Library

Notes: When the free surfaces of most solids approach their bulk melting temperatures from below, the molecular structure of the material gives way to a disordered structure with some attributes of both the solid and liquid phases. When the temperature is sufficiently close to that of bulk transition, the surface melts and literally flows as a viscous fluid. This phenomenon, called interfacial premelting, lies at the heart of the microscopic theory of melting of solid matter, and captures the interest of condensed matter physicists and physical chemists alike. The process is ubiquitous and responsible for a wide range of consequences in materials with biological, geophysical, and technological significance. Because such systems are often exposed to spatial or temporal variations in thermodynamic forcing, there are a host of fluid mechanical phenomena that result from this underlying melting behavior. The fluid dynamics of unfrozen surfaces holds clues for understanding the bulk behavior of polycrystalline materials, from Earth's mantle to the stratosphere and beyond. In this review we focus on the fluid dynamical consequences of the premelting of solids.

Notes: We consider the hydrodynamics of creatures capable of sustaining themselves on the water surface by means other than flotation. Particular attention is given to classifying water walkers according to their principal means of weight support and lateral propulsion. The various propulsion mechanisms are rationalized through consideration of energetics, hydrodynamic forces applied, or momentum transferred by the driving stroke. We review previous research in this area and suggest directions for future work. Special attention is given to introductory discussions of problems not previously treated in the fluid mechanics literature, with hopes of attracting physicists, applied mathematicians, and engineers to this relatively unexplored area of fluid mechanics.

Notes: There has been a recent government-wide effort to examine the nation's language needs for both the purposes of security and to increase general cultural awareness. Recent surveys of government agencies have shown that more than 80 agencies require some sort of foreign language capability to complete their missions. These surveys were, however, completed before the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) stood up, and while there may be great need for foreign language capabilities in DHS, such as in their border patrol or customs duties, that need has not been fully documented. An assessment of DHS language needs would provide information about current and future needs and would allow the department to properly implement procedures to alleviate any problems. Potential language needs are discussed and several recommendations are made to DHS so that they could work to maintain their language capabilities, rather than fall behind.

Notes: Terrorism casualties in the U.S. have been caused primarily by attacks on facilities. In earthquake, hurricane, infectious disease outbreaks, hazmat releases, and other disasters, peoples' safety often depends on the facilities they occupy. Yet strategic homeland security documents issued by the White House and the US Department of Homeland Security focus on the protection of "infrastructures," understood to consist mainly of utility systems, and rarely on facilities per se. For other than federal office buildings and infrastructure nodes, federal plans barely acknowledge the urgent task of protecting civilian facilities. This article gives evidence for the importance of facilities to homeland security. Are facilities so varied and numerous that it would be cost-prohibitive to implement a national protection strategy? The article argues that it would not be. Economies of scope in multi-hazard protection, existing legal and accreditation frameworks, new possibilities for integrating information systems, and the nation's many facility-safety professionals are all valuable resources on which to build. The U.S. should identify facility protection as a distinctive field of homeland security policy and proceed by supporting decentralized initiatives.

Notes: Terrorist attacks may involve large-scale systems with multiple points of vulnerability and intervention. For example, chemical and biological terrorist attacks can be targeted at large-scale distribution system, such as those associated with agriculture, meat products, or water. These supply-chain systems can be thought of as having three distinct points of potential contamination: at the source, during processing, or at delivery. Prevention and mitigation strategies can be applied at any of these points. The effectiveness of a risk management program involves the ability to evaluate the trade-offs associated with allocating available resources to mitigation strategies that could be implemented at various points along the supply chain.The paper presents a conceptual model for evaluation the cost-effectiveness of these strategies. Structured as an event tree representing potential contamination entry points at various places in the supply chain, decisions related to where and how resources should be allocated to deterrence, detection and response can be evaluated. This approach focuses on the likelihood of the success of the homeland's actions, rather than on the probability of the terrorists' actions, which can be more difficult to quantify.

Notes: A Legal Guide to Homeland Security and Emergency Management for State and Local Governments is a compendium of articles by attorneys experienced in what is a rapidly expanding new field of law. These articles range from a personal account of the 2004 Florida hurricane outbreak to mutual aid considerations.

Notes: In the United States, preparation for a potential influenza pandemic is receiving heightened media coverage and scrutiny. Scientific attention is focused on the potential for the current Southeastern Asian avian flu virus, influenza A (H5N1), to become a pandemic threat through genetic mutation and viral reassortment. It is imperative that we act now, as we face an evolving and advancing disease state with insufficient national preparation. Existing preparedness plans address laboratory and disease surveillance, community containment and border protection, and mass dispensing and vaccination strategies. However, little attention has been directed to identifying and managing psychological and social factors likely to influence human behavior during a pandemic. All of our health and medical strategies require people to behave in prescribed ways to avoid exposure, prevent infection, or halt disease transmission. This article provides timely expert panel recommendations for pandemic influenza response and recovery by addressing human behavior and adaptation.

Notes: A well respected author has created an excellent overview of the threat of bioterrorism - yesterday, today and in the not so distant future. The text not only provides a succinct analysis of the threat but also presents issues of concern such as the imbalance between funding for bioterrorism and funding for all-hazard public health readiness. He includes several Appendices that are useful to planners and researchers alike. He leaves the reader with several prioritized agendas for action and the feeling that dark times are coming upon the world either from bioterrorists, unregulated research, or natural causes initiated by accidents. Overall the book serves as a good augmentation reference for university courses in natural and technological hazards.

Notes: Testimony submitted by Professors Herman B. Leonard and Arnold M. Howitt of the John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, regarding ways to improve federal and state/local disaster preparedness and response. Presented on March 8, 2006 to the U.S. Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee.

Notes: Events such as the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing and the 2004 terrorist attack on the school in Beslan, Russia demonstrate that terrorists are willing and able to attack large numbers of children. Moreover, pediatric casualties are likely when terrorist incidents occur in urban areas even if children are not the primary target. Very little research has been conducted on the management and outcomes of children during and after disasters. This paper discusses the known risks that terrorism brings to children, vulnerabilities in this population, basic principles of pediatric disaster response and current gaps in response capabilities.

Notes: Two upcoming conferences that may be of interest to JHSEM readers.

