relapsing-remitting or chronic progressive nature of the disease. However, an important paradigmatic shift in the study of MS has occurred in the past decade. It is now clear that MS is not just a disease of the immune system, but that factors contributed by the central nervous system are equally important and must be considered in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115707
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  • 44
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    UNDERSTANDING PRESENTATION OF VIRAL ANTIGENS TO CD8+ T CELLS IN VIVO: The Key to Rational Vaccine Design * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 651-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: CD8+ T cells play a critical role in antiviral immunity by exerting direct antiviral activity against infected cells. Because of their ability to recognize all types of viral proteins, they offer the promise of providing broad immunity to viruses that evade humoral immunity by varying their surface proteins. Consequently, there is considerable interest in developing vaccines that elicit effective antiviral TCD8+ responses. Generating optimal vaccines ultimately requires rational design based on detailed knowledge of how TCD8+ are activated in vivo under natural circumstances. Here we review recent progress obtained largely by in vivo studies in mice to understand the mechanistic basis for activation of naive TCD8+ in virus infections. These studies point the way to detailed understanding and provide some key information for vaccine development, although much remains to be learned to enable truly rational vaccine design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115702
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    REGULATION OF LYMPHOID DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENTIATION, AND FUNCTION BY THE NOTCH PATHWAY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 945-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Notch pathway is gaining increasing recognition as a key regulator of developmental choices, differentiation, and function throughout the hematolymphoid system. Notch controls the generation of hematopoietic stem cells during embryonic development and may affect their subsequent homeostasis. Commitment to the T??cell lineage and subsequent stages of early thymopoiesis is critically regulated by Notch. Recent data indicate that Notch can also direct the differentiation and activity of peripheral T and B cells. Thus, the full spectrum of Notch effects is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we discuss this explosion of knowledge as well as current controversies and challenges in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115747
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  • 46
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    Action, reflection, and learning – coaching in order to enhance the performance of drug development project management teams (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: High-performing project teams are crucial for effective research and development (R&D). To become high performing, teams need to make use of their different skills and reflect upon their collective actions, thereby combining knowledge that could lead to value-adding activities for the company. This article describes the use of team coaching in supporting team reflection and learning in global R&D project teams. A collaborative research approach was used during the 8 months of coaching, with several inquiry methods being employed. The results indicate that coaching interventions have a positive effect on team performance, both from an efficiency perspective as well as from a creativity and climate perspective. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed, as is future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00405.x
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    Proposal of industrial research and development performance indices (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: To express research and development performance, R&D efficiency and R&D cash flow are proposed as indices. These indices reflect the connection between investment and its results more clearly than conventional indices such as R&D expenditure-to-sales ratio. For this attribute, the proposed indices are expected to be particularly useful in demonstrating the R&D division's accountability to other divisions and work within the R&D division toward R&D efficiency improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00401.x
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    Corporate venture capital as a strategy for external innovation: an exploratory empirical study (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: By creating corporate venture capital (CVC) units, large corporations predominantly pursue strategic objectives, especially the realisation of external innovations. Theoretical and preliminary empirical results on corporate venturing suggest how to manage CVC in order to achieve strategic objectives. We analyse for a sample of 21 corporate venture units in Germany, if the respective CVC programmes pursue the strategic objective to leverage external innovation and if these programmes are managed accordingly. We find that the majority of German corporate venture programmes follow mixed objectives and are not organised and managed as suggested in the literature. We come to the conclusion that a short-term focus on financial objectives of these CVC programmes prohibits the achievement of long-term strategic benefits from external innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00386.x
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    The innovating region: toward a theory of knowledge-based regional development (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper sets forth a model of knowledge-based regional development conceived as a set of multi-linear dynamics, based on alternative technological paradigms. Utilizing longitudinal data from a Swedish region, and international comparisons, four stages of development are identified: Inception, Implementation, Consolidation and Renewal. Innovation policy is created ‘bottom-up’ as an outcome of ‘collective entrepreneurship’ through collaboration among business, government and academic actors – the ‘triple helix’. The key event is the creation of an entrepreneurial university, whether from an existing academic base or a new foundation, which takes initiatives together with government and industry to create a support structure for firm formation and regional growth. The result of these initiatives is a self-sustaining dynamic in which the role of academia and government appears to recede as industrial actors come to the fore and a lineage of firms is created. Nevertheless, as one technological paradigm is exhausted and another one is needed as the base for new economic activity, the role of academia and government comes to the fore again in creating the conditions for the next wave of innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00387.x
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  • 50
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    From the inside: scientists' own experience of good (and bad) management (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: One crucial yet relatively unexamined perspective on issues of concern to both organizations and nations, the creativity and productivity of scientific efforts, is the insider perspective. Insiders are privy to confidential information – in this study, first-hand observations of good and bad leadership – because of their position within the laboratory. The insider perspective can help answer such questions as: What are scientists' lived experiences of effective management? What have they observed as some of the impacts of ineffective management? What worries them in terms of their own capacity to lead and manage? This paper describes interim results of an ongoing, exploratory study of insiders in academia, government, and industry. For the past 5 years, more than 200 scientific researchers from Europe, Asia, and the US have been asked open-ended questions about (1) the best example of scientific leadership they have encountered; (2) the worst example; and (3) their most difficult problems leading scientific endeavours. Their responses to date have included unexpected and surprising results. Good leaders are most frequently described as caring and compassionate (in contrast to the expected description of technically competent). Bad leaders are most frequently described as (surprisingly) abusive. The other important (and ‘unintended’) finding is that gender inequity persists. These responses illuminate some of the challenges facing those who manage research and development (R&D), who study the management of R&D, and who are responsible for national policies regarding R&D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00404.x
