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  • Electronic Resource  (30)
  • 11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach
  • 13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions
  • composting
  • ddc:004
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  • Electronic Resource  (30)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efforts to Explain and Control the Prolonged Thermophilic Period in Two-phase Olive Oil Mill Sludge Composting (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: composting ; crude oil ; olive mill wastewater ; olive oil mills ; olive tree branches ; olive tree leaves ; sludge ; woodchips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper was to evaluate the use of different bulking agents in different ratios as a means to control, optimise and eventually reduce the duration of the thermophilic period in two-phase olive oil mill sludge (OOMS) composting. The bulking agents used were: (i) olive tree leaves (OTL), (ii) olive tree shredded branches (OTB) and (iii) woodchips (WDC). The selection of these materials was based on their abundance and availability on the island of Crete, the southernmost point of Greece. The ratios studied were: Pile 1, OOMS:OTL in 1:1 v/v; Pile 2, OOMS:WDC in 1:1.5 v/v; Pile 3, OOMS:OTL in 1:2 v/v; Pile 4, OOMS:OTL:OTB in 1:1:1 v/v; and Pile 5, OOMS:OTL:OTB in 1:1:2 v/v. The composting system used was that of windrows with the volume of each pile approximately 20–25 m3. The experiments took place over two consecutive years. A composting turner was used and turnings were performed at one and two week intervals. In each pile a variety of physiochemical parameters were monitored. Temperature remained high in all five trials. Piles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 temperatures recorded values of above 50 °C for 106, 158, 160, 175 and 183 days, respectively. Volumes were reduced by approximately 67%, 62%, 63%, 80% and 84%, respectively. Temperature remained high, mainly due to the presence in large amounts of oily substances which during their complete oxidation release important amounts of energy and aid the cometabolism of more stable molecules such as lignin. This process is better described as the slow “burning” of a “fuel” mixture in an “engine” than composting. This approach is based on the extensive similarities of this process to that of crude oil sludge or similar waste composting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-7566-4
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioremediation by Composting of Heavy Oil Refinery Sludge in Semiarid Conditions (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 251-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; composting ; ecotoxicity ; oil sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present work attempts to ascertain the efficacy of low cost technology (in our case, composting) as a bioremediation technique for reducing the hydrocarbon content of oil refinery sludge with a large total hydrocarbon content (250–300 g kg−1), in semiarid conditions. The oil sludge was produced in a refinery sited in SE Spain The composting system designed, which involved open air piles turned periodically over a period of 3 months, proved to be inexpensive and reliable. The influence on hydrocarbon biodegradation of adding a bulking agent (wood shavings) and inoculation of the composting piles with pig slurry (a liquid organic fertiliser which adds nutrients and microbial biomass to the pile) was also studied. The most difficult part during the composting process was maintaining a suitable level of humidity in the piles. The most effective treatment was the one in which the bulking agent was added, where the initial hydrocarbon content was reduced by 60% in 3 months, compared with the 32% reduction achieved without the bulking agent. The introduction of the organic fertiliser did not significantly improve the degree of hydrocarbon degradation (56% hydrocarbon degraded). The composting process undoubtedly led to the biodegradation of toxic compounds, as was demonstrated by ecotoxicity tests using luminescent bacteria and tests on plants in Petri dishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-5020-2
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On kaonic deuterium. Quantum field-theoretic and relativistic covariant approach (2005)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 23 (2005), S. 79-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach ; 11.55.Ds Exact S matrices ; 13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions ; 36.10.-k Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, muons, and other unusual particles)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. We study kaonic deuterium, the bound K-d state AK d. Within a quantum field-theoretic and relativistic covariant approach we derive the energy level displacement of the ground state of kaonic deuterium in terms of the amplitude of K-d scattering for arbitrary relative momenta. Near threshold our formula reduces to the well-known DGBT formula. The S-wave amplitude of K-d scattering near threshold is defined by the resonances Λ(1405), Σ(1750) and a smooth elastic background, and the inelastic channels K-d → NY and K-d → NYπ, where Y = Σ±,Σ{0} and Λ{0}, where the final-state interactions play an important role. The Ericson-Weise formula for the S-wave scattering length of K-d scattering is derived. The total width of the energy level of the ground state of kaonic deuterium is estimated using the theoretical predictions of the partial widths of the two-body decays AKd → NY and experimental data on the rates of the NY pair production in the reactions K-d → NY. We obtain Γ{1s} = (630±100)eV. For the shift of the energy level of the ground state of kaonic deuterium we predict ε{1s} = (325±60)eV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2004-10055-3
