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  • 1995-1999  (1,473)
  • 1960-1964  (4,546)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1880-1889  (1,889)
  • 1999  (1,473)
  • 1963  (4,546)
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  • 1883  (825)
  • Chemistry  (7,904)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (2,121)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,333)
  • Organic Chemistry  (1,116)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
  • Titanium
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  • 1995-1999  (1,473)
  • 1960-1964  (4,546)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1880-1889  (1,889)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Universeller Titanfixateur interne (1999)
    Springer
    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 1 (1999), S. 307-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Fixateur-interne-Systeme ; Winkelstabilität ; Titan ; Osteosynthese ; Spondylodese ; Key words Internal fixator systems ; Angular stability ; Titanium ; Osteosynthesis ; Spondylodesis ; Locked screw plate interface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: The clinical use of internal fixator systems started in 1983 with angularly stable implants for treatment of injuries to the thoracic and lumbar spine, followed two years later by internal fixators in which the screw heads were locked through compression by small additional plates. In the following years, internal fixators of similar design were developed and successfully implanted for anterior spondylodesis of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. The first use of a special plate fixator for the thigh dates to 1993 with the additional development of a compression plate fixator for implantation in the distal femur. Addressing the need for internal fixator systems in body regions with little soft tissue, implants made out of titanium were developed that develop angular stability by exploiting the friction created by fixing self-tapping screws of harder titanium in plates made from softer titanium, thus creating a permanently stable bond that also enables various screw angles and positions. Implants were constructed for the upper and lower extremities as well as for the spine. Compression plate fixators have been used so far in 141 cases for injuries to the spine and in the femur in 73 cases. Angular stable interlocking plate systems employing the friction screw locking principle have been implanted in upper extremities in nine cases, in the lower extremities in 91, and in the spine in 18 cases. Biomechanical research has demonstrated the advantages of locked plate systems over plates without angular stability. Combined with the advantage of minimally invasive surgical approach for implantation, these improvements result in improved outcomes. Implant removal is uncomplicated. Implants must be especially designed when the construction principle is employed.
    Notes: Der klinische Einsatz von Fixateur-interne-Systemen begann 1983 mit winkelstabilen Implantaten für die dorsale Versorgung von Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäulenverletzungen. 1985 erfolgte der klinische Einsatz eines Druckplattenfixateurs für die Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule. Nach diesem Prinzip wurden in den folgenden Jahren auch Fixateursysteme für die ventrale Spondylodese der Hals-, Brust- und Lendenwirbelsäule entwickelt und klinisch eingesetzt. Der Einsatz eines eigenen internen Plattenfixateursystems für den Oberschenkelbereich geht auf das Jahr 1993 zurück. Nach dem Druckplattenprinzip kamen auch interne Fixationssysteme für das distale Femur zur Anwendung. Für andere Körperregionen mit einer geringeren Weichteildeckung erfolgte die Konstruktion einer sich im Plattenloch selbst aufbauenden Winkelstabilität. Diese basiert auf einem Reibschluß von verschieden harten Reintitanmaterialien. Durch das Eindrängen eines gewindetragenden Schraubenkopfs aus einem härteren Reintitan in ein Plattenloch, welches aus einem weicheren Titan besteht, kommt es zu einer dauerhaft festen Verbindung. Diese Form der Winkelstabilität erlaubt eine unterschiedliche Schraubenpositionierung. Nach diesem Prinzip der Winkelstabilität erfolgte dann die Konstruktion von Implantaten, die für Ober- und Unterschenkel, Fuß, Arm, aber auch den Wirbelsäulenbereich geeignet sind. Nach dem