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    Mentoring and organisational learning in research and development (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents and discusses the contribution of ‘mentoring’ relationships to organisational learning and knowledge creation in the early stages of research and development (R&D) projects. Our study considers the characteristics of a scientific leader, the nature of the context he creates, and how dialogue contributes to scientific breakthrough. Our study is unusual in as much as research on knowledge creation has developed separately, yet in parallel, with that of mentoring. It is rare to combine these disciplines and yet our research shows there is much to learn from examining the two as a process.We conducted our research at TECHNO, a high-tech-based European company producing advanced equipment dedicated to particles acceleration. Interviews were carried out in 2002–2003 with the founder of the company, the head of the R&D and engineering department, and team members involved in the low energy cyclotron project.Our exploratory research enabled us to identify differences in actors' perceptions about the nature and characteristics of these relationships. Our study also suggests that not all sets of relationships can tolerate the degree of intensity provided by the ‘mentor’. TECHNO has other ‘mentors’ who do not manage to generate the same creative context. Complementary mentoring styles based on premises and process reflection allow to support and enhance ‘upper levels’ learning by junior team members. We examine the nature of the leaders as mentors and catalysts within the learning process and briefly discuss implications for setting up and maintaining learning teams.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00406.x
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  • 52
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    A study of innovators' experience of new product innovation in organisations (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The present research uses conversations with new product innovators in commercial organisations to explore how they experience innovating in those organisations. Based on their words, the study explores how innovators experience the complex social settings and structures of their organisation, how this affects creativity, and how innovative climates are enabled or inhibited by it. Organic, self-organising working structures are shown to enable creative commercial innovation more easily than hierarchical settings. Innovators' own words also identify what motivates them. ‘Excitement’ and ‘creative buzz’ are shown to be common intrinsic motivators and ‘tangible benefit’ for organisation or customers is shown to reinforce this. Innovators' experience of networks is also studied, along with their experiences of leadership in organisations. While this study is exploratory in scope, it is hoped that it will be of value in organisations looking to build effective partnerships with their innovators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00409.x
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    Common purpose and divided loyalties: the risks and rewards of cross-sector collaboration for academic and government researchers (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: International evidence shows that research is increasingly being carried out in organisational forms built around cross-sectoral (government, academic and business) and transdisciplinary teams with well-defined national social, economic or environmental objectives in view. As a result, new and unfamiliar forms of organisational arrangements for research are emerging within universities and elsewhere. These collaborative research centres have been variously termed ‘hybrid’ or ‘parasitic’. This paper draws upon around 30 in-depth interviews with participants from selected Australian Cooperative Research Centres (CRC). It examines how researchers reconcile the many demands of their dual role, first, as a government researcher or academic, and second as a committed participant in an industry-collaborative research centre. These collaborations go beyond ‘applied research’ to span fundamental research and immediately useful knowledge. But reward systems and performance measures for academic researchers are still founded largely on ‘discovery’, while those for government researchers are based upon ‘application’. The risk is that researchers will be deflected by the collaboration in ways that conflict with their institutional responsibilities. The paper reports work analysing the management strategies used by the CRCs and their public sector partners to ensure that their common goals are achieved while preserving their institutional interests and the expectations of their research staff. The aim is to identify effective ways of managing the various ‘risks’ of cross-sector collaborative research and development (R&D) in Australia and more widely.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00410.x
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  • 54
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    The industrial usability of quality function deployment: a literature review and synthesis on a meta-level (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Quality function deployment (QFD) is a development methodology that has been in industrial use for about 30 years. For industry professionals, it is thus important to know what type of outcomes they can expect from using QFD, but also how to behave according to best practice. In this paper, the research results from nine studies of the industrial usability of the QFD methodology have been reviewed, analysed and synthesised on a meta-level. In this meta-analysis, a new framework for the assessment of methodologies has been developed, and the QFD methodology as such has also been used as a research instrument. The results show that the previously often-cited most important outcome, ‘shorter time-to-market’, has no scientific support at all. The good news is that the outcomes ‘better products’ and ‘improved information dissemination and retrieval’ have strong support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00398.x
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  • 55
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    Models in action: how management models are interpreted in new product development (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies the use of product development management models. Through an interpretive research approach based on in-depth interviews with 22 middle managers in two product development organizations, five ways of conceiving projects, project management and the role of models are identified – administrative, organizing, sense giving, team building and engineering – all representing different perspectives on – and ways of using models. The findings question essentialist views of models, common in the literature, as either normative guides for action or symbolic tools decoupled from action. Instead, the study indicates a large variety in the use of models mediated by the user's conception of the situation and the model. The study highlights the communicative role of models as boundary objects, enabling coordination of and communication about different conceptions of the development task. Rather than contributing to behavioral standardization (an implicit assumption that underlies most formal models), this study suggests that models support cognitive standardization by providing a common set of concepts and a framework that may be drawn upon in making sense of complex product development projects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00399.x
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  • 56
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    Book reviews (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Yannis Caloghirou, Nicholas S. Vsonortas and Stavros Ioannides, European Collaboration in Research and Development: Business Strategy and Public PolicyDavid L. Bodde, M E Sharpe, The Intentional Entrepreneur – Bringing Technology and Engineering to the Real New Economy.Margaret Myers and Agnes Kaposi, A First Systems Book: Technology and Management (2nd ed.).Amy L Pablo and Mansour Javidan, Mergers and Acquisitions: Creating Integrative Knowledge.Samuel D Schiflett, Linda R Elliot, Eduardo Salas and Michael G Coovert, Ashgate, Scaled Worlds: Development, Validation and Application.Solly Angel, The Tale of the Scale – An Odyssey of Invention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00402.x
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  • 57
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    Maximising the potential of university spin-outs: the development of second-order commercialisation activities (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the dynamics of university spin-out company development, based on an in-depth, longitudinal case study of some of the spin-out activities of one of the longest established technology transfer organisations in the UK. The different types of resource flows between this organisation and some of the companies in which it has a stake are discussed. Specifically, the paper considers the efficacy and appropriateness of the university technology transfer office (TTO) becoming involved in what we term second-order spin-out activities. These are spin-out companies that have been formed on technology developed in a spin-out company, or by people working in that spin-out, but which have no substantive connection with the research or personnel base of the university. We argue that in a peripheral non-technology intensive regional economy, the role of the TTO may be more wideranging than has been commonly assumed and may include a focus on regional economic development as well as the commercialisation of university-based research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00388.x
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  • 58