Notes: Counterterrorism (e.g., military forces) and antiterrorism (e.g., theological dialogues) programs are the most common strategies in the prevention and potential elimination of terrorism. Professor Fathali M. Moghaddam's From the Terrorists' Point of View represents a shift in current thinking because it competes with the today's counterterrorism-antiterrorism paradigm. The core message the author sends to the national and international intelligence community is this: If you all want to end terrorism, you all should first ``see the world from the terrorists' point of view." In the terrorists' world, their terrorist acts are morally justified and rational; and although they engage in terrorism, they also deeply care for the welfare of Islamic communities. From the Terrorists' Point of View also suggests an alternative explanation for the origin of terrorism across all cultures that is based on the author's ``staircase to terrorism" metaphor. Using this metaphor, an individual moves from the ground floor to subsequent floors until he/she realizes at the top floor (fifth) of the staircase the only option is terrorism to end the injustices of the social system that individual has experienced for many years. This review suggests that, although political and Islamic fundamentalist terrorists might share the same feeling of injustices on the ground floor and on subsequent floors, this metaphor appears to be more applicable to the development of political terrorism, relative to the origin of Islamic fundamentalist terrorism. It also suggests that the cultural identity crisis in Islamic communities (also discussed by the author) appears to be a more convincing approach to explain the development of this form of terrorism. The controversial nature of the author's thesis is what will make From the Terrorists' Point of View an interesting book.

Notes: Since the early 1980s, suicide bombings have become the deadliest form of terrorism. Suicide bombers are not generally clinically deranged and are socially and politically motivated. Furthermore, the motives of suicide bombers can be considered separately from those of their sponsoring organizations. Security personnel are advised to watch for seven signs of terrorist activity and to be mindful of certain behavioral indicators of subjects about to attack. Terrorism must be prevented at the source, during pre-attack phases, and at the target.

Notes: The rise of the American homeland security endeavor has created demands for knowledgeable professionals to address issues of critical infrastructure assurance. James Madison University has recently developed a survey course on infrastructure performance using a complex systems approach. Course development was facilitated by the enthusiastic support and participation of a multi-disciplinary faculty team. The course is designed for a broad student audience including physical science, public administration, health, business, economics and sociology majors. The course has been successful in terms of graduate and undergraduate student enrollment and has generated positive student feedback.Drawing on recent work from the physical, engineering, and social sciences, we take an interdisciplinary approach to understanding complex system operation and failure. We begin by considering historical examples of major system failures. We then explore the components, operation, and complex interdependencies of the infrastructures most critical to society. We divide critical infrastructures into three classes - commodity, service, and information - and focus on the electric power, health services and telecommunication sectors as representative examples. Students are exposed to literatures that inform their understanding of large, complex, and risky technical systems. Course material illustrates how complex systems engender unexpected interactions of failures to occur that can result in a cascade of increasingly serious disturbances often culminating in disaster. A major component of the course is devoted to defining and measuring risk. The final instruction block is devoted to risk management strategies involving both technology and public policy. The course concludes with the presentation of student projects that may address a historical complex system failure case study, an assessment of an existing infrastructure system, or survey a specific topic on complex system operation and failure.

Notes: This is a review of the 2nd edition of Introduction to Emergency Management by George Haddow and Jane Bullock (2006). Overall the book covers the emergency management practices and issues common in the United States today. It has expanded discussion of the events and repercussions of September 11, 2001 but does not discuss Hurricane Katrina's impact in 2005. The authors' experiences are put to good use, especially in discussing the history and future of emergency management, but editorial problems hinder the book's application in an academic setting. The book contains several case studies and other resources that will be of interest to emergency management practitioners.

Notes: A well-respected author has created an overview of faith-based responses to disaster and the role of clergy in providing mental health and spiritual care to victims. The text surveys a range of issues, including the effects of traumatic events on psychological and spiritual health and the roles of disaster response agencies, both state-sponsored and faith-based organizations, and offers practical guidance in how to prepare for a disaster. He includes a reference section that directs readers to additional resources on the mental health aspects of disaster and disaster response. The author also develops a strategy to overcome barriers to the incorporation of clergy and faith communities into disaster response and strongly encourages collaboration and the building of cross-disciplinary relationships. Overall, the book serves as a good primer on disaster response for persons within faith communities who wish to provide effective disaster relief.

Notes: Review of 9/11 and the Future of Transportation Security, by R. William Johnstone.

Notes: The role of information assurance (IA) is critical for cyber-based technologies and products, and the risk of cyberterrorism to IA is omnipresent. In particular, to achieve IA, young and dynamic developing technologies and products should be using a defined lifecycle that leverages and builds (throughout the developmental lifecycle) on a rich and proven body of knowledge and practices in risk assessment and management. The lifecycle of software development must include the following (not necessarily sequentially): the needs and requirements; specifications; contractor selection; conceptual design; systems integration, demonstration, and validation; engineering manufacturing, development, and production; and maintenance and major upgrade. In addition to addressing the functionality of the lifecycle development, from the risk analysis perspective it is just as important to focus on (1) the people's perspectives--namely, the individual, the team, the management, and the stakeholder, (2) the hardware-software perspectives, especially the risks associated with the commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) products and (3) the environment within which the entire system operates. This paper follows and builds on two papers previously published in this journal on the risks of terrorism associated with supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) and other cyberdependent systems. Its thesis is that the reliability and integrity of such systems, and thus, the corresponding interdependent infrastructures served by them, are contingent on the following three principles of IA and cybersecurity. Adhering to these principles can be instrumental in achieving the desired level of IA and cybersecurity:(1) Risk of software intrusion must be assessed and managed throughout the lifecycle of software development, focusing on both the functionality of software development and on the people involved in the process, knowing that hackers will exploit every weakness in the system.(2) Achieving information assurance and cybersecurity must be placed high on the priority list of top management. (The two are intricately dependent on software quality and telecommunications fidelity). This is synonymous with performing a holistic risk assessment and management.(3) Risk management of cyberterrorism must be the domain priority of the entire development team and the organization's management. It must be achieved from the perspectives of the total system throughout the software and system development's lifecycles.Building on the multifarious sources of risk envisioned during the lifecycle of software development through Hierarchical Holographic Modeling, resilience in cybersecurity through risk management is discussed. The human role in IA and cybersecurity and the centrality of the educational dimension in risk management are also introduced.