Druckplattenprinzip überblicken wir 141 ventrale Wirbelsäulenoperationen sowie 73 Implantationen am Femur. Nach dem Prinzip des Gewindeformens mit Reibschluß implantierten wir 9 Systeme im Arm-, 91 im Bein- und 18 im Wirbelsäulenbereich. Die biomechanischen Untersuchungen zeigten, daß Implantate mit Winkelstabilität Vorteile gegenüber nicht winkelstabilen Implantaten besitzen. Die mechanischen Vorteile der Fixateur-interne-Systeme und schonende operative Methoden führen nach jetziger Einschätzung zu günstigeren Heilungsverläufen. Die Metallentfernung wird nicht behindert. Das Design der Implantate muß dem Konstruktionsprinzip angepaßt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100390050055
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of otolith chemistry in Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) from the Bahamas and Belize using solution-based ICP-MS (1999)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 18 (1999), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Otolith ; Chemistry ; ICP-MS ; Stock discrimination ; Epinephelus striatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the utility of otolith minor and trace element chemistry, assayed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as a means of delineating population structure in the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus). We characterized the elemental composition of otoliths collected in 1993 from three locations in Exuma Sound, Bahamas and from Glover Reef, Belize in 1995. A single location in Exuma Sound was sampled in 1994 to test temporal variability in otolith composition. Five elements (Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb) were routinely detected, at levels significantly above background, by solution-based ICP-MS. Results from analysis of variance of elemental data, expressed as a ratio to Ca, indicated that there were no significant differences among the Exuma locations for any element, but significant variability was found between Glover Reef and the pooled Exuma localities for Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. Significant inter-annual differences at one Exuma Sound location was restricted to Ba/Ca ratios. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 86% and 95% of the Belize and pooled Exuma sites, respectively. Otoliths from Belize were characterized by low Zn/Ca and high Ba/Ca and Pb/Ca ratios compared to otoliths from fish collected in Exuma Sound. Although differences in Ba levels may be related to upwelling at Glover Reef, more data are needed to definitely link otolith composition with regional differences in water chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050176
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Therapie von Pseudarthrosen, Fehlstellungen und Frakturen im Unterschenkelschaftbereich mit einem Titanfixateur interne (1999)
    Springer
    Trauma und Berufskrankheit 1 (1999), S. 356-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6274
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Unterschenkel ; Fixateur interne ; Minimalinvasive Operationstechnik ; Titan ; Key words Tibia ; Internal fixator ; Minimally invasive operation ; Titanium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Between September 1997 and July 1999, 42 tibia operations were performed on 40 patients using an internal titanium fixator. Twenty-three patients received fixation for pseudoarthrosis and three for malalignment corrections. Of 16 patients with tibial fractures, eight had been treated with temporary external fixators prior to implantation of the internal titanium fixator. No complications were noted intraoperatively. Postoperatively, a small soft tissue necrosis in one patient with peripheral arterial occlusive disease showed spontaneous healing. Other complications included peroneal nerve damage with complete recovery and an uneventful infection at the bone implant interface in a patient with a history of osteitis. Minimally invasive osteosynthesis was performed in 33 patients by making two small incisions and creating a subcutaneous tunnel. In 24 cases, a third incision was made and autologous spongiosa introduced at the fracture site. Local antibiotics were administered in 20 patients. At the time of follow-up, 24 patients were evaluated. No loss of correction and no hardware failures were noted. All patients demonstrated uneventful bone healing.