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    Disruptive technologies, stakeholders and the innovation value-added chain: a framework for evaluating radical technology development (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Contemporary frameworks for evaluating technological innovations contend that innovative success is dependent upon the ability of firms to acquire and assimilate new knowledge without disrupting value chain members such as suppliers, customers and complementary innovators. These frameworks, however, provide little advice on how to deal with radical, controversial innovations that may also introduce new undesirable environmental, health, and social side affects. In addition to technological, commercial and organisational uncertainties, the developers of such technology typically must resolve social uncertainties, a particularly difficult activity because of the added complexities and often conflicting and/or difficult-to-reconcile concerns from secondary stakeholders. Attempts must be made to address the potential unintended and unforeseen consequences of the technology, as well as its potential benefits, if it is to be successfully applied. Using Monsanto's development of agricultural biotechnology as an illustration, we suggest an evaluation framework that incorporates stakeholder theory, innovation management concepts and Popper's evolutionary learning methodology of science and its extension to social issues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00389.x
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  • 59
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    Risks in new product development: devising a reference tool (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes the development and applicability of a risk reference framework (RRF) for diagnosing risks in technological breakthrough projects. In contrast to existing risk identification strategies, the RRF centers on an integral perspective on risk (i.e. business, technological and organizational) and the assessment of risks in ongoing projects. The resulting RRF consists of 12 main risk categories and 142 connected critical innovation issues and has been developed for a globally operating company in the fast-moving consumer goods industry. Our analyses show that to some extent different project members identified the same risks and that saturation occurred in the number of new risk-issues brought to light. We conclude that the success of breakthrough innovation projects improves through formal risk-assessment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00391.x
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  • 60
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    Book reviews (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Abby Day Peters, Gower, Winning Research FundingGeorge Tesar, Sibdas Ghosh, Steven. W. Anderson and Tom Bramorski, Strategic Technology Management – Building Bridges between the Sciences, Engineering and Business Management.Robert D. Handscombe and Eann A. Patterson, The Entropy Vector: Connecting Science and Business.Susan Segal-Horn, The Strategy Reader,Bianca Piachaud, Outsourcing R&D in the Pharmaceutical Industry: From Conceptualisation to Implementation of the Strategic Sourcing Process.Liang Thow Yick, Organizing around Intelligence: Leading, Managing and Nurturing Intelligent Human Organizations that constantly exploit Innovation and Creativity embedded at the Edge of Chaos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00394.x
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  • 61
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    Editorial (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00376.x
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  • 62
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    Managing and reporting intangible assets in research technology organisations (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the last couple of years, new instruments and methods for measuring, valuing and managing different forms of intangible assets have been proposed. Firms started to implement comprehensive management techniques to identify and value different forms of intangible assets based on an integrative framework, incorporating different forms of intangible assets such as R&D and human capital. Research Technology Organisations (RTOs) present an interesting case for studying different forms of intangible assets, their interdependencies and their impact on outputs. The main business of these organisations is R&D; thus, nearly all forms of investments are related to the R&D process. Their outputs are knowledge-intensive products, services and public goods with the aim of improving the innovation output of their various customers. Some European RTOs have started to introduce new instruments for measuring and managing their intangible assets more explicitly. The paper investigates the general background, a specific model and empirical experiences of an Austrian RTO, which introduced an intellectual capital management system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00378.x
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  • 63
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    Corporate technology portfolios and R&D performance measures: a study of technology intensive firms (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the relations between technology portfolio strategies and five commonly used research and development (R&D) performance measures. Patent and financial data of 78 US-based technology companies from 1976 to 1995 were gathered and analysed to investigate how a well-managed technology portfolio can create synergy and affect R&D performance. A technology portfolio can be characterized by its composition and technology concentration. A valuable technology portfolio that consists of patents with higher average citation made and self-citation ratio can have a positive effect on firm value. Our findings suggest that large firms may enjoy advantages for technological innovation because they can exploit synergy effects of their technology portfolios. Technology concentration strategy does not work well because firms focusing on few technology fields can experience diseconomy to patents received since high-quality patents are increasingly difficult to obtain. This paper lays the groundwork for future empirical research on technology portfolio and R&D performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00380.x
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    Intellectual capital and corporate value in an emerging economy: empirical study of Taiwanese manufacturers (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Competitive success now is based less on the strategic allocation of physical and financial resources, and more on the strategic management of intellectual capital. Although intellectual capital is intangible and cannot be accurately measured, companies must develop methods of increasing corporate value by proactively focusing on intellectual capital management. This study examines the relationship between intellectual capital and corporate value in an emerging economy.This study employs an intellectual capital perspective, resource-based view and a financial perspective, and investigates how to apply the concept of intellectual capital to value creation. After reviewing the relevant literature, this study identifies human capital, organizational capital, innovation capital and relationship capital as four constructs of intellectual capital. Corporate value is measured using three selection methods: (1) Market/Book value, (2) Tobin'Q and (3) Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC™). Through a questionnaire survey and secondary data collection, this study applies the Structure Equation Model to analyze the relationships among four constructs of intellectual capital, as well as the relationship between intellectual capital and corporate value.From the empirical findings, for Taiwanese manufacturers, a positive relationship exists between intellectual capital and corporate value. This study visualizes and mobilizes intellectual capital to articulate eight value creation paths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00382.x
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  • 65
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    Book reviews (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Ove, Granstrand, Economics, Law and Intellectual Property: Seeking Strategies for Research and Teaching in a Developing FieldAhmed Bounfour, The Management of Intangibles – the organisation's most valuable assetsR. S. Kaplan and D. P. Norton, Strategy Maps – converting intangible assets into tangible outcomesHenry W. Lane, Martha L. Maznevski, Mark E. Mendenhall and Jeanne McNett, The Blackwell Handbook of Global Management – A Guide to Managing ComplexityScott Shane, Edward Elgar, Academic Entrepreneurship: University Spin offs and Wealth Creation
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00385.x
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    Indirect networks: an intangible resource for biotechnology innovation (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the context of the emergence of new modular organizational forms, especially in high-tech sectors such as the biotechnology sector, this article proposes that while a firm observes benefits from direct alliances, it also benefits from indirect linkages. First, a theoretical framework revolving around indirect ties is built on the basis of social network and innovation management literature. It ends with the proposition of two research hypotheses linking the indirect network position of a firm to its innovation capacities. To test those hypotheses, data on strategic partnerships and collaborations were collected through 40 interviews with biotech firms from the nutrition sector in the biotech clusters of Quebec (Canada). Using network analysis, centrality measures and hierarchical regressions, results of this study indicate that by occupying a central position in a network of indirect ties, a firm is more likely to access useful knowledge from its direct partners and increase innovation. We suggest, as a conclusion, that indirect network position could be considered as an intangible strategic resource for biotech firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00383.x