Notes: Comments regarding the article "A Critical Evaluation of the Incident Command System and NIMS" in Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management: Vol. 3: No. 3, Article 1. Available at: http://www.bepress.com/cgi/siteview.cgi/jhsem/vol3/iss3/1.

Notes: Review of Shelter from the Storm: Repairing the National Emergency Management Systemafter Hurricane Katrina, in THE ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science; March 2006. Volume 604.

Notes: Review of Political Terrorism: An Interdisciplinary Approach by Jeffrey Ian Ross.

Notes: Some citations for recent relevant research published elsewhere. Selected by the Managing Editor of JHSEM.

Notes: Laurence Kotlikoff presents a humorous take on Lawrence Summers' alleged suggestion that economists are smarter than sociologists.

Notes: Contrary to Paul Rubin's recent testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee, we believe the fragility of their estimates and the invalidity of their instrumental variables undermine Dezhbakhsh, Rubin, and Shepherd's work as evidence that the death penalty deters murder.

Notes: Robert Hahn and Scott Wallsten argue that mandating net neutrality, like most other forms of price regulation, is poor policy; instead, the government should focus on creating competition in the broadband market by liberalizing more spectrum and reducing entry barriers created by certain local regulations.

Notes: Although rates are lower than in the past, the combination of the corporate and personal tax rates still imply high marginal tax rates on capital income. Martin Feldstein argues that such high tax rates hurt the economy even if saving rates are not sensitive to rates of return, and examines the various ways in which capital taxes distort other aspects of economic activity.

Notes: Joseph E. Stiglitz calculates that the full cost of the Iraq War may reach $2 trillion, much more than the $60 billion OMB Director Mich Daniels originally foresaw.

Notes: John Donohue and Justin Wolfers argue that Gary Becker and Richard Posner are wrong to think that the death penalty deters murder: they find little empirical support for the claim. If anything, when one looks over the longest period possible (1934-2000) there is more evidence that the death penalty stimulates murder than that it deters murder.

Notes: Bradford Delong and Konstantin Magin remind us that a decade ago, many thought the stock market overvalued, and yet on balance the last decade has been good for investors who bought and held. What does this tell us?

Notes: The true cost of the war in Iraq must also include estimates of US expenditures after the war to defray the costs imposed upon non-combatant Iraqis.

Notes: How much of the costs of the Iraq war are really transfer payments?

Notes: Nick Wills-Johnson wonders whether social network and graph theory could help in valuing ecosystem services.

Notes: Bruno Frey argues that terrorism has been fought in the wrong way. Instead of focusing on deterrence and preemptive strikes, we should: (1) Reduce vulnerability by decentralizing society; (2) Strengthen positive incentives to leave the terrorist camp; and (3) Divert media attention from terrorist groups.

Notes: Comparing the experience of Vioxx and Celebrex leads Omri Ben-Shahar to think that stiff product liability has the perverse effect of inducing manufacturers of defective products to leave these products on the market, rather than withdraw them.

Notes: In 2011 the federal estate tax is scheduled to revert to its pre-2001 form, with a $1 million exemption and a 55% rate on large estates. Several compromise bills are now under discussion that would raise the exempt amount and lower rates. Although many arguments bear on this decision, the choice ultimately turns on the relative force of two opposing moral principles: a principle of autonomy with respect to the use of one's justly acquired property and a principle of equality with respect to unmerited advantages. We should worry much less about raising the exempt amount than lowering rates.

Notes: Robin Pope argues that Kotlikoff is right to favor shifting payroll taxes to sales taxes only Kotlikoff fails to mention all the benefits that would be obtained by the shift. One of these benefits would be aiding employment by shifting the burden of risk bearing from firms to governments that can shoulder the risk burden at a lower cost than most firms can because of their risk pooling abilities.

Notes: Joseph E. Stiglitz presents his plan for getting the United States and the Developing World to address global warming, and argues that by failing to address this problem, the United States is implicitly subsidizing energy usage and engaging in unfair trade practices.

Notes: Robert Hahn and Scott Wallsten in "The Economics of Net Neutrality" overlook the two-sided nature of the broadband market. This has important implications for market power and their proposed remedies.

Notes: J. Bradford DeLong and Konstantin Magin's July, 2006 article gave several good reasons why "informed and aggressive" investors will not necessarily push prices all of the way to their fundamental levels, but missing was the fact that there may not be enough such investors given that none will rationally choose to be too aggressive and have too undiversified a portfolio, according to Richard Serlin.

Notes: Harry Saunders argues that we owe it to the public, as well as to the economics profession, to be realistic about the level of pain required to combat global warming.

Notes: John Donohue wonders if the Disney case means that the courts of Delaware will cleverly find the facts they need to allow managers to waste corporate assets however they please.

Notes: Despite current high gasoline prices, what we need now is to increase gas taxes.

Notes: Edward Glaeser and Dwight Jaffee argue that Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae are actively pursuing great risk at taxpayer expense and private profit: the cure is a tax on their $1.5 trillion in borrowing that could yield as much as $6 billion a year.

Notes: Patrick Butler argues that Aaron Edlin's case for converting auto insurance to cents-per-odometer-mile prices would be made more compelling if he developed Vickrey's further assessment that current insurance pricing limits car ownership, particularly among the poor.

Notes: The increases in power flows and environmental constraints are forcing electricity utilities to install new equipment to enhance network operation. Some application of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) technologies to existing high-voltage power systems has proved the use of FACTS technology may be a cost-effective option for power delivery system enhancements. Amongst various power electronic devices, the unified power flow controller (UPFC) device has captured the interest of researchers for its capability of regulating the power flow and minimizing the power losses simultaneously. Since for a cost-effective application of FACTS technology a proper selection of the number and placement of these devices is required, the scope of this paper is to propose a methodology, based on a genetic algorithm, able to identify the optimal number and location of UPFC devices in an assigned power system network for maximizing system capabilities, social welfare and to satisfy contractual requirements in an open market power.In order to validate the usefulness of the approach suggested herein, a case study using a IEEE 30-bus power system is presented and discussed.

Notes: The flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) in a power system improves the stability, reduces the losses, reduces the cost of generation and also improves the loadability of the system. In the proposed work, a non-traditional optimization technique, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is conjunction with Fuzzy logic (FL) is used to optimize the various process parameters involved in introduction of FACTS devices in a power system. The various parameters taken into consideration were the location of the device, their type, and their rated value of the devices. The simulation was performed on a 30-bus power system with various types of FACTS controllers, modeled for steady state studies. The optimization results are compared to the solution given by another search method. This comparison confirms the efficiency of the proposed method which makes it promising to solve combinorial problem of FACTS device location in a power system network.