    Notes: Von September 1997 bis Juli 1999 wurden bei insgesamt 40 Patienten 42 Operationen mit einem Titanfixateur interne für den Unterschenkelschaft durchgeführt. In 23 Fällen erfolgte die Fixation bei Pseudarthrose, in 16 Fällen bei Unterschenkelfrakturen, davon in 8 Fällen als Umstieg vom Fixateur externe, und in 3 Fällen die Korrektur von Fehlstellungen. Intraoperativ traten keine Komplikationen auf. Postoperativ fanden sich 1 kleine, spontan abheilende Wundrandnekrose bei Durchblutungsstörung, 1 passagerer N.-peronaeus-Schaden und 1 blander Plattenlagerinfekt bei vorbestehendem ruhenden Infekt. Bei 33 Patienten erfolgte die Implantation minimalinvasiv über kleine Inzisionen und durch Untertunnelung der Weichteile. In 24 Fällen erfolgte die ¶Anlagerung autologer Spongiosa durch eine kleine 3. Inzision, bei 20 Patienten wurde gleichzeitig eine Refobacin-Palacos-Kette eingelegt. Zum Nachuntersuchungszeitpunkt waren 24 Behandlungen abgeschlossen. Ein Korrekturverlust oder Implantatversagen fanden sich nicht. Alle knöchernen Heilungsvorgänge erfolgten störungsfrei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100390050062
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MR imaging for early complications of transpedicular screw fixation (1999)
    Springer
    European spine journal 8 (1999), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0932
    Keywords: Key words MR imaging ; Pedicle screw fixation ; Titanium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This series comprises ten patients treated with transpedicular screw fixation, who suffered early postoperative problems such as radicular pain or motor weakness. Besides plain radiographs, all patients were also evaluated with MR imaging. Three patients were reoperated for either repositioning or removal of the screws. MR images, especially T1-weighted ones, were very helpful for visualizing the problem and verifying the positions of the screws. In cases of wide areas of signal void around the screws, the neighboring axial MR images at either side, which have fewer artifacts, gave more information about the screws and the vertebrae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005860050146
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion and clustering on the titanium (0001) surface (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 6 (1999), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Clustering ; Molecular dynamics ; Molecular statics ; Surface diffusion ; Titanium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we present a study of diffusion and clustering of atoms on the titanium (0001) surface using molecular dynamics and molecular statics methods. The formation energy of each defect cluster is calculated using a combination of annealing and quenching techniques. Diffusion mechanisms of clusters are elucidated by the analysis of atomic trajectories, and are confirmed by calculating energy states along the diffusion path and by fitting the diffusion coefficients to one or more Arrhenius functions. Our simulations show that the clusters diffuse by a sequence of atomic jumps; once an atom moves forward by half an atomic diameter, the others follow it. Such a correlated process involves an activation energy that is comparable to that of an adatom. Atoms in each cluster, especially those in clusters consisting of three and seven atoms, are tightly bound. However, due to high mobility, the clusters are less likely to be the critical nuclei in three-dimensional growth of thin films on the (0001) surface. Even the cluster consisting of seven atoms swaps a linear distance of 60 nm during the growth of one monolayer of thin film under typical deposition conditions and at room temperature, making it ineffective as a critical nucleus above room temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008783311498
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330101
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Projektionsversuche mit dem Diaprojektor (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 45-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A variety of demonstration experiments can be shown to a large audience with a minimum amount of chemicals by using an ordinary slide projector and easily mounted cuvettes. A detailed instruction for assembling the cuvettes is given as m d l as examples for suitable demonstration experiments in general, inorganic, organic and physical chemistry.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wer und was ist es? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 61-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330111
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dokumentation (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 66-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330114
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rückblick (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 67-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330117
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330201
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Umweltprobenbanken-eine wichtige Säule der Umweltbeobachtung (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Natural events as well as human activities are affecting the environment and even with largescale monitoring programs it is not possible to completely assess the state of the environment. But a documentation of the environmental status with respect to its chemical composition can be realized with systematically collected representative environmental samples, which can be stored for decades at very low temperatures almost without degradation. Such ‘banking activity’ allows a current environmental monitoring and also a retrospective analysis for the determination of components which have not been analyzed at the time of sampling because of ta lack in analytical techniques or because they have not been known or considered environmentally relevant. The concept of environmental specimen banking and general procedures are described. Various examples illustrate the many facets of such activities.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330205
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Jobsuch auf dem Internet (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 128-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Arbeitsmarktsituation in der Chemie hat sich in den letzten Jahren spürbar entspannt. Dennoch gibt es auf etlichen, nicht hundertprozentig dem Trend der Zeit entsprechenden Spezialgebieten immer noch einen beträchtlichen Überhang an Stellensuchenden. Entsprechende Mobilität vorausgesetzt, kann das Internet bei der Stellensuche hilfreich sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330210
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rückblick (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 135-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330215
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330301
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantenchemie auf dem Internet (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 165-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330306
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Rolle des Aerosols im Klimasystem (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 158-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Atmospheric aerosol particles cause one of the largest uncertainties in estimates of human influence on climate - a good reason to take a closer look at the atmospheric life cycle of the aerosols and its effects. Besides a number of primary and secondary natural aerosol sources we need to consider since the beginning of industrialisation strong manmade particle sources. During its residence in the atmosphere the aerosol interacts in many physical and chemical ways with other atmospheric trace substances, most importantly with water vapor and its liquid and solid phases. Through its direct effect on solar and thermal radiation and through its influence on clouds the atmospheric aerosol exerts a climate forcing. To data we cannot predict the ensuing climate response because of our limited understanding of essential atmospheric processes and of the many possible feedbacks within the climate system. However, already our present knowledge of the role of the atmospheric aerosol in the climate system makes strictly global views of anthropogenic climate changes questionable.