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From solar proton burning to pionic deuterium through the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model of light nuclei (2005)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 23 (2005), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-601X
    Keywords: 11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach ; 13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions ; 36.10.-k Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, muons, and other unusual particles) ; 26.65.+t Solar neutrinos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract. Within the Nuclear Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model of light nuclei (the NNJL model), describing strong low-energy nuclear interactions, we compute the width of the energy level of the ground state of pionic deuterium. The theoretical value fits well the experimental data. Using the cross-sections for the reactions νe + d → p + p + e- and νe + d → p + n + νe, computed in the NNJL model, and the experimental values of the events of these reactions, detected by the SNO Collaboration, we compute the boron neutrino fluxes. The theoretical values agree well with the experimental data and the theoretical predictions within the Standard Solar Model by Bahcall. We argue the applicability of the constraints on the astrophysical factor for the solar proton burning, imposed by helioseismology, to the width of the energy level of the ground state of pionic deuterium. We show that the experimental data on the width satisfy these constraints. This testifies an indirect measurement of the recommended value of the astrophysical factor for the solar proton burning in terrestrial laboratories in terms of the width of the energy level of the ground state of pionic deuterium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2004-10070-4
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in Thermophilic Bacteria Population and Diversity during Composting of Coal Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 124 (2000), S. 333-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Bacillus ; Biolog ; coal fly ash ; composting ; sewage sludge ; thermophilic bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The thermophilic bacteria in compost made from coal flyash-amended sewage sludge were isolated and identified using theBiolog system to investigate the effect of coal fly ash on thethermophilic decomposition of sewage sludge during composting. Atotal of 8 species of Bacillus were isolated from thecompost and Bacillus brevis was the dominant speciesduring the entire composting process. The present resultsdemonstrate that the Biolog system is a fast and simple methodfor identifying bacterial species in compost, provided thatoptimum conditions could be achieved for the Bacillusculture. Adding coal fly ash as an amendment did not change thedominant bacteria species during composting, but decreased thepopulation and diversity of thermophilic bacteria species due tothe high alkalinity and salinity. Fewer thermophilic bacteriawere detected in ash-amended sewage sludge compost than insludge compost. There was also reduced metabolic activityobserved in the ash-amended sludge compost from the data ofCO2 evolution and weight loss. Although ash amendmentdemonstrated a negative effect on the population and diversityduring thermophilic phase, it did not cause any significanteffect on compost maturity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005284629867
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of aerobically decomposed cattle manure and nitrogen fertilizer applied to soil (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cattle manure ; composting ; N fertilizer rates ; N mineralization/immobilization ; depressive C mineralization effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Inorganic N fertiliser may be applied to soil in addition to cattle manure by smallholder farmers in developing countries: (a) to complement fertilization; (b) to control a possible immobilisation of N by the manure; and (c) to eliminate the risk of yield depression due to lack of plant available N. The aim of this study was to find out if and how much N was immobilised by cattle manure, if and when remineralisation of N will take place and, if added N has an effect on decomposition of cattle manure in soil. A laboratory study was conducted applying inorganic N fertiliser to soil (NH4NO3 equivalent to 30, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1) together with four cattle manures with different C/N ratios (9–18). CO2–C mineralisation and changes of inorganic N in soil were