Notes: This paper introduces some field analyses of the wooden pole fire reports and online condition monitoring recorded data for line insulators of 33kV and 132kV overhead power lines of Petroleum Development Oman (PDO). From the statistical analysis of PDO pole fire reports, it was found that PDO southern directorates had higher number of pole fires during May-September 2004. Pole fires mostly occur for single poles of 33kV distribution lines close to graded roads, where the most common burning locations are at crossarm fixation and at ground foundation. Pollution monitoring systems provide very useful information which can be used to predict the pole fire events.

Notes: A novel simulation-based spectral technique for power quality and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) design of an independent electrical power system (EPS) has been proposed. Power filter optimization problem has been formulated to provide full solution of the electric power quality and conducted EMI problems in the EPS. The spectral technique has been implemented within a CAD tool. An example of power quality and EMC design has been provided for an independent EPS where an AC power source generates a power, which is comparable to the consumed power, and an additional power filter is calculated for an electronic product including a switch-mode power supply. Current and voltage spectra calculations have been verified with a block-oriented simulation program Simulink. Numerical experiments revealed a number of important features of the proposed spectral technique.

Notes: With more emphasis being laid on clean and renewable sources of energy, engineers look for the best possible ways to harness the wind energy to the maximum extent. FACTs controllers that were earlier being used at the transmission level find their use at generation level when it comes to extracting reliable and quality power from Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). This article presents a review of the important modeling techniques employed for developing FACTs controllers and examines the role of HVDC-Light transmission in exploiting the Off-shore wind energy resources.

Notes: In this paper, a proportional plus integral (PI) type sliding surface has been proposed for designing a fuzzy variable structure controller to solve load-frequency control problem in presence of load disturbances. It is shown that the proposed controller is effective and robust enough when the system suffers from mismatched condition but the model uncertainty and disturbance are assumed to be bounded. Furthermore, the proposed control strategy drives the states to the sliding surface and also maintains the sliding motion. To illustrate the approach presented has been tested on load-frequency control of power systems and the analytical claims have been justified under the uncertainty involved in the load demand of inter-connected power systems.

Notes: This essay presents some preliminary thoughts about the linkages between current human rights universalism and the practice of violence in the form of wars and interventions. I draw three parallels that may help us think about the current wars on terror and in Iraq. The first parallel concerns the progress of liberal universalist thought from the Enlightenment period in which a concern for rights coexisted with the justifications for imperialism. In the current era the succeeding line of universalist thought is that of human rights which similarly coexists with the overt and tacit support for violence that deprives some humans of their lives. The second parallel concerns the use of national identity. In the imperial era, the justification for rights either given or withheld was closely linked to constructions of national identity. Similarly, today there is a resurgence of nationalist discourse in which the construction of U.S. national identity is used to justify the violence that is done against Iraqi citizens. This discourse which constructs the U.S. as ontologically civilized and the Iraqis as barbarians is used to justify the violence that is done to them. Finally, the last parallel concerns violence in general. During imperialism, the scrutiny for acts of violence was borne largely by the native. Because he was constructed as a barbarian, his violence was made far more obvious as further evidence of his lesser development. In the present circumstances, a similar scrutiny is borne by the Iraqi insurgent while the violence of the coalition forces remains veiled beneath euphemisms like collateral damage. The torture scandal at Abu-Ghraib presented an opportunity to reverse the gaze but because of its interpretation as an aberration that falls squarely outside the ``normal" and the failure to widen the debate to other violence, this opportunity was largely lost. These three parallels taken together suggest that the old liberal hegemonic order of imperialism with its conflicting narratives of rights and oppression has been carried forward and sublimated into a human rights regime. And human rights is now deployed to justify violence against ``human rights abusers." Because of this continuity, there is a need to create a new universalism born organically from the struggles of subordinated peoples that eliminates old-order imperialist justifications for the oppression of Others while claiming to support human rights.

Notes: This article analyzes, digests, and critiques various facets of the current debate regarding the racial profiling of those in the United States who appear to be Arab and/or Muslim. By dispassionately addressing this debate from a variety of perspectives - historical, empirical, and legal - the article specifically examines the fine line between preserving civil rights and civil liberties, while ensuring the security of the American homeland. Following an empirical investigation into the history of racial profiling in the U.S., a legal analysis of the relevant legislation and constitutional standards, and a scientific reporting of the psychological and emotional impact of such profiling tactics, it concludes that the ineffectiveness of racial profiling strongly weighs against its usage and at the very least, discredits many of the arguments put forth in its defense. In reaching this conclusion, I attempt to justify the near-absolute and unqualified preservation of those civil rights and civil liberties that have traditionally defined the American legal system, but which have gradually been eroding in the course of the last five years. As we approach the fifth anniversary of the World Trade Center attacks, this article exposes the ongoing need to re-evaluate the policies and practices put in place in the wake of September 11, 2001.

Notes: Discourses of race, gender and religion have scripted the terms of engagement in the war on terror. As a result, Muslim feminists and activists must engage with the dual oppressions of Islamophobia that relies on re-vitalized Orientalist tropes and representations of backward, oppressed and politically immature Muslim women as well as religious extremism and puritan discourses that authorize equally limiting narratives of Islamic womanhood and compromise their human rights and liberty. The purpose of this discussion is to examine the way Muslim women have been discursively scripted from these opposing and contradictory spaces, and to explore the negotiations and contestations made by both secular and faith-centred Muslim feminists in combating these oppressive arrangements. In the first part of the discussion, I will draw on post-colonial and anti-racist feminist analyses to map out the complex interactions of race, gender, sexuality and religion in earlier imperial practices of conquest and colonization and examine how the continuing legacies of these encounters implicate the current "war on terror". In the second part of the discussion, I will examine Muslim women's feminist political engagement with and resistance to the concomitant factors of imperial and fundamentalist domination and will craft a better understanding of how these factors variously shape and are shaped by Muslim women's responses to them.