    Notes: Der Stand unseres Wissens zum Kreislauf des Atmosphärischen Aerosols und von seiner Rolle im Klimasystem läßt sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: 1Unser Verständnis des globalen Aerosolkreislaufs und vor allem des menschlichen Eingriffs in denselben ist noch sehr unvollständig. Dies gilt in hohem Maße auch für die mit diesem Kreislauf verbundenen chemischen Mehrphasenprozesse.2Ein negativer direkter Klimaantrieb anthropogener Aerosole existiert über die Streuung und Absorption, hat aber noch große Unsicherheiten und kann über hoch mit Rußpartikeln belasteten Gebieten auch positive Werte annehmen.3Ein indirekter Klimaantrieb anthropogener Aerosole existiert wahrscheinlich und hat ebenfalls ein negatives Vorzeichen. Seine Größenordnung und Unsicherheiten lassen sich noch nicht quantifizieren.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330305
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Welche Bedeutung haben Theoretische Konzepte in der Chemie? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical concepts are important to gain a qualitative understanding of chemistry. They are needed to find interesting questions to which experimental research as well as quantum-chemical investigations and computer simulations can contribute. We point out why chemical concepts should be seen as an important and from fundamental physical theories to a certain degree independent part of chemistry. An overview and analysis of some concepts - which are often introduced only in connection with special examples instead of a discussion for their own sake - are given. We take a closer look at some concepts to illustrate our assertions. An analysis of the stability of the cyclic (MoNL3)-trimer demonstrates how these concepts work and what they can tell us about this special case.
    Notes: Wir haben versucht, deutlich zu machen, wie wichtig theoretische Konzepte in der Chemie sind. Dabei gelangen wir zu folgenden Schlußfolgerungen über die Konzepte, die in der Chemie herangezogen werden, um Beobachtungen zu deuten und zu verstehen: Qualitativ chemische Konzepte sind für ein Verständnis der Chemie unverzichtbar. Eine quantenchemische Berechnung liefert nicht automatisch Verständnis und Einordnung in einen Gesamtzusammenhang.Erst die vereinfachende Beschreibung chemischer Konzepte ermöglicht eine unmittelbare Diskussion chemischer Fragestellungen.Die Konzepte sind trotz grundlegender physikalischer Theorien bis zu einem gewissen Grade eigenständig.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330312
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330401
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hundert Jahre Aspirin® (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 213-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The article commemorates the centenary of the protection of the proprietary mine of Aspirin. The early medicinal uses of salicylic acid derivatives in herbal remedies arc summarised as well as the biosynthesis of these derivatives. The history of the synthesis of salicylic acid and of acetyl salicylic acid (ASS) is described in detail as is the discovery of additional therapeutic applications and the basic pharmacology of ASS.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330406
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internet-Werkzeuge für die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Chemikern (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 234-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330409
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alchemie. Lexikon einer hermetischen Wissenschaft. Herausgegeben von Claus Priesner und Karin Figala. Verlag C. H. Beck, München 1998. 412 S., 40 Abb., Leinen, DM 68,-. ISBN 3-406-44104-8 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 239-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330412
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dokumentation (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 246-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330417
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 250-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330502
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    ChiuZ aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 308-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330508
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  • 26
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    Wer und was ist es? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 312-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330511
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  • 27
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    Impressum (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 314-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330514
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  • 28
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    Literaturkarusell. Chemie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. IX 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330518
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  • 29
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    Editorial (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 318-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330602
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  • 30
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    Chemische Biologie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 354-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Chemical Biology is a rapidly growing field at the interface of organic chemistry and cell biology. Chemical strategies are used to address biological questions not amenable to traditional genetic and biochemical techniques alone. Thc enormous potential of Chemical Biology is illustrated by four recent examples.