determined over 60 d. Immobilisation of fertiliser N occurred with manure having the lowest C/N ratio but not with the manures having a higher C/N ratios. Maximum immobilization of fertiliser N (23–36%) occurred within 21 d and thereafter N was mineralised. Carbon dioxide evolution decreased in cattle manure-amended soil at increasing rates of N fertiliser, but decomposition was still higher than from the unamended control. None of the manure treated soils had significantly different contents of inorganic N after 2 months of incubation. It was not possible to use the C/N ratio of aerobically decomposed cattle manure as a tool to predict mineralization or immobilization of N. It was concluded that aerobically decomposed solid cattle manures do not contribute to the N supply of crops in the short term but can immobilize fertiliser N applied at the same time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009794416012
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Accelerated coffee pulp composting (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: coffee pulp ; composting ; filter cake ; organic accelerators ; poultry litter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of two abundant, easily available and very low-cost agro-industrial organic residues, i.e., filter cake from the sugar industry and poultry litter, on the composting stabilization time of coffee pulp and on the quality of the produced compost, was evaluated. Piles of one cubic meter were built and monitored within the facilities of a coffee processing plant in the Coatepec region of the State of Veracruz, Mexico. Manual aeration was carried out once a week. A longer thermophilic period (28 days) and a much lower C/N ratio (in the range of 6.9–9.1) were observed in the piles containing the amendments, as compared to the control pile containing only coffee pulp (14 days and a C/N ratio of 14.4, respectively). The maximum assimilation rate of the reducing sugars was 1.6 g kg-1 d-1 (from 7.5 to 5.3%) during the first two weeks when accelerators were present in the proportion of 20% filter cake plus 20% poultry litter, while they accumulated at a rate of 1.2 g kg-1 d-1 (from 7.4 to 9.13%) during the same period in the control pile. The best combination of amendments was 30% filter cake with 20% poultry litter, resulting in a final nitrogen content as high as 4.81%. The second best combination was 20% filter cake with 10% poultry litter, resulting in a compost which also contained a high level of total nitrogen (4.54%). It was concluded that the use of these two residues enhanced the composting process of coffee pulp, promoting a shorter stabilization period and yielding a higher quality of compost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008340303142
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of the key factors affecting composting of a weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soil (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; composting ; petroleum ; soil ; thermophilic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of the C/N ratio, CaCO3 and PO4 addition, and temperature profile on reactor-based composting of weathered hydrocarbon-contaminated soil were evaluated in a series of 30-day tests in temperature-controlled mini-composters. Soil containing 17,000 mg (kg dry soil)−1 mineral oil and grease (MOG) was composted with maple leaves and alfalfa. Although the leaves and alfalfa also contained MOG, degradation of contaminated soil derived MOG (total MOG degradation minus MOG degradation in a control with no soil) increased from 0 to 45% as the quantity of co-substrate increased from 0 to 63%. Simulation of biopile conditions (i.e., aeration and addition of mineral salts but no co-substrate) resulted in only 6% MOG degradation. Addition of CaCO3 before composting increased total MOG degradation from 23% to 43%. Total MOG degradation increased with decreasing C/N ratio. At a molar C/N ratio of 17, 43% of the total MOG was degraded in 30 days, while at a C/N ratio of 40 there was no total MOG degradation. When temperatures ranging from 23 to 60 °C were investigated, 50 °C maintained for 29 days resulted in the maximum degradation which was 68% of total initial MOG.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008361008232
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The design and use of aerated microcosms inmineralization studies (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 437-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Aeration ; bioremediation ; composting ; glucose ; hexadecane ; microcosm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The need for aeration of microcosms duringmineralization of 14C-labeled compounds in highoxygen demand environments was assessed using activecompost-soil mixtures as the model system. Rapidmineralization of 14C-hexadecane occurred incontinuously aerated microcosms while nomineralization occurred in unaerated microcosms. Dailyflushing with air also yielded no mineralization.Mineralization of 14C-glucose was much lessdependent on aeration. The alkaline solution volumeand number of CO2 traps required for continuousaeration were calculated and tested experimentally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008316727321