Notes: The shroud of secrecy that the American administration has wrapped around Guantanamo Bay creates a kind of Rorschach test of political views that tell us much more about those holding these views than about the prison and interrogation center itself. But for those less interested in political propaganda, a review of statements on Guantanamo in the Arab country of Yemen reveals some interesting contradictions and complexities. Yemeni statements on Guantanamo reflect contemporary tensions in people's conceptions of national sovereignty, the political interests of a weak state in global geopolitics and a developing conception of human rights in an emerging global social modernity.

Notes: The post-September 11th era has presented immense challenges and disappointing setbacks for the advancement of human rights. Yet, the era has also been marked by complexity, paradoxes and ample opportunities for introspection as events expose contemporary human rights' various weaknesses and contradictions. This article provides an overview of the interplay between the human rights concept's various instrumental appropriations and its more autonomous emancipatory capacity manifested in post-September 11th developments. Instead of an exhaustive examination, the article simply poses and juxtaposes different dimensions and layers of the formidable presence of the human rights idea in post-September 11th developments impacting the Middle East. To this end, it places a particular emphasis on human rights' capacity to simultaneously aid, transcend and confront local and international power structures. The article begins with a discussion of the ways in which American hegemony is both bolstered and challenged through human rights discourses after September 11th. It then turns to the Middle Eastern encounter with human rights amidst the American "War on Terror." It is argued that while widespread Middle Eastern consciousness of American appropriations of human rights foster cynicism about the promise and legitimacy of human rights, post-September 11th dynamics have also resulted in greater Middle Eastern engagement with the human rights concept and international human rights norms. In subsequent sections, the article presents a brief outline of the various challenges and openings presented for human rights advocacy in the last few years followed by a discussion of the renewed imperative for a genuine international human rights dialogue. Throughout the article, examples are presented of how pre-existing human rights geographies and hierarchies ascribing relativism to the East and universalism to the West have been unsettled during this period.

Notes: The paper deals with a bilateral accident situation in which victims have heterogeneous costs of care. With perfect information, efficient care by the injurer raises with the victim's cost. When the injurer cannot observe at all the victim's type, and this fact can be verified by Courts, first-best cannot be implemented with the use of a negligence rule based on the first-best levels of care. Second-best leads the injurer to intermediate care, and the two types of victims to choose the best response to it. We explore in particular detail the more interesting case of imperfect observation of the victim's type, characterizing the optimal solution and examining the different legal alternatives when Courts cannot verify the injurers' statements. Counterintuitively, we show that there is no difference at all between the use by Courts of a rule of complete trust and a rule of complete distrust towards the injurers' statements. We then relate the findings of the model to existing rules and doctrines in Common Law and Civil Law legal systems.

Notes: This article studies the optimal scope of negligence, considering which of the parties' precautionary measures should be included in the determination of negligence and which instead should be omitted. The analysis shows that the optimal scope of negligence balances the gains derived from improved accident prevention with the administrative costs of the system. This approach also provides insights concerning not only the notions of care and activity level and their respective boundaries, but also the choice between strict liability and negligence.

Notes: Professors Goldberg vigorously attacks the merits of the "Three Tenors" decision while emphasizing the issue of whether the challenged restraint resides within the boundaries of the firm. Professor Muris responds that the Commission's analysis is correct as a matter of law and fact, and that Professor Goldberg's call for a market power screen for all horizontal restraints ignores the legal costs of rulemaking. I take a third view of the debate. While conceding that per se rule is properly applied to "naked restraints," I show that the Commission's analysis relies on an inappropriately narrow view of the ancillary restraints doctrine in order to justify application of the per se rule. In particular, the Commission's emphasis on the timing of the restraint as well as its hostility towards PolyGram's free rider defense are not supported as a matter of law. In any event, the facts of the Three Tenors do not support the Commission's conclusion that the moratorium agreement was not ancillary to the joint venture.

Notes: World governance today is characterized by international organizations lacking democratic legitimacy and control by the citizens they claim to represent. They are also criticized for being inefficient. This leads to violent protests and to NGOs having great influence. To address these problems, we propose international governance based on the democratic idea of citizen participation: All citizens of the member countries of international organizations have the potential right to participate in the decision-making of international organizations via initiatives, referendums and recalls. In order to reduce transaction costs, a representative group of citizens is randomly selected who can actually exercise their participation rights.

Notes: Antitrust authorities often consider parallel pricing and market share stability to be clues of illegal collusion. To analyze whether this inference is correct, I develop a model of price competition with differentiated products in which demand and costs vary over time. In many cases parallel pricing does not distinguish between a competitive and a collusive outcome. However, in some cases perfect parallel pricing is compatible only with a competitive equilibrium, and therefore provides some evidence that firms did not collude. I also show that the competitive equilibrium is characterized by a higher market share stability than a collusive equilibrium.

Notes: Monetary sanctions are less effective when agents cannot afford to pay them in full. We present a simple model of a society with two types of risk averse agents, differing in terms of productivity in the legal labor market. We consider transfers from the most productive to the least productive agents, and discuss the conditions under which redistribution can reduce crime.

Notes: Buying market share occurs when firms price below the profit-maximizing price in order to gain market share, even though recoupment of lost profit is impossible. Although perceived by rivals as predatory pricing, buying-market-share pricing does not generally damage competition even when it forces efficient rivals to exit, and current predatory pricing policy yields desirable antitrust enforcement outcomes. However, buying market share can harm competition when share-based entry barriers exist and product differentiation is sufficiently weak. With weak product differentiation and share-based entry barriers, even prices set above average costs can have anticompetitive consequences.

Notes: This paper extends the law enforcement model to include court congestion. Society suffers harm from court congestion since delay affects the credibility and the reliability of the criminal justice system. The core result of the paper is that the probability of apprehension and the probability of conviction should be considered separately by the enforcement authority. Because the level of congestion is affected by the probability of apprehension only, the use of fines and conviction should be exhausted before resorting to the costlier (in terms of court congestion costs) instrument of apprehension.

Notes: We demonstrate that contingent attorney fees can play a strategic role in a model of nuisance suits. Specifically, the use of contingency fees makes the plaintiff's threat to go to trial credible. In contrast to previous economic analyses, we show that contingency fees do encourage nuisance suits.