    Notes: Chemische Biologie ist eine junge Forschungsrichtung im Grenzgebiet zwischen Organischer Cherme und Zellbiologie, welche aus einem Bedarf nach neuen Techniken zur Untersuchung zellbiologischer Mechanismen entstanden ist. Chemische Methoden werden mit biochemischen und molekularbiologischen Methoden kombiniert, um neuartige Möglichkeiten für die biologische Grundlagenforschung zu schaffen. So werden synthetische Oligosaccharide kovalent an die Oberfläche lebender Zellen gebunden, die Konzentration von Calciumionen im Zytosol künstlich reguliert und Rezeptoren künstlich aktiviert.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330606
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    Elektrosynthesen. Strom doppelt genutzt: Erste technische „Paired Electrosynthesis“ (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 373-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eine neue Elektrosynthese erfüllt erstmals den Traum der Elektrochemiker, gleichzeitig Anoden- und Kathodenreaktion für organische Synthesen technisch zu nutzen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330610
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  • 32
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    Experimente für die Chemie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 377-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330614
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  • 33
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    Persistenz und Reichweite von Umweltchemikalien. Von M. Scheringer. Wiley-VCh, Weinheim 1999.XIII + 208 Abb.,17Tab., gebunden, DM 158,-.ISBN 3-527-29752-9 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 380-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330618
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    Vorbereitungen für die Jahrtausend-Party (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 382-384 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Around the world, BASF has been preparing for Y2K since 1996. The Information services and the Process Control Technology divisions, as well as embedded systems and logistics, not to mention the company's customers and suppliers have all been systenmatically tested for Y2K capability. In addition, special precautionary measures in particular, at large Verbund sites - will be in place during the switchover period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330621
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    Editorial (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 4-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330102
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  • 36
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    Andere iu Z-Zeitschriften (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 66-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330115
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  • 37
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    Gentechnik in der Schule (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 104-109 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Fonds of German Chemical Industry (FCI) has produced an instrumental kit named „Blue Genes“ which enables High School teachers to perform in their school environment basic experiments of gene analysis and cloning. In particular, the kit contains all necessary equipment and reagents to perform a restriction analysis, and cloning and expression of a bacterial gene.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330206
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  • 38
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    Chemie der Wunder (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 152-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A few physical phenomena believed to be religious miracles are considered, and scientific explanations for them are proposed.