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    Analysing disruptive potential: the case of wireless local area network and mobile communications network companies (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this article, we analyse the prediction that wireless local area network (W-LAN) technologies will be disruptive for incumbent mobile communications network operators. For this purpose, we develop a methodology of guided interviews to assess technologies for their disruptive characteristics based on theory of disruptive technology developed by Christensen (1997) and recent extensions. The application of our comprehensive step-by-step method improves the precision of the disruptive technology concept and its usability for practitioners to make ex ante distinctions between disruptive technologies and other phenomena caused by emerging technologies. Our method predicts that contrary to common assumptions, W-LAN is not likely to represent a disruptive technology for the established mobile communications network firms in terms of Christensen's concept. This research was conducted in close collaboration with Vodafone Pilotentwicklung, an R&D and technology monitoring unit of the Vodafone Group. Vodafone provided part of the empirical data through expert interviews and market reports.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00369.x
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  • 68
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    Talented suppliers? Strategic change and innovation in the UK aerospace industry (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The 1990s marked the start of extensive re-structuring in the aerospace industry throughout the world. While the ensuing consolidation among prime contractors has been widely researched, the changes affecting the aerospace supplier base have received less attention. This exploratory study focuses on the supplier base and points to extensive re-structuring. Unlike many earlier studies, the lean supply model was found to be a rather powerful influence, with suppliers moving away from subcontractor status and taking on the mantle of ‘talented’ suppliers. However, the bolder predictions of lean supply, in terms of the dynamics of innovation, were less apparent, although there were signs that some suppliers, who genuinely warranted the title ‘talented’, were engaging in valuable process innovations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00370.x
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    Paying attention to real options (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The strategy literature is increasingly focused on the need to create dynamic capabilities to respond with innovative product offerings in ‘hypercompetitive’ environments. The real options approach offers hope for managers facing such threatening environments by highlighting methods to hold options on a variety of possible future states, thereby reducing risk without bearing all the costs. However, extant real options literature, stemming from rational-based financial assumptions, does not consider attention as a limited resource. Real options are valued on the assumption that management can exploit the flexibility inherent in projects, and so require management attention to obtain their full theoretical value. This paper brings attentional constraints to bear on the real options framework and describes a conceptual framework that illustrates the real option value realization process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00372.x
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  • 70
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    Negotiating innovation: product renewal as the outcome of a complex bargaining process (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper, it is argued that innovation can be the result of a repetitive, multi-actor negotiation process. We present the case of an environment-related product innovation in a large multinational company that emerged as the outcome of a complex interaction process in which numerous external and internal actors negotiated to safeguard their own interests. This negotiation perspective challenges conventional economic views of innovations, in which new products and processes are regarded as exogenous variables, the outcomes of deliberately planned research, or the combination of technology (pushing) and market (pulling) inducements. Instead, innovation may be a non-linear, unpredictable process that involves multiple actors with divergent interests and that leads to outcomes that are collectively acceptable but not necessarily (sub)optimal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00373.x
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  • 71
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    Investigating differences among research projects and implications for managers (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: As research and innovation have become central to the economy, the challenge of managing these activities has taken on greater importance. Studies have focused on the impact of organizational variables on research activities, such as work environment, human resource factors, and managerial practices. But little attention has been paid to the effect of differences among types of research projects. While the notion that differences exist among research projects is acknowledged, particularly in the research & development portfolio literature, there have been relatively few studies into the dimensions by which research projects, and needs of project team members, differ. Further, there is little recognition that these differences translate into the need for different research project management practices. The objective of this paper is to investigate differences among research projects along three dimensions, amount of funding, complexity of project teams, and research orientation. These dimensions are selected because of their central theoretical importance in the organizational literature, as well as posing a number of different challenges for research management. This study looked at 18 research projects at a national laboratory and analyzed the responses of project members to a comprehensive research environment survey conducted in 2001. The results of the analysis indicate that there are significant differences between types of projects along three dimensions and suggest ways that research performance can be improved through management intervention.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00407.x
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    Patent-based inventor profiles as a basis for human resource decisions in research and development (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Profiles of inventors' technological competence are a valuable source of information for decision-making in research and development (R&D) management, e.g. concerning inventor assessment, human resource development and R&D team-building. In the following exposition, a new method of inventor profiling will be put forward, which is based in particular on semantic patent analysis and multidimensional scaling. First, in the course of semantic patent analysis, specialized software, equipped with a natural language processor, reads the patent text transferring the contents into a subject–action–object–format (SAO). The extracted SAO structures are then used to create similarity matrices for patents or patent sets, respectively, according to a specific similarity value. Subsequently, an inventor competence map can be produced by means of multidimensional scaling.The benefits of this method for R&D-related issues in human resource management will be illustrated by the example of a German mechanical engineering company. Two distinct types of profiles were generated and tested: (i) the profile of a single key inventor and (ii) a profile of key inventor sets. The single key inventor profile gives information on the range of competence, i.e. the homogeneity or heterogeneity of a certain inventor's competences, providing far more detailed insights than resorting to bibliographic data like international patent classification (IPC) classes or citations, whereas the latter kind of profile establishes the position of a certain key inventor in relation to others, helping to highlight specific groups of inventors and their domains. These results are clearly apt to support human resource management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00408.x