Notes: Merger analysis is a field in which economic theory is systematically applied, day-in, day-out. Economics structures the definition of the relevant market, and then economics drives the evaluation of the likely competitive effect of the merger. Exactly which models are used by Federal Trade Commission staff would be of great interest to the stake-holder community, as would any details on how the models are applied. This paper provides those details with an in-depth study of the FTC merger review process focused on single market horizontal mergers evaluated between 1993 and 2003. Five different market models are identified with a homogeneous goods analysis (two choices) useful in about one-third of the cases and a differentiated goods analysis (three choices) relevant for the others. Unilateral effects analysis was used in slightly more than half of the cases and coordinated interaction theories in just less than half. Evidence contained in hot documents, validated customer concerns and event analyses appears to play an important role in confirming the implications of Guidelines-based theoretical models of a merger's competitive effect.

Notes: This paper discusses specific cases in financial regulation, competition law and legal rules in procurement, in light of the economic concept of the efficiency of mixed bundling as derived in our theoretical models. We assess the appropriateness of the existing rules, and also discuss whether there is a need to reform specific legal or regulatory rules in light of the efficiency discussion. We examine the U.S. legal and regulatory framework in government procurement, the offsets case, and finally we look into financial regulation in the case of bundled brokerage and soft commission arrangements on both sides of the Atlantic. The novelty of our models is that we analyze transactions mixed bundling in the cases of monopoly, monopsony and exchange. Additionally, for the cases of monopsony and exchange we consider goods of varying degrees of quality certainty. The common result is the local optimality of the bundling of transactions in terms of expected profits for the price-setting firm, and an overall increase in the level of trade in the goods bundled. In the real-life cases examined, we found that in most instances the authorities have decided that if the practice of pure bundling is present, to replace it with mixed bundling, rather than ban bundling altogether. This practice is correct, as according to our models mixed bundling is efficiency-enhancing (both in profits and in trade volumes). On the other hand, the policy implications derived from our models based on the presence of quality uncertainty suggest that allowing the bundling of dissimilar tasks is beneficial rather than damaging to trade, especially if the goods bundled are of diverse degrees of quality certainty. This is at odds with the current legal and regulation approach to bundling practices.

Notes: The judicial review of legislation can be configured in any of a number of ways. In particular this task may be concentrated in a constitutional court, or diffused among ordinary judges. Recent studies have shown that the design of judicial institutions can have important legal, social, and economic consequences for a given polity. Scholars have dwelled on the reasons that lead political actors to the choice of one model of judicial review over another, but there has been little empirical study on this choice. Here, several hypotheses as to the circumstances that lead to the establishment of constitutional courts are tested on the basis of a data set of 128 democratic constitutions. I find that the degree of political uncertainty facing politicians is an important predictor of whether or not a constitutional court will be established.

Notes: The Trojan Horse enforcement mechanism turns law-breakers into law-enforcers by entrusting them with the right to file a private suit and to collect a fine from their accomplices. Unlike leniency or state witness programs, the Trojan Horse mechanism is not dependent on an effective public enforcement agency operating in the background. It positions conspirators in a prisoner dilemma at the very first stage of their conspiracy, long before public enforcers are on their tails, thus enabling the state to decriminalize certain conspiracies. As shown in this paper, the Trojan Horse mechanism has a (comparative) advantage in asymmetric settings, such as in the employment of illegal immigrants. Whereas fines and other criminal sanctions hardly deter empty-pocket lawbreakers such as illegal immigrants, the carrot this mechanism waves might lure illegal immigrants into suing their employers and leaving the country with a prize in their pockets. Thus, it provides a more humane enforcement mechanism than the prevailing ones, and creates a strong deterrent effect on employers who consider hiring illegal immigrants.

Notes: Professor Wright mischaracterizes both the legal basis and the factual context of the FTC's Three Tenors opinion, recently affirmed by Judge Ginsburg's opinion for a unanimous panel of United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit. Neither opinion's legal analysis relies on the timing of the moratorium agreement. Under either opinion, the agreement to eliminate advertising and price competition would have been proscribed even had it occurred when the joint venture was formed. Moreover, the factual underpinnings of the case differ from Professor Wright's assertions. In particular, the facts demonstrate that the joint venture did not attempt to promote the combination of various three tenors products. The only coordination with the first two albums was a restriction on their discounting and advertising. There was none of the production, distribution, and promotion among the three albums normally associated with an integrated effort.

Notes: Patent law today is a complex institution in most developed economies, and the appropriate structure for patent law is hotly debated around the world. A crucial feature shared among the diverse patent systems of the industrialized world, even before the recent trend toward harmonization, is that modern patent regimes are "constitutionalized," meaning the self-restriction of executive and legislative discretion over the patent power. Given the lucrative nature of patent monopolies and the long history of granting patents as a form of patronage, the choice to confine patents within a legal framework that minimizes the potential for rent-seeking requires explanation. Why choose to constitutionalize patents? This paper answers this question by examining three salient constitutionalizing events through the lens of public choice theory-a theoretical framework all but absent in patent and innovation scholarship. Using interest-group analysis, we trace the constitutionalization of patent law from the Venetian patent statute of 1474, through the English 1624 Statute of Monopolies, to the Intellectual Property Clause of the United States Constitution. We argue that creating constitutional patent law institutions offered the opportunity to both increase the durability of the bargain between the state and the inventor and, in some cases, to limit the grant of patents to those most likely to increase the general welfare.

Notes: We present a simple model wherein a patents regime is inferior to a trade secrets system, meaning that when private returns from innovation under the two regimes are the same, society will be better off if the innovator chooses not to patent. In our model, trade secret licensing is envisaged and the inferiority of patents depends on the lack of an independent invention defense in patent law, while such a defense currently exists in secrecy and copyright law. Thus, although secrecy is superior to patents, it is not superior to other types of formal intellectual property rights where independent invention is allowed (such as copyrighted software).

Notes: In recent years, new articles presenting rigorous analyses of bargaining incentives have overturned some of the fundamental claims made by Calabresi and Melamed in their seminal article on property rules and liability rules published in 1972. In particular, the proposition that property rules are socially preferable to liability rules when transaction costs are low appears to be either no longer valid or severely weakened under the new analyses. This paper reexamines the property rule versus liability rule question in light of the contributions of the recent bargaining theory literature. In contrast to this literature, I find that the fundamental propositions of Calabresi-Melamed remain valid, and I extend the framework to provide a more detailed positive economic theory of common law rules. The key contribution of this paper is pointing out the importance of subjective valuations in the analysis of property and liability rules. This allows for a synthesis of Calabresi-Melamed and the bargaining theory literature within an expanded framework.