    Notes: Einige physikalische Phänomene, von denen man glaubte, sie seien religiöse Wunder, werden vorgestellt und wissenschaftliche Erklärungen hierfür vorgeschlagen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330304
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  • 39
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    Wer und was ist es? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 173-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330308
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  • 40
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    Lebensgeschichten. Sternstunden der frühen Chemie von Johann Rudolph Glauber bis Justus von Liebig. Von Ernst F. Schwenk. Beck'sche Reihe 1252, Verlag C. H. Beck, München 1998. 288 S., 42 s/w-Abb., Paper-back, DM 19,80. ISBN 3-406-42052-4 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 176-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330311
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  • 41
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    Literaturkarusell. Interdisziplinäres (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. VIII 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330517
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    Literaturkarusell. Pharmazie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. XIV 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330520
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    Kupfer  -  Die biochemische Bedeutung eines Metalls (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 334-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The essential trace element copper plays a key role in living systems. Its metalloproteins are involved in various reactions. The IT ononuclear blue copper type-1 proteins take, part in electron transfer processes. Type-2 proteins can either act as oxidases, oxygenases, dioxygenases, or superoxide dismutases, containing one copper core. Dinuclear copper centers of Type-3 proteins are the oxygen transport system hemocyanin, oxidases and oxygenases. Due to this variety of functions copper deficiency and also abundance can cause severe damage of any life form.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330604
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    Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch und Friedrich Bergius  -  Protagonisten der Hochdrucksynthese (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 359-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is tried to fix the limits between the notions high pressure synthesis and high temperature chemistry. The work of Fritz Haber to apply high pressure to synthetise ammonia and of Friedrich Bergius to liquify coal to synthetise petrol is described. Special attention is given to the merits of Carl Bosch and his coworkers at BASF for applying the high pressure synthesis into industrial scale. The consequences of thc work of Haber, Bergius und Bosch on chemistry, social and political life and their importance for the present are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330607
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    Bakterien, Viren, Prionen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 376-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330613
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  • 46
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    Dokumentation (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 390-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330622
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  • 47
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    Von Biomineralien zu biomimetischen Materialien: Der Weg ist das Ziel (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 6-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diatoms are unicellular organisms which possess a unique silicified cell wall. Their intricate structures have inspired the imagination of naturalists and scientists throughout centuries. However, molecular biological details about silica metabolic pathways still are obscure. To find out how soft matter can selforganize and create finite solid shapes and complex patterns is certainly one of the most challenging scientific problems today. Especially chemists just have started to unravel the mysteries of chemical morphogenesis.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330103
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    ChiuZ aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 58-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330108
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    Chemie im Selbststudium. Grundkurs Chemie I. Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie. Von Arnold Arni. überarb. Aulf. 3., überarb. Aufl., WILEY-VCH, Weinheim 1998. XIV + 350 S., 66 Abb., 15 Tab., Broschur, DM 54,-. ISBN 3-527-29542-9. Grundkurs Chemie II. Organische Chemie. 2., überarb. Aufl. WILEY-VCH, Weinheim 1998. XIII + 198 S., 16 Abb., 5 Tab., Broschur, DM 48,-. ISBN 3-527-29562-3 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 60-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330110
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  • 50
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    Impressum (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 66-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330116
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    Editorial (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 70-70 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330202
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    Wissenschaft aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 122-125 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330208
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    Dokumentation (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 134-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330212
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    Impressum (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 134-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330214
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    Literaturkarusell. Chemie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. X 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330218
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    Editorial (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 138-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330302
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    ChiuZ aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 174-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330309
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    Chemie mit Licht. Photochemie. Von D. Wöhrle, M.W. Tausch und W.-D. Stohrer. WILEY-VCH, Weinheim 1998. XVI, 253, S., 169 Abb., 39 Tab., Broschur, DM 128,-.ISBN 3-527-29545-3 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 175-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330310
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    Editorial (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 190-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330402
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    Sandwich-artige Cyclopentadienylkomplexe von Hauptgruppenelementen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 342-353 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cyclopentadienyl (Cp) complexes of maingroup elements are classified and compared in terms of structural types, bonding features, and characteristic reactions. Halfsandwich, sandwich and multidecker sandwich arrangements of different type are observed including cluster species with weak or strong metal-metal bonds. The Cp-El bonding ranges from mainly covalent to purely ionic with important structure-determining intermolecular contacts in the latter. π-Complexation allows the stabilisation of compounds with low-valent elements such as AI(I), Ga(I), and Si(I1). Important reaction principles and applications are shortly described.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330605
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    Wissenschaft aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 367-372 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330608