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    Careers in public sector science: orientations and implications (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is consensus that the world of science is changing (Ziman, 1994; see for example Nowotny et al., 2002). The environment in which scientists work is typified now as increasingly dynamic, managerialist and commercialised. This paper focuses on how scientists within different organisational and national contexts understand and enact their careers in the face of such changes. Based on empirical work in the UK and New Zealand, this paper introduces four career orientations evident in the career accounts of these participants. The categories are further analysed in terms of the key drivers to career: science, the organisation and the individual. Implications for career management are discussed in each section. In conclusion, the paper makes two related contributions. First, the evidence presented poses a challenge to highly individualised notions of the career actor central to current career thinking, instead revealing scientists' continued attachment to old institutional arrangements alongside new and emerging ways of understanding career. Second, with reference to the issue of career management of research scientists, the study highlights the need for those involved in management to look beyond employing organisations to other life interests, and science itself. It argues the need for those involved in career management to recognise the variety of legitimate ways to run a scientific career.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00397.x
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    How combinations of TRIZ tools are used in companies – results of a cluster analysis (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Many engineers and natural scientists in companies are using tools directly or indirectly related to the theory of inventive problem solving (abbreviation derived from the Russian title: TRIZ) by Altshuller (1984, 1996). Some of the TRIZ tools are based on the application of condensed technical knowledge, others are special techniques for directed creativity. The usage of TRIZ and its tools should lead to improvement of efficiency within the innovation process as well as to more and smarter problem solutions.More than 40 reported applications of TRIZ in companies show that usually not the whole set of TRIZ tools is used. This is surprising, because in the original TRIZ literature all the tools are recommended for usage in a classified order named ARIS (Russian acronym for ‘algorithm for inventive problem solving’). A cluster analysis of the applications reveals that there are three subsets: (i) basic TRIZ, (ii) resource and ideality-based TRIZ, and (iii) substance-field based TRIZ. This leads to important consequences: TRIZ training and TRIZ implementation should be structured according to the three subsets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00390.x
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    The influence of firms' technological capabilities on export performance in supplier-dominated industries: the case of ceramic tiles firms (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper, we study the effects that firms' technological capabilities, as an expression of their technological innovation strategy, have on their international competitiveness. In doing so, we draw on export and international trade literature to justify the influence that the firms' technological activity has on their export performance. In addition, we use concepts derived from the literature on technological innovation to identify different capabilities that the firms may develop to manage their innovation process, i.e., those related to investment, production and co-operation. These constitute the basis of our hypothesis, in which the technological innovation capabilities identified are related to firms' export performance. Empirical work is carried out on a sample of 88 Spanish exporting firms belonging to the ceramic tiles industry, which is characterized as being a supplier-dominated industry. Data were mainly gathered through a postal survey directed at firm managers. Our findings show that technological innovation capabilities have a positive impact on export performance. Specifically, results show that investment in internal non-R&D innovative activities, such as engineering design and pre-production, exerts a positive influence on export performance. However, neither investment in R&D nor investment in external acquisition of technology exerts any influence on export performance. In addition, our findings show that production capabilities have a positive effect linked to both improvement and imitation of products and processes. Regarding co-operation, export performance is related to capabilities that derive from co-operation with universities and research institutes rather than co-operation with other companies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00393.x
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  • 76
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    CELL BIOLOGY OF ANTIGEN PROCESSING IN VITRO AND IN VIVO (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 975-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The conversion of exogenous and endogenous proteins into immunogenic peptides recognized by T lymphocytes involves a series of proteolytic and other enzymatic events culminating in the formation of peptides bound to MHC class I or class II molecules. Although the biochemistry of these events has been studied in detail, only in the past few years has similar information begun to emerge describing the cellular context in which these events take place. This review thus concentrates on the properties of antigen-presenting cells, especially those aspects of their overall organization, regulation, and intracellular transport that both facilitate and modulate the processing of protein antigens. Emphasis is placed on dendritic cells and the specializations that help account for their marked efficiency at antigen processing and presentation both in vitro and, importantly, in vivo. How dendritic cells handle antigens is likely to be as important a determinant of immunogenicity and tolerance as is the nature of the antigens themselves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104538
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  • 77
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    THE B7 FAMILY REVISITED (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 515-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The discovery of new functions for the original B7 family members, together with the identification of additional B7 and CD28 family members, have revealed new ways in which the B7:CD28 family regulates T cell activation and tolerance. B7-1/B7-2:CD28 interactions not only promote initial T cell activation but also regulate self-tolerance by supporting CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell homeostasis. CTLA-4 can exert its inhibitory effects in both B7-1/B7-2 dependent and independent fashions. B7-1 and B7-2 can signal bidirectionally by engaging CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells and by delivering signals into B7-expressing cells. The five new B7 family members, ICOS ligand, PD-L1 (B7-H1), PD-L2 (B7-DC), B7-H3, and B7-H4 (B7x/B7-S1) are expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells as well as on cells within nonlymphoid organs, providing new means for regulating T cell activation and tolerance in peripheral tissues. The new CD28 families members, ICOS, PD-1, and BTLA, are inducibly expressed on T cells, and they have important roles in regulating previously activated T cells. PD-1 and BTLA also are expressed on B cells and may have broader immunoregulatory functions. The ICOS:ICOSL pathway appears to be particularly important for stimulating effector T cell responses and T cellĐ??dependent B cell responses, but it also has an important role in regulating T cell tolerance. In addition, the PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway plays a critical role in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. In this review, we revisit the roles of the B7:CD28 family members in regulating immune responses, and we discuss their therapeutic potential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115611
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  • 78
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    TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF NKT CELL BIOLOGY: Progress and Paradoxes (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 26 (2005), S. 877-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a conserved T cell sublineage with unique properties, including reactivity for a synthetic glycolipid presented by CD1d, expression of an invariant T cell antigen receptor (TCR) ʼ̛ chain, and unusual requirements for thymic selection. They rapidly produce many cytokines after stimulation and thus influence diverse immune responses and pathogenic processes. Because of intensive research effort, we have learned much about factors promoting the development and survival of NKT cells, regulation of their cytokine production, and the means by which they influence dendritic cells and other cell types. Despite this progress, knowledge of the natural antigen(s) they recognize and their physiologic role remain incomplete. The activation of NKT cells paradoxically can lead either to suppression or stimulation of immune responses, and we cannot predict which will occur. Despite this uncertainty, many investigators are hopeful that immune therapies can be developed based on NKT cell stimulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115742
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  • 79