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reducing Ammonia Losses by Adding FeCl3 During Composting of Sewage Sludge (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 112 (1999), S. 229-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: ammonia ; composting ; iron chloride ; nitrogen ; sewage sludge ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The release of ammonia nitrogen during composting of sewage sludge mixed with a lignocellulosic bulking agent leads to a reduction in the agronomic value of the final compost and to harmful effects on the environment. We propose adding a cheap salt FeCl3 which can be used without special precaution to reduce ammonia losses by decreasing pH conditions. An in-vessel co-composting experiment was conducted in a large reactor (100 L) in which FeCl3 was added to sludge mixed with a bulking agent (pine shavings and sawdust) and compared with a control mixture without FeCl3. Temperature, oxygen consumption and pH were monitored throughout the composting of both mixtures. The final balance of organic matter, organic and inorganic nitrogen permitted to conclude that the addition of FeCl3 reduced nitrogen loss (by a factor of 2.4 in relation to the control) and increased mineralisation of the organic nitrogen by 1.6.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005074708873
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Occurrence of Metals in Composted Municipal Wastes and Their Removal (1999)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 111 (1999), S. 159-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: composting ; heavy metals ; municipal solid wastes ; sequential extraction ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The organic fraction of municipal wastes has been composted on the laboratory scale. In the obtained compost the content of cadmium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc were determined, as well as the speciation i.e, the form of their occurrence, making use of Rudd's method of sequential extraction. The investigations also concerned the way of removing these metals from the compost by means of leaching with solutions of sulphuric and nitric acid, as well as by electrochemically separating the metals from the solution after the compost had been leached with sulphuric acid. It has been found that the application of the electrochemical method with varying pH values of the leaching solution within the range of 6.8–2.8 allows for the separation of 83.5% Cd, 55.0% Co, 65.4% Cu, 59.4% Mn, 70.3% Ni, 90.5% Pb and 56.2% Zn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005029532602
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Composts and Humic Acids from Pulp and Paper Mill Biosludges by DSC in Association with FT-IR Spectroscopy (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 1037-1046 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: biosludges ; composting ; humic acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Samples of pulp and paper mill biosludges with different maturation ages (fresh biosludge and composts collected after 3 weeks, 1 year and 2 years of composting) and their corresponding humic acids were analyzed by thermal analysis with DSC in association with FT-IR spectroscopy. The DSC curves obtained exhibited endotherms in the low-temperature region, assigned to dehydration processes, exotherms at around 370°C, attributed to the loss of peptidic structures, and high-temperature exotherms, assigned to the loss of functional groups; the lignins were thermostable, regardless of the maturation age of the compost. The results obtained provided evidence that, during composting, the organic matter evolved in the direction of higher molecular complexity and stability, leading to a more homogeneous product closely resembling humic-like substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010149009749
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of Chemical Forms of Zinc and Zinc Sulfide During the Composting Process of Municipal Solid Waste (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Municipal solid waste ; composting ; metallic zinc ; zinc sulfide ; sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Changes of chemical forms of metallic zinc and zinc sulfide during the composting process ofmunicipal solid waste in oxygen conditions have been determined. Speciation of zinc was carriedout by means of sequential extraction. It has been found that contamination of the waste with Znis dangerous to the environment because zinc accumulates in bioavailable forms - organicallybound and carbonate. Zinc sulfide remains mainly in a less mobile sulfide form. The compostingprocess increases the mobility of zinc insignificantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022192126944
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes of chemical forms of zinc and zinc sulfide during the composting process of municipal solid waste (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 93 (1997), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Municipal solid waste ; composting ; metallic zinc ; zinc sulfide ; sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Changes of chemical forms of metallic zinc and zinc sulfide during the composting process of municipal solid waste in oxygen conditions have been determined. Speciation of zinc was carried out by means of sequential extraction. It has been found that contamination of the waste with Zn is dangerous to the environment because zinc accumulates in bioavailable forms - organically bound and carbonate. Zinc sulfide remains mainly in a less mobile sulfide form. The composting process increases the mobility of zinc insignificantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02404754