Notes: This article derives key variables in the analysis of standards of proof in criminal law from basic conditional probabilities. The variables derived are the probability of correct and wrongful conviction, the expected sanction, and society's incarceration costs, while the basic conditional probabilities are the probability of observing (any given) evidence against individual i given that individual j committed the crime (for any j including j equal to i. The variables are derived from the conditional probabilities as a function of the standard of the proof using simple Bayesian updating.

Notes: Economic models of negligence ordinarily involve a single standard of care that all injurers must meet in order to avoid liability. When injurers differ in their costs of care, however, this leads to distortions in their care choices. This paper derives the characteristics of a generalized negligence rule that induces injurers to self-select their optimal care levels. The principal features of the rule are (1) the due standard of care is maximal, and (2) liability increases gradually as injurers depart further from this standard. The results are broadly consistent with the gradation in liability under certain causation rules and under comparative negligence.

Notes: In some areas of the United States, racial and ethnic minorities have been effectively excluded from the democratic process by a variety of means, including electoral laws. In some instances, the Courts have sought to remedy this problem by imposing alternative voting methods, such as cumulative voting. I examine several voting methods with regard to their sensitivity to rent-seeking. Methods which are less sensitive to rent-seeking are preferred because they involve less social waste, and are less likely to be co-opted by special interest groups. I find that proportional representation methods, rather than semi-proportional ones, such as cumulative voting, are relatively insensitive to rent-seeking efforts, and thus preferable. I also suggest that an even less sensitive method, the proportional lottery, may be appropriate for use within deliberative bodies, where proportional representation is inapplicable and minority vote dilution otherwise remains an intractable problem.

Notes: In this paper we analyze the necessity of an appeals process in private-civil litigation from the point of view of potential litigants. Our main concern is the question of whether the existence of an appeals system is to the benefit of potential litigants or if they would be better off in a system in which appeals are not possible. Our main observation is that it is unnecessary to enable appeals in all civil litigation. Indeed, a judicial system with a built-in appeals process is in many cases less desirable for the parties involved.

Notes: Solubilities are measured for natural tocopherols and fatty acid methyl esters(FAMEs) under partly isothermal, isobaric and isochoric conditions in the range of temperature of 40-60deg.C and pressure of 9.7-16.2MPa based on soybean de-odorizer(DOD) pretreatment, the separation factors between FAMEs and tocopherols are 3.1-5.4 in this study. Furthermore, three different technology projects are analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively of single column extraction (SCE), extraction and fractionation (EF), two-column extraction (TCE).

Notes: This paper proposes a fuzzy set approach that integrates objective and subjective information to evaluating kiwi wine quality. The 10 different kiwi wines experimentally were conducted firstly sensory evaluation. Then the contents of principal aroma components were identified and determined by the Headspace-Solid phase Microextraction-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry using quantitative standards with known amounts of target components and 3-Octanol as internal standards. The result of fuzzy set approach to assess and rank the kiwi wine quality showed KW-1 as the best kiwi wine. The results and outcomes of this study suggest that the approach described in this paper is more accurate and objective than conventional methods. It provides a comprehensive method for dealing with incomplete and imprecise information to support the whole evaluation process. This method should be utilized by the fruit wine industry around the world because of its practicability and superiority.

Notes: Many attempts to model the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were made since the beginning of the last decade. The main purpose was either to simulate an in vivo testing of drugs on animals or to investigate the viability of the probiotic intake. Two well-known physio-chemical models regarding the viability of the probiotics have been produced. In 1993, Molly et al. developed a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME). Six reactors simulating the conditions of human stomach, duodenum/jejunum, ileum, caecum/ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon were artificially developed. In 1995, Minekus et al. created a TNO gastro-intestinal model (TIM) with four computer-controlled chambers simulating the conditions of stomach, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The simulated parameters included the body temperature, pH, salivary, gastric and intestinal mixing with peristaltic movements, secretions and absorption of water and small molecules. Despite the use of pharmacological, physiological and biochemical knowledge of the human and animal GIT and associated secretions, conflicting results such as the extremely low viability of probiotics were obtained. The failure of the above two models indicates the necessity of devising a suitable in vitro model that would be capable of simulating the digestion process as an exact replica of the actual in vivo model. In this paper, the key aspects of the above have been summarized and discussed.

Notes: This paper presents a comparative study on the role of operating conditions in osmotic distillation (OD) and direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). Comparisons were made for lab scale OD and DCMD experiments on two types of PVDF hollow fibres under similar operating conditions for the concentration of glucose solutions from 30 to 60% (w/w) at temperatures as low as 25 to 45°C. Analysis of the results indicated that temperature was the most influencing factor for process improvement for both OD and DCMD. The flux in DCMD was improved by 3 to 4 times when feed temperature increased by 15 degrees, while this figure was nearly 3 times for OD when feed temperature increased by 20 degrees. The flow rates of the two streams played a more important role in maintaining the driving force, and consequently the flux rate, in DCMD rather than in OD. It was found that feed velocity had significant effect on DCMD performance, but insignificant in OD. Feed concentration, as the determining factor on water activity and viscosity, caused a more serious reduction of the flux rate in the high concentration range of 45-60% rather than in the dilute region of 30-40%. The effect was more significant in DCMD than in OD. The ratio of DCMD flux over that of OD ranged from 0.41 to 0.66 for PV375 when concentrating glucose solutions 30-40% w/w and from 0.35 to 0.69 for PV650 when concentrating high solid content ones. However, DCMD can overcome the disadvantages of OD being poor consumers' perception, (due to the use of brine solution being a chemical), the potential problem of corrosion by the brine and the cost of its reconcentration.

Notes: This paper studies the interactions between health insurance and the incentives for innovation. Although we focus on pharmaceutical innovation, our discussion applies to other industries producing novel technologies for sale in markets with subsidized demand. Standard results in the growth and productivity literatures suggest that firms in many industries may possess inadequate incentives to innovate. Standard results in the health literature suggest that health insurance leads to the overutilization of health care. Our study of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry emphasizes the interaction of these incentives. Because of the large subsidies to demand from health insurance, limits on the lifetime of patents and possibly limits on monopoly pricing may be necessary to ensure that pharmaceutical companies do not possess excess incentives for innovation.