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    TEC FAMILY KINASES IN T LYMPHOCYTE DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTION * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 549-600 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Tec family tyrosine kinases are now recognized as important mediators of antigen receptor signaling in lymphocytes. Three members of this family, Itk, Rlk, and Tec, are expressed in T cells and activated in response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Although initial studies demonstrated a role for these proteins in TCR-mediated activation of phospholipase C-??, recent data indicate that Tec family kinases also regulate actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cellular adhesion following TCR stimulation. In addition, Tec family kinases are activated downstream of G proteinĐ??coupled chemokine receptors, where they play parallel roles in the regulation of Rho GTPases, cell polarization, adhesion, and migration. In all these systems, however, Tec family kinases are not essential signaling components, but instead function to modulate or amplify signaling pathways. Although they quantitatively reduce proximal signaling, mutations that eliminate Tec family kinases in T cells nonetheless qualitatively alter T cell development and differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104743
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    DEVELOPMENT AND REGULATION OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSES TO THE BLOOD STAGES OF MALARIA: Implications for Vaccine Research (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 69-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The immune response to the malaria parasite is complex and poorly understood. Although antibodies and T cells can control parasite growth in model systems, natural immunity to malaria in regions of high endemicity takes several years to develop. Variation and polymorphism of antibody target antigens are known to impede immune responses, but these factors alone cannot account for the slow acquisition of immunity. In human and animal model systems, cell-mediated responses can control parasite growth effectively, but such responses are regulated by parasite load via direct effects on dendritic cells and possibly on T and B cells as well. Furthermore, high parasite load is associated with pathology, and cell-mediated responses may also harm the host. Inflammatory cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria, anemia, weight loss, and respiratory distress in malaria. Immunity without pathology requires rapid parasite clearance, effective regulation of the inflammatory antiparasite effects of cellular responses, and the eventual development of a repertoire of antibodies effective against multiple strains. Data suggest that this may be hastened by exposure to malaria antigens in low dose, leading to augmented cellular immunity and rapid parasite clearance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115638
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  • 81
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    TNF/TNFR FAMILY MEMBERS IN COSTIMULATION OF T CELL RESPONSES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 23-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Several members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family function after initial T cell activation to sustain T cell responses. This review focuses on CD27, 4-1BB (CD137), OX40 (CD134), HVEM, CD30, and GITR, all of which can have costimulatory effects on T cells. The effects of these costimulatory TNFR family members can often be functionally, temporally, or spatially segregated from those of CD28 and from each other. The sequential and transient regulation of T cell activation/survival signals by different costimulators may function to allow longevity of the response while maintaining tight control of T cell survival. Depending on the disease condition, stimulation via costimulatory TNF family members can exacerbate or ameliorate disease. Despite these complexities, stimulation or blockade of TNFR family costimulators shows promise for several therapeutic applications, including cancer, infectious disease, transplantation, and autoimmunity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115839
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  • 82
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    THE NOD MOUSE: A Model of Immune Dysregulation (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 447-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Autoimmunity is a complex process that likely results from the summation of multiple defective tolerance mechanisms. The NOD mouse strain is an excellent model of autoimmune disease and an important tool for dissecting tolerance mechanisms. The strength of this mouse strain is that it develops spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, which shares many similarities to autoimmune or type 1a diabetes (T1D) in human subjects, including the presence of pancreas-specific autoantibodies, autoreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and genetic linkage to disease syntenic to that found in humans. During the past ten years, investigators have used a wide variety of tools to study these mice, including immunological reagents and transgenic and knockout strains; these tools have tremendously enhanced the study of the fundamental disease mechanisms. In addition, investigators have recently developed a number of therapeutic interventions in this animal model that have now been translated into human therapies. In this review, we summarize many of the important features of disease development and progression in the NOD strain, emphasizing the role of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms that affect diabetes in these mice. The information gained from this highly relevant model of human disease will lead to potential therapies that may alter the development of the disease and its progression in patients with T1D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115643
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  • 83
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    THE T CELL RECEPTOR: Critical Role of the Membrane Environment in Receptor Assembly and Function (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 101-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Recent studies have demonstrated that cell membranes provide a unique environment for protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions that are critical for the assembly and function of the T cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex. Highly specific polar interactions among transmembrane (TM) domains that are uniquely favorable in the lipid environment organize the association of the three signaling dimers with the TCR. Each of these three assembly steps depends on the formation of a three-helix interface between one basic and two acidic residues in the membrane environment. The same polar TM residues that drive assembly also play a central role in quality control and export by directing the retention and degradation of free subunits and partial complexes, while membrane proximal cytoplasmic signals control recycling and degradation of surface receptors. Recent studies also suggest that interactions between the membrane and the cytoplasmic domains of CD3 proteins may be important for receptor triggering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115625
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    CYTOCHROME P450: Nature's Most Versatile Biological Catalyst (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 45 (2005), S. 1-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The author describes studies that led to the resolution and reconstitution of the cytochrome P450 enzyme system in microsomal membranes. The review indicates how purification and characterization of the cytochromes led to rigorous evidence for multiple isoforms of the oxygenases with distinct chemical and physical properties and different but somewhat overlapping substrate specificities. Present knowledge of the individual steps in the P450 and reductase reaction cycles is summarized, including evidence for the generation of multiple functional oxidants that may contribute to the exceptional diversity of the reactions catalyzed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100030
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    GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 45 (2005), S. 51-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This review describes the three mammalian glutathione transferase (GST) families, namely cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal GST, the latter now designated MAPEG. Besides detoxifying electrophilic xenobiotics, such as chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, and antitumor agents, these transferases inactivate endogenous ʼ̛,?‚-unsaturated aldehydes, quinones, epoxides, and hydroperoxides formed as secondary metabolites during oxidative stress. These enzymes are also intimately involved in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, prostaglandins, testosterone, and progesterone, as well as the degradation of tyrosine. Among their substrates, GSTs conjugate the signaling molecules 15-deoxy-??12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and 4-hydroxynonenal with glutathione, and consequently they antagonize expression of genes trans-activated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ?? (PPAR??) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Through metabolism of 15d-PGJ2, GST may enhance gene expression driven by nuclear factor-?”B (NF-?”B). Cytosolic human GST exhibit genetic polymorphisms and this variation can increase susceptibility to carcinogenesis and inflammatory disease. Polymorphisms in human MAPEG are associated with alterations in lung function and increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Targeted disruption of murine genes has demonstrated that cytosolic GST isoenzymes are broadly cytoprotective, whereas MAPEG proteins have proinflammatory activities. Furthermore, knockout of mouse GSTA4 and GSTZ1 leads to overexpression of transferases in the Alpha, Mu, and Pi classes, an observation suggesting they are part of an adaptive mechanism that responds to endogenous chemical cues such as 4-hydroxynonenal and tyrosine degradation products. Consistent with this hypothesis, the promoters of cytosolic GST and MAPEG genes contain antioxidant response elements through which they are transcriptionally activated during exposure to Michael reaction acceptors and oxidative stress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095857