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of biodegradability of poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 37-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) ; poly(ε-caprolactone) ; blends ; biodegradation ; composting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The results of an investigation aimed at evaluation of the biodegradability of blends of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as the major component are reported. Specimens of the blends, as melt extruded films and/or powders, were submitted to degradation tests under different environmental conditions including full-scale composting, soil burial, bench-scale accelerated aerobic degradation, and exposure to axenic cultures and esterolytic enzymes. Indications have been gained that blending in the melt gives rise to insertion of PCL segments in the PET chain. Copolymers thus attained acted as macromolecular compatibilizers, allowing for a complete miscibility of PCL and PET. The biodegradation detected on the blend samples was, however, well below the values expected from chemical composition and behavior of individual homopolymers under the same environmental conditions. The presence of PET as the major component in PET/PCL blends apparently reduces the propensity of PCL to be degraded, at least in the investigated composition range. The degradation data collected under different environmental conditions indicate that the full-scale composting system is the most efficient among the tested degradation procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083881
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of degree of substitution on blend miscibility and biodegradation of cellulose acetate blends (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 179-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Cellulose acetate ; composting ; radiochemical labeling ; biodegradation ; blend miscibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this account, we report our findings on blends of cellulose acetate having a degree of substitution (DS) of 2.49 (CA2.5) with a cellulose acetate having a DS of 2.06 (CA2.0). This blend system was examined over the composition range of 0–100% CA2.0 employing both solvent casting of films (no plasticizer) and thermal processing (melt-compressed films and injection molding) using poly(ethylene glycol) as a common plasticizer. All thermally processed blends were optically clear and showed no loss in optical quality after storage for several months. Thermal analysis and measurement of physical properties indicate that blends in the middle composition range are partially miscible, while those at the ends of the composition range are miscible. We suggest that the miscibility of these cellulose acetate blends is influenced primarily by the monomer composition of the copolymers. Bench-scale simulated municipal composting confirmed the biodestructability of these blends and indicated that incorporation of a plasticizer accelerated the composting rates of the blends.In vitro aerobic biodegradation testing involving radiochemical labeling conclusively demonstrated that both the lower DS CA2.0 and the plasticizer significantly enhanced the biodegradation of the more highly substituted CA2.5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067452
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Potassium availability with application of sewage sludge, and sludge and manure composts in field experiments (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Organic wastes ; sewage sludges ; irradiation ; composting ; fertilizer K ; K availability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine the plant availability of K in organic wastes. Four materials: digested sewage sludge (DSS), digested irradiated sludge (DISS), digested, irradiated and composed sludge (DICSS), and composted livestock manure (CLM) were applied to farmland for two years at rates of 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg-solids ha−1 yr−1. Potassium fertilizer (KCl) was added to the control treatment (CT), to which no waste was applied, and to the low-rate waste applications, to meet crop K requirement. Equal yields within different treatments were obtained for the test crops lettuce and snap beans through application of available N at the levels balanced for crop economical production. Potassium from the wastes was evaluated based on the assumption that Crop K uptake/Available K applied was equal between the CT and waste treatments. The results indicated that, in general, K applied with wastes (waste K + fertilizer K) was equally available (101±7%) to fertilizer K (KCl), except for low rate application of DISS (10 Mg ha−1), where the availability of K was low (89±1%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01986278