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    ChiuZ aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 375-375 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330612
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    Schreiben und publizieren in den naturwissenschaften. Vin H.F.Ebel u C. Bliefert. 4., völlig neu bearb. Aufl., WILEY-VCh, Weinheim 1988.XIV + 550 s., Broschur, Dm 68,-ISBN 3-527-29626-3 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 378-379 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330615
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  • 64
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    Wer war es? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 381-381 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330620
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  • 65
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    Andere iu Z-Zeitschriften (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 390-390 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330623
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  • 66
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    Wissenschaft aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 53-58 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330107
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  • 67
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    Koffeinschub für Chemie-Applets im WWW (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 62-63 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330112
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  • 68
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    Wer war es? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 129-129 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330211
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  • 69
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    Andere iu Z-Zeitschriften (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 134-134 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330213
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  • 70
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    Literaturkarusell. Biologie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. V 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330216
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  • 71
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    Literaturkarusell. Physik (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. VIII 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330217
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  • 72
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    Impressum (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 186-186 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330315
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  • 73
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    Methyltrioxorhenium (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 192-198 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330403
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  • 74
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    Molekulare Aspekte des Alterns (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the last decade, major advances in the understanding of the biology of aging were made. Studies in worms, flies and yeast led to the identification of several life-extending genes. In mammals, two genes were found which, when mutated, shorten life span. Previous studies in rodents reporting life span prolongation by caloric restriction were confirmed and extended to lower organisms. The studies arc consistent with and supportive of the free radical theory of aging, which secs reactive oxygen species as the main contributor to aging. A refinement of this theory puts mitochondrial DNA into the center of the aging process. It appears that mitochondrial DNA may be both, a yardstick for the biological age and a signalling device to tell the organism when to die. A diet low in calories and high in antioxidants promises to lead to a better quality of life at old age and possibly to increased life span for humans.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330407
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  • 75
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    ChiuZ aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 237-239 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330411
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  • 76
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    Radikale und Radikalionen in der Organischen Synthese. Von Torsten Linker und Michael Schmittel. WILEY-VCH, Weinheim 1998. 421 S., DM 88,-. ISBN 3-527-29492-9 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 241-241 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330415
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  • 77
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    Impressum (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 247-247 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330419
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  • 78
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    Wiederaufladbare Batterien (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 252-266 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This first part of „Rechargeable Batteries“ is devoted to materials and reactions in batteries with aqueous electrolytes. Lead-acid, nickelcadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and various zinc systems, such as zinc-manganese oxide, zinc-air, and zinc-bromine cells are discussed. Special attention is paid to the limited electrochemical stability window of the aqueous electrolytes, which enables overcharge and overdischarge protection of the battery but limits cell voltages to less than 2 Volts. In the following part of this article we will focus on nonaqueous electrolyte-based rechargeable batteries. Due to thc wider electrochemical stability window of these electrolytes high specific charge and high cell voltage batteries can be realized, e.g., the „4 V“ lithium ion cell.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330503
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    Wissenschaft aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 304-308 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330507
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  • 80
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    Dokumentation (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 314-314 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330512
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  • 81
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    Chemie erlebt - 50 jahre GDCH. Hrsg. von der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker. Das Buch ist im Eigenverlag erschienen und kann bei der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker, Abteilung Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Postfach 900440,60444 Frankfurt/M bestellt werde,304 S., Dm 39,-ISBN 3-924763-79-8 (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 379-380 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330616
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  • 82
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    Impressum (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 390-390 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330624
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  • 83
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    Feste Lösungen (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 33-44 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solid solutions arc an area of inorganic chemistry that encompasses a wide variety of natural and synthetic compounds. This article is intended to be a selection of interesting examples which illustrate the importance of solid solutions in everyday life and industrial applications. A short discussion of the theoretical background is given, followed by the description of solid solutions of non-metals in metals such as steel. Furthermore, solid solutions with important optical (e.g. laser materials) and electrical properties (e.g. β-alumina) are discussed, referring to their chemical structure and technological relevance.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330105