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    THE ROLE OF METABOLIC ACTIVATION IN DRUG-INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 45 (2005), S. 177-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The importance of reactive metabolites in the pathogenesis of drug-induced toxicity has been a focus of research interest since pioneering investigations in the 1950s revealed the link between toxic metabolites and chemical carcinogenesis. There is now a great deal of evidence that shows that reactive metabolites are formed from drugs known to cause hepatotoxicity, but how these toxic species initiate and propagate tissue damage is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the evidence for reactive metabolite formation from hepatotoxic drugs, such as acetaminophen, tamoxifen, diclofenac, and troglitazone, and the current hypotheses of how this leads to liver injury. Several hepatic proteins can be modified by reactive metabolites, but this in general equates poorly with the extent of toxicity. Much more important may be the identification of the critical proteins modified by these toxic species and how this alters their function. It is also important to note that the toxicity of reactive metabolites may be mediated by noncovalent binding mechanisms, which may also have profound effects on normal liver physiology. Technological developments in the wake of the genomic revolution now provide unprecedented power to characterize and quantify covalent modification of individual target proteins and their functional consequences; such information should dramatically improve our understanding of drug-induced hepatotoxic reactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100058
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    NON-MICHAELIS-MENTEN KINETICS IN CYTOCHROME P450-CATALYZED REACTIONS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 45 (2005), S. 291-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) are the dominant enzyme system responsible for xenobiotic detoxification and drug metabolism. Several CYP isoforms exhibit non-Michaelis-Menten, or "atypical," steady state kinetic patterns. The allosteric kinetics confound prediction of drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions, and they challenge the theoretical paradigms of allosterism. Both homotropic and heterotropic ligand effects are now widely documented. It is becoming apparent that multiple ligands can simultaneously bind within the active sites of individual CYPs, and the kinetic parameters change with ligand occupancy. In fact, the functional effect of any specific ligand as an activator or inhibitor can be substrate dependent. Divergent approaches, including kinetic modeling and X-ray crystallography, are providing new information about how multiple ligand binding yields complex CYP kinetics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100004
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    NITROXYL (HNO): Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 45 (2005), S. 335-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Recent discoveries of novel and potentially important biological activity have spurred interest in the chemistry and biochemistry of nitroxyl (HNO). It has become clear that, among all the nitrogen oxides, HNO is unique in its chemistry and biology. Currently, the intimate chemical details of the biological actions of HNO are not well understood. Moreover, many of the previously accepted chemical properties of HNO have been recently revised, thus requiring reevaluation of possible mechanisms of biological action. Herein, we review these developments in HNO chemistry and biology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095959
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    ACTIONS OF ADENOSINE AT ITS RECEPTORS IN THE CNS: Insights from Knockouts and Drugs (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 45 (2005), S. 385-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Adenosine and its receptors have been the topic of many recent reviews ( 1Đ??26 ). These reviews provide a good summary of much of the relevant literatureĐ??including the older literature. We have, therefore, chosen to focus the present review on the insights gained from recent studies on genetically modified mice, particularly with respect to the function of adenosine receptors and their potential as therapeutic targets. The information gained from studies of drug effects is discussed in this context, and discrepancies between genetic and pharmacological results are highlighted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095731
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    THE CARDIAC FIBROBLAST: Therapeutic Target in Myocardial Remodeling and Failure (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 45 (2005), S. 657-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cardiac fibroblasts play a central role in the maintenance of extracellular matrix in the normal heart and as mediators of inflammatory and fibrotic myocardial remodeling in the injured and failing heart. In this review, we evaluate the cardiac fibroblast as a therapeutic target in heart disease. Unique features of cardiac fibroblast cell biology are discussed in relation to normal and pathophysiological cardiac function. The contribution of cardiac fibrosis as an independent risk factor in the outcome of heart failure is considered. Candidate drug therapies that derive benefit from actions on cardiac fibroblasts are summarized, including inhibitors of angiotensin-aldosterone systems, endothelin receptor antagonists, statins, anticytokine therapies, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, and novel antifibrotic/anti-inflammatory agents. These findings point the way to future challenges in cardiac fibroblast biology and pharmacotherapy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095802
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    MAINTENANCE OF SERUM ANTIBODY LEVELS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 367-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In vertebrates, serum antibodies are an essential component of innate and adaptive immunity and immunological memory. They also can contribute significantly to immunopathology. Their composition is the result of tightly regulated differentiation of B lymphocytes into antibody-secreting plasma blasts and plasma cells. The survival of antibody-secreting cells determines their contribution to the immune response in which they were generated and to long-lasting immunity, as provided by stable serum antibody levels. Short-lived plasma blasts and/or plasma cells secrete antibodies for a reactive immune response. Short-lived plasma blasts can become long-lived plasma cells, probably by competition with preexisting plasma cells for occupation of a limited number of survival niches in the body, in a process not yet fully understood. Limitation of the number of long-lived plasma cells allows the immune system to maintain a stable humoral immunological memory over long periods, to react to new pathogenic challenges, and to adapt the humoral memory in response to these antigens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115723
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    PENTRAXINS AT THE CROSSROADS BETWEEN INNATE IMMUNITY, INFLAMMATION, MATRIX DEPOSITION, AND FEMALE FERTILITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 337-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: C reactive protein, the first innate immunity receptor identified, and serum amyloid P component are classic short pentraxins produced in the liver. Long pentraxins, including the prototype PTX3, are expressed in a variety of tissues. Some long pentraxins are expressed in the brain and some are involved in neuronal plasticity and degeneration. PTX3 is produced by a variety of cells and tissues, most notably dendritic cells and macrophages, in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagement and inflammatory cytokines. PTX3 acts as a functional ancestor of antibodies, recognizing microbes, activating complement, and facilitating pathogen recognition by phagocytes, hence playing a nonredundant role in resistance against selected pathogens. In addition, PTX3 is essential in female fertility because it acts as a nodal point for the assembly of the cumulus oophorus hyaluronan-rich extracellular matrix. Thus, the prototypic long pentraxin PTX3 is a multifunctional soluble pattern recognition receptor at the crossroads between innate immunity, inflammation, matrix deposition, and female fertility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115756