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic analysis of organic matter degradation in a bench-scale solid substrate fermentation (composting) system (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 52 (1996), S. 661-671 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: biodegradation ; composting ; FTIR ; solid substrate fermentation and waste treatment ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The degradation of organic matter was evaluated by a quantitative Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis technique. The degradation process was conducted in a bench-scale reactor under controlled operational conditions of 50°C, with 50-60% moisture content, and subjected to uniform aeration for 325 h. During the composting process, ATP concentration increased from 0.1 to 8 μg/g and the maximum CO2 evolution and O2 consumption rates reached 0.04 and 0.085 mmol/g-h, respectively. Polysaccharide content decreased approximately 50% while lignin content remained unchanged. Three regions of the FTIR spectra were used for quantification: 1070-974, 1705-1614, and 2995-2887 cm-1, which correspond to polysaccharides and aromatic and aliphatic compounds, respectively. The actual spectra quantification consisted of peak identification using a second derivative and curve fitting technique, followed by normalization using the internal standard CaCO3. The results obtained with the spectra quantification technique was then compared to commonly used wet chemistry extraction procedures. Reasonable correlation between the two techniques was obtained. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Composting of miscible cellulose acetate propionate-aliphatic polyester blends (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Cellulose ester ; aliphatic polyester ; composting ; biodegradation ; blends
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract A series of miscible blends consisting of cellulose acetate propionate (CAP) and poly(ethylene glutarate) (PEG) or poly(tetramethylene glutarate) (PTG) were evaluated in a static bench-scale simulated municipal compost environment. Samples were removed from the compost at different intervals, and the weight loss was determined before evaluation by gel permeation chromatography, scanning electron microscopy, and1H NMR. The type of polyester (PEG versus PTG) in the blend made no difference in composting rates. At fixed CAP degree of substitution (DS), when the content of polyester in the blend was increased, the rate of composting and the weight loss due to composting increased. When the CAP was highly substituted, little degradation was observed within 30 days and almost all of the weight loss was ascribed to loss of polyester. Although the polyester was still observed to degrade faster, when the CAP DS was below approximately 2.0, both components are observed to degrade. The data suggests that initial degradation of the polyester is by chemical hydrolysis and the rate of this hydrolysis is very dependent upon the temperature profile of the compost and upon the DS of the CAP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067788
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissolution of phosphate rock during the composting of poultry manure: an incubation experiment (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 93-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: composting ; dissolution ; incubation ; 32P labelled francolite ; poultry manure ; phosphate rocks ; zeolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dissolution of phosphate rocks (PRs) during composting with poultry manure was examined using a radioactive32P labelled synthetic francolite and North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) through laboratory incubation experiments. Francolite or NCPR was mixed with different poultry manure composts at a rate equivalent to 5 mg P g−1 and the dissolution was measured after 60 and 120 days incubation by a sequential phosphorus (P) fractionation procedure. The use of32P labelled francolite showed that in manure systems, PR dissolution can be measured more accurately from the increases in NaOH extractable P (ΔNaOH-P) than from the decreases in HCl extractable P (ΔHCl-P) in the PR treated manure over the control. The dissolution measurements showed that approximately 8 to 20% of francolite and 27% of NCPR dissolved during incubation with poultry manure composts in the presence of various amendments. Addition of elemental sulphur (S°) to the compost enhanced the dissolution of PRs. The results provide no evidence for the beneficial effect of protons (H+), produced during the nitrification of NH 4 + in manure composts, on PR dissolution. The low level of dissolution of PR in poultry manure composts was attributed mainly to the high concentration (4.8 × 10−2 mol L−1) of calcium (Ca2+) in manure solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750093