Notes: Chicken nuggets were either deep fat fried at three temperatures (150, 170 and 190oC) for 1 to 4 min or oven baked at three temperature levels (200, 220 and 240oC) for 5 to 25 min. The effects of these cooking methods on mass transfer characteristics of chicken nuggets were evaluated. Moisture loss profiles in the breading and core portions of the product were significantly different. There was a rapid moisture loss from the breading portion within the first 2 min of deep fat frying or within the first 15 min of oven baking followed by considerably reduced rates. Moisture loss in the core region changed only slightly in the early stages of frying or oven baking but increased afterwards. Moisture diffusivity in the breading region was evaluated using analytical solution of Fick's second law diffusion equation. Values of moisture diffusivity were from 20.93x10-10 to 29.32x10-10 m2/s for deep fat frying and from 1.90x10-10 to 3.16x10-10 m2/s for oven baking. The activation energies were 8.04 and 25.7 kJ/mol for deep fat frying and oven baking, respectively.

Notes: Gelatinisation and retrogradation of starch-whey mixtures were studied in water (pH 7) using the Rapid Visco-Analyser (RVA). The starch:whey ratios ranged from 0:100 - 100:0. Wheat starch, and whey protein concentrate (about 80% solids basis) and isolate (about 96% solids basis) were used. Mixtures with whey isolates were generally more viscous than those with whey concentrates, and this was attributed to fewer non-protein milk components in the former. Whey protein concentrates and isolates reduced the peak, trough and final viscosities of the mixtures, but the breakdown and setback ratios of the mixtures were increased. The gelatinisation temperature increased with whey substitutions indicating that whey protein delayed starch gelatinisation. The temperature of fastest viscosity development decreased as the amount of whey was increased. Whey protein isolate generally exercised a lesser effect than the concentrate. At between 40 - 50% whey substitutions, the dominant phase changed from starch to protein irrespective of the source of the whey protein. An additive law poorly defined selected RVA parameters. Both macromolecules interacted to define the viscosity of the mixture, and an exponential model predicted the viscosity better than the additive law. The results obtained in this study are discussed to assist the understanding of extrusion processing of starch-whey systems as models for whey-fortified snack and ready-to-eat foods.

Notes: This Article shows how three modern English thinkers -- Hobbes, Locke and Bentham -- construe the law as an intersection of secular eternity on the one one hand and transience in modernity on the other, allowing for immovability and movement at the same time, combining stability with change. It details how these theorists, who undoubtedly have earned themselves places of honor in the canon of modern political thought, tried to solve the problem of self-grounding in three different and yet paradigmatically modern ways, each of them intertwining law and time in a different fashion, and each of them connecting both law and temporality to happiness. Thus this Article shows not only that these three British thinkers claim in one way or another that while natural desires may provide pleasure, only the law can bring happiness, but also emphasizes that, in their view, the transformation of the former into the latter entails a transformation of temporal consciousness. Thereby this Article foregrounds two elements that are crucial to an understanding of how seventeenth and eighteenth century British thinkers envisaged the transformation of pleasure into happiness by means of the law: first, the notion that the law creates or reinforces duration in social life, and second, the idea that the law can harness the immediacy of desires by assuring the legal protection of enduring pleasures, which lead to happiness.

Notes: This note introduces a virtually unknown social constitution drafted in Brussels in 1848, in which an unconditional basic income figured prominently. We provide details on the historical and intellectual context in which the proposal originated, and briefly compare it with similar proposals of the same period. In the appendix, we present an English translation of the constitution.

Notes: The cost of a negative income tax (NIT) designed to mimic the redistributive effects of a universal basic income (UBI) and set at a level sufficient to eliminate official poverty in the US is estimated using income distribution data for 2002. It is estimated that an NIT satisfying these conditions would have required an $826 billion increase in government spending in 2002, compared to a $1.69 trillion increase for an equivalent UBI. Despite this cost difference, the income and substitution effects of a UBI and an equivalent NIT are shown to be the same; and these effects are analyzed. Finally, the cost of providing a basic income guarantee (BIG) by either of these means is compared to the cost of securing the right to work and income security recognized in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights using a program of direct job creation and conventional income transfers.

Notes: A common objection to unconditional basic income is that it is unfair because it allows people to live off the labour of their fellow citizens without making a reciprocal productive contribution to society (the 'exploitation objection'). The paper outlines four responses to the objection: the perfectionism, balance of fairness, balance of reciprocity, and inherited asset responses. While it finds little merit in the first, it argues that, taken together, the latter three add up to a powerful reply to the exploitation objection. In concluding, the paper also explains that even if the exploitation objection can be satisfactorily met, there might still be other justice-based reasons for making basic income conditional on behaviour.

Notes: Collective bargaining is the best mechanism to attain a cordial relationship between employers and employees. It is also an effective forum to agree on terms and conditions of employment. In order to achieve such purposes, industrial relations systems in a country must provide legal mechanism to enable parties to bargain collectively with a view to concluding a collective agreement. The ILO has adopted a convention providing a framework for member states to enact laws that would facilitate such a mechanism. In this respect, Malaysia has enacted the Industrial Relations Act 1967, which provides among others a mechanism for collective bargaining. In this article we argue on the extent of the right of Malaysian workers to collective bargaining in the context of the ILO standards. Here we argue that despite the legal mechanism available that facilitates collective bargaining between the two parties, Malaysian workers and their trade unions face some difficulties in bargaining with their employers.

Notes: Are Asian law schools adequately preparing law students to handle problems raised by cross-border disputes? Preparation has generally been limited to courses in conflicts of law, international law and comparative law, but the successful presentation of a legal position in a foreign legal system arguably requires more than an understanding of legal rules. Studies in legal culture suggest that participants in different legal systems think about the law in radically different ways. Comparative examples from the criminal justice systems of the United States and Japan demonstrate that some knowledge of a comparative rhetoric of argument - which arguments are appropriate in different legal systems - is required. Legal Writing Programmes can play a role in teaching comparative argument by expanding the concept of "audience" to include foreign legal systems.

Notes: This paper analyzes how interacting financial development with initial income, macroeconomic volatility and policy variables, can improve our understanding of convergence and divergence across countries, and also restore the significance of correlations between growth and volatility and therefore between growth and macropolicy, even when controlling for country fixed effects or when eliminating countries with extreme policies or bad institutions.