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    NK CELL RECOGNITION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 225-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The integrated processing of signals transduced by activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors regulates NK cell effector functions. Here, I review the structure, function, and ligand specificity of the receptors responsible for NK cell recognition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115526
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    NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS: Lymphotoxins, LIGHT, and TNF (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 787-819 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Lymphotoxins (LT) provide essential communication links between lymphocytes and the surrounding stromal and parenchymal cells and together with the two related cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and LIGHT (LT-related inducible ligand that competes for glycoprotein D binding to herpesvirus entry mediator on T cells), form an integrated signaling network necessary for efficient innate and adaptive immune responses. Recent studies have identified signaling pathways that regulate several genes, including chemokines and interferons, which participate in the development and function of microenvironments in lymphoid tissue and host defense. Disruption of the LT/TNF/LIGHT network alleviates inflammation in certain autoimmune disease models, but decreases resistance to selected pathogens. Pharmacological disruption of this network in human autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis alleviates inflammation in a significant number of patients, but not in other diseases, a finding that challenges our molecular paradigms of autoimmunity and perhaps will reveal novel roles for this network in pathogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115719
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CATERPILLER: A Novel Gene Family Important in Immunity, Cell Death, and Diseases (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 387-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The newly discovered CATERPILLER (CLR) gene family encodes proteins with a variable but limited number of N-terminal domains, followed by a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and leucine-rich repeats (LRR). The N-terminal domain consists of transactivation, CARD, Pyrin, or BIR domains, with a minority containing undefined domains. These proteins are remarkably similar in structure to the TIR-NBD-LRR and CC-NBD-LRR disease resistance (R) proteins that mediate immune responses in plants. The NBD-LRR architecture is conserved in plants and vertebrates, but only remnants are found in worms and flies. The CLRs regulate inflammatory and apoptotic responses, and some act as sensors that detect pathogen products. Several CLR genes have been genetically linked to susceptibility to immunologic disorders. We describe prominent family members, including CIITA, CARD4/NOD1, NOD2/CARD15, CIAS1, CARD7/NALP1, and NAIP, in more detail. We also discuss implied roles of these proteins in diversifying immune detection and in providing a check-and-balance during inflammation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115616
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MACROPHAGE RECEPTORS AND IMMUNE RECOGNITION (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 901-944 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Macrophages express a broad range of plasma membrane receptors that mediate their interactions with natural and altered-self components of the host as well as a range of microorganisms. Recognition is followed by surface changes, uptake, signaling, and altered gene expression, contributing to homeostasis, host defense, innate effector mechanisms, and the induction of acquired immunity. This review covers recent studies of selected families of structurally defined molecules, studies that have improved understanding of ligand discrimination in the absence of opsonins and differential responses by macrophages and related myeloid cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115816
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR GENETICS OF T CELL DEVELOPMENT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 601-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: T cell development is guided by a complex set of transcription factors that act recursively, in different combinations, at each of the developmental choice points from T-lineage specification to peripheral T cell specialization. This review describes the modes of action of the major T-lineage-defining transcription factors and the signal pathways that activate them during intrathymic differentiation from pluripotent precursors. Roles of Notch and its effector RBPSuh (CSL), GATA-3, E2A/HEB and Id proteins, c-Myb, TCF-1, and members of the Runx, Ets, and Ikaros families are critical. Less known transcription factors that are newly recognized as being required for T cell development at particular checkpoints are also described. The transcriptional regulation of T cell development is contrasted with that of B cell development, in terms of their different degrees of overlap with the stem-cell program and the different roles of key transcription factors in gene regulatory networks leading to lineage commitment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115737
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TYPE I INTERFERONS (ʼ̛/?‚) IN IMMUNITY AND AUTOIMMUNITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 307-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The significance of type I interferons (IFN-ʼ̛/?‚) in biology and medicine renders research on their activities continuously relevant to our understanding of normal and abnormal (auto) immune responses. This relevance is bolstered by discoveries that unambiguously establish IFN-ʼ̛/?‚, among the multitude of cytokines, as dominant in defining qualitative and quantitative characteristics of innate and adaptive immune processes. Recent advances elucidating the biology of these key cytokines include better definition of their complex signaling pathways, determination of their importance in modifying the effects of other cytokines, the role of Toll-like receptors in their induction, their major cellular producers, and their broad and diverse impact on both cellular and humoral immune responses. Consequently, the role of IFN-ʼ̛/?‚ in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity remains at the forefront of scientific inquiry and has begun to illuminate the mechanisms by which these molecules promote or inhibit systemic and organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115843
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHEMOKINES, SPHINGOSINE-1-PHOSPHATE, AND CELL MIGRATION IN SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 127-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Secondary lymphoid organs serve as hubs for the adaptive immune system, bringing together antigen, antigen-presenting cells, and lymphocytes. Two families of G proteinĐ??coupled receptors play essential roles in lymphocyte migration through these organs: chemokine receptors and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors. Chemokines expressed by lymphoid stromal cells guide lymphocyte and dendritic cell movements during antigen surveillance and the initiation of adaptive immune responses. S1P receptor-1 is required for lymphocyte egress from thymus and secondary lymphoid organs and is downregulated by the immunosuppressive drug FTY720. Here, we review the steps associated with the initiation of adaptive immune responses in secondary lymphoid organs, highlighting the roles of chemokines and S1P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115628
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MAST CELLS AS "TUNABLE" EFFECTOR AND IMMUNOREGULATORY CELLS: Recent Advances (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 23 (2005), S. 749-786 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This review focuses on recent progress in our understanding of how mast cells can contribute to the initiation, development, expression, and regulation of acquired immune responses, both those associated with IgE and those that are apparently expressed independently of this class of Ig. We emphasize findings derived from in vivo studies in mice, particularly those employing genetic approaches to influence mast cell numbers and/or to alter or delete components of pathways that can regulate mast cell development, signaling, or function. We advance the hypothesis that mast cells not only can function as proinflammatory effector cells and drivers of tissue remodeling in established acquired immune responses, but also may contribute to the initiation and regulation of such responses. That is, we propose that mast cells can also function as immunoregulatory cells. Finally, we show that the notion that mast cells have primarily two functional configurations, off (or resting) or on (or activated for extensive mediator release), markedly oversimplifies reality. Instead, we propose that mast cells are "tunable," by both genetic and environmental factors, such that, depending on the circumstances, the cell can be positioned phenotypically to express a wide spectrum of variation in the types, kinetics, and/or magnitude of its secretory functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141025
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