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellulose acetate biodegradability upon exposure to simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactor environments (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 1 (1993), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: solid waste ; composting ; methanogenesis ; degradation ; cellulose acetate ; biodegradability ; anaerobic bioreactor ; biodegradation testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cellulose acetate (CA) films with degree of substitution (d.s.) values of 1.7 and 2.5 were exposed to biologically active in-laboratory composting test vessels maintained at approximately 53 °C. The CA 1.7- and 2.5-d.s. films (thickness values of ∼0.5–1.0 and 2.0 mil, respectively) had completely disappeared by the end of 7- and 18-day exposure time periods in the biologically active bioreactors, respectively. The relatively small CA film weight loss observed in the poisoned control test vessels allows the conclusion that CA film erosion during the composting exposures resulted, at least in part, from biologically mediated processes. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, an active methanogenic inoculum was developed by acclimation of a sewage sludge to a synthetic municipal solid waste (SMSW) mixture at 42°C. The CA 1.7-d.s. film samples (0.5- to 1.0-mil thickness) were exposed in anaerobic serum bottles containing a 25% solids loading of SMSW in which methanogenic activity was rapidly established after introducing of the developed inoculum. For exposures of 30 days only small visually distinguishable fragments of the CA 1.7-d.s. films were recovered. In contrast, exposure of the CA 1.7-d.s. film to a poisoned control test vessel resulted in negligible weight loss. Therefore, degradation of the CA 1.7-d.s. films upon exposure to the anaerobic bioreactors was due, at least in part, to biologically mediated processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418207
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilisation of ‘Green tides’ Ulva by a method of composting with a view to pollution limitation (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 5 (1993), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: seaweed ; Ulva ; drift macroalga ; composting ; pollution abatement ; ‘green tides’
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 85 000 m3 of Ulva sp. is harvested each year in Brittany (France) during a 3–4-month season. Spreading is often impossible and the alga does not keep for more than a few days. Storage results in objectionable odours and release of a liquified fraction. Such pollution can be suppressed by composting the alga with the lowest possible quantity of ligno-cellulosic substrates. This results in the stabilisation of the seaweed, and its use can thereby be delayed. This system of processing the seaweed decreases the cost of treatment by composting and the product can be used either as a substrate for later composting or as an organic enhancing and fertilising agent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004015
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of microbiology in waste management (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 362-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Microbiology ; aerobic processes ; anaerobic processes ; waste disposal ; landfills ; landfill topsoil ; biogas ; biomethanization ; percolating waters ; tetrachloroethylene, anaerobic biodegradation ; vinyl chloride, anaerobic production ; incineration ; biofilter ; composting ; Aspergillus fumigatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Until a hundred years ago, the waste products from human activities were returned into the environment and underwent the biosphere's natural elimination processes without there being any long-term charge on the environment. During the last century, the increase in the amount of refuse has been accompanied by a decrease in its quality, mainly due to the production and dispersal of heavy metals and xenobiotic compounds. Both useful and noxious microbial processes have been underestimated in applied research in the field of waste management which, until now, has dealt mainly with artificial technologies. This paper presents some examples of microbiological processes occurring in waste treatment, particularly dumping, waste incineration, composting and biomethanization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923430
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of methods of measurement of nitrogen in poultry and animal manures (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 24 (1990), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; animal manures ; composting ; forms of nitrogen ; Kjeldahl nitrogen ; poultry ; total nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Kjeldahl nitrogen (N), total N and forms of inorganic N (ammoniacal (NH4)-N, nitrate (NO3)-N and nitrite (NO2)-N) were measured in a range of animal manures. The manures include fresh samples of poultry manure, sheep manure, horse manure, dairy slurry and pig slurry and composted poultry manure. Kjeldahl N was measured by standard micro-Kjeldahl digestion. For total N measurements, NO3-N and NO2-N were recovered during Kjeldahl digestion by pretreatments with various oxidizing and reducing agents. Inorganic forms of N were measured by extraction with 2M KCl solution. Kjeldahl digestion alone allowed measurement only of organic N and NH4-N. Amongst various modifications to the Kjeldahl, pretreatment with either acidified (H2SO4) Zn-CrK(SO4)2 or acidified (H2SO4) reduced Fe achieved complete recovery of NO3-N. Nitrite N was only recovered by first oxidising the NO 2 - to NO 3 - with KMnO4 followed by reduction to NH4-N with acidified (H2SO4) reduced Fe. More than 95% of the total N in fresh animal manure was present as organic N and NH4-N which were recovered by the standard Kjeldahl digestion. In the case of fresh manures there was no difference between the amount of total N measured by the Kjeldahl digestion and its modified methods. However composting of poultry manure or drying of poultry manure, pig slurry and dairy slurry resulted in an increase in NO3-N which was not recovered during Kjeldahl digestion alone. Under these conditions the total N could be measured by pretreating the samples with KMnO4 and reduced Fe prior to Kjeldahl digestion. Drying of animal manures caused a decrease in organic N and NH4-N, especially in poultry, pig and dairy manures. There was a slight increase in NO3-N; but most of the decrease in N content with drying was attributed to the volatilization loss of ammonia (NH3). Amongst various drying methods examined air drying caused maximum loss of N as NH3 whereas freeze drying caused minimum loss of N. This suggests that fresh animal manures can be freeze dried for analysis of N which causes minimum loss of N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073582
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    European bioconversion projects and realizations for macroalgal biomass : Saint-Cast-Le-Guildo (France) experiment (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: digester ; composting ; Europe ; methanization ; phycocolloid extraction ; residues ; seaweed ; stranded macroalgae ; Ulva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Proliferation of macroalgae is a world-wide problem with 50,000 m3 of drift Ulva harvested per year in Brittany and about 1.0 to 1.2 million tons growing in the Venice lagoon. This biomass may be treated by bioconversion (aerobic or anaerobic fermentation) to give useful products (gas, fertilizers or others) and to remove a source of environmental pollution. Such a treatment also may be applied to cultivated or harvested seaweds and to seaweed industry residues. Studies of seaweed methanization showed Laminaria an especially good substrate and Ulva a possible substrate. Research led to a defined way of treating drift algae, encompassing natural hydrolysis and pressing with methanization of the juices. The most advanced full-scale realization for algal biomass utilization is the C.A.T.-Quatre-Vaulx composting plant in Saint-Cast-Le-Guildo (Brittany, France). It produced from seaweed, wood and animal dung a biological quality compost that is competitive with the traditional market products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040249
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial indicators for sawdust and bark compost stability and humification processes
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Bioresource Technology 50 (1994), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 0960-8524
    Keywords: Wood-wastes ; composting ; enzymes ; humification ; microbial biomass ; nitrification ; specific respiration activity
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(94)90089-2
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recycling of seastar (Asterias amurensis) waste by composting
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Bioresource Technology 49 (1994), S. 227-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0960-8524
    Keywords: Asterias amurensis ; composting ; noxious-wastes ; recycling ; seastar
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(94)90044-2
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Losses and transformation of nitrogen during composting of poultry manure with different amendments: An incubation experiment
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Bioresource Technology 47 (1994), S. 265-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0960-8524
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; ammonification ; composting ; elemental sulphur ; immobilization ; poultry manure ; zeolite
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(94)90190-2
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced compositing of radiation disinfected sewage sludge
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Radiation Physics and Chemistry 24 (1984), S. 29-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0146-5724
    Keywords: CO"2 ; NH"3 ; Radiation ; bulking agent ; composting ; disinfection ; liquid chromatography ; pH ; sewage sludge
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0146-5724(84)90005-0
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation technology for environmental conservation
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Radiation Physics and Chemistry 22 (1983), S. 91-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0146-5724
    Keywords: Radiation ; composting ; disinfection ; electron beam ; environment ; exhaust gases ; gamma rays ; nitrogen oxides ; pathogens ; sewage sludge ; sulfur dioxied ; viruses ; waste water
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0146-5724(83)90196-6
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