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  • 84
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    ChiuZ aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 126-127 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330209
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  • 85
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    Primärprozesse der Photosynthese und ihre Modellierung (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 72-83 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Photosynthesis is one of the most fascinating fields of current interdisciplinary research. It seems miraculous that Nature, in the process of evolution, has managed to bring about a 100% quantum yield in charge separation occurring in the primary processes within the photosynthetic reaction centers. In fact, wasteful deactivation of the photoexcited electronic states into the ground state should be favoured and thus prevent charge separation. Biomimetic model compounds have been synthesized, essentially from porphyrins and quinones, resembling the redoxactive cofactors, Nature has developed. The underlying philosophy of this approach is to design and prepare suitable organic molecules allowing the specific properties of the complex electron transfer reactions to be tuned appropriately. Special emphasis is given the through comparison of structures and functions of native and artificial systems. The prominent electron transfer characteristics are discussed in particular by using time-resolved picosecond fluorescence and time-resolved EPR techniques.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330203
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  • 86
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    Literaturkarusell. Pharmazie (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. XI 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330219
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  • 87
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    Literaturkarusell. Inter-disziplinäres (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. XIII 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330220
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  • 88
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    Biochemische Mechanismen einer einfachen Verhaltensreaktion (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 140-151 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In active search for conditions for optimal phototrophic growth, halobacteria respond to light and to a variety of other environmental stimuli by taxis. Light reception is mediated by sensory rhodopsins, seven helix transmembrane retinal proteins that are stably complexed to specific MCP-related transducer proteins. Photoisomerization of the retinal chromophore generates a steric signal which activates the sensory rhodopsin-transducer-complex. Complex activation is relayed to a two component signaling system and transiently changes the cytoplasmic concentration of fumarate which, together with the small cytoplasmic protein CheY controls flagellar motor switching. Dual signaling by CheY and fumarate was also found in Escherichia coli where it mediates metabolic signaling and taxis in cells with disabled two-component system. Sensory integration of different environmental stimuli occurs at the level of the signaling domains of several stimulus-specific transducers constructed through combination of appropriate molecular modules. Irrespective of the complexity of the signaling network, the response to light is quantitatively predictable and stochastic. Its kinetic analysis suggests that time-dependent changes in the activity of signaling components can be resolved even in the context of a complex molecular network.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330303
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  • 89
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    Wissenschaft aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 167-172 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330307
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  • 90
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    Dokumentation (1999)
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 186-186 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330313
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  • 91
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    Rückblick (1999)
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 187-187 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330316
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  • 92
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    Wissenschaft aktuell (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 228-233 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330408
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    Wiederaufladbare Batterien (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 320-332 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As a matter of fact, most of our technical electrochemical energy storage systems operate outside the limitations of thermodynamics. As in the case of rechargeable batteries with aqueous electrolytes (part I of this article), kinetics control the operation and safety also in batteries with nonaqueous electrolytes (this second and final part).A striking example is the lithium ion battery which possesses an operating voltage of 〉3,5 V and a very high energy density. From a thermodynamic viewpoint such a cell is impossible because the used organic electrolyte is in contact with two lithium insertion electrodes that operate at extreme reducing and oxidizing potentials, respectively. However, a unique mechanism kinetically prevents the decomposition of the electrolyte due to the formation of electronically insulating interphases between electrode and electrolyte that are still permeable to the electrochemically active Li+ cations. Lithium ion batteries have already made their breakthrough into the market as small format systems for portable electronics. The only „kinetically shielded“ high energy density, however, might be a safety complication for large format batteries, which are assembled for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion. Safety concerns are also valid for high temperature (300°C) batteries such as the sodium-sulfur and sodium-nickel chloride systems. These systems are still in the stage of „experimental batteries“, which may find future application in large units for EV's or uninterruptible power systems. The paper is concluded by a performance comparison of various rechargeable battery systems with aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes. (Possible) applications in consumer electronics and EV's are discussed in more detail.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330603
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    Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe. Chemische Abschreckung von Fraßinsekten (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 372-372 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330609
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  • 95
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    Rückblick (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie in unserer Zeit 33 (1999), S. 391-391 
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    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ciuz.19990330625
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  • 96
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    Photochemistry of 9,10-Dicarbonyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene - A Source of 9,10-Dehydroanthracene? (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 57-60 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Benzyne ; Dehydroanthracene ; Matrix isolation ; Photochemistry ; Bergman reaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -9,10-Didehydroanthracene (1) is an interesting derivative of p-benzyne that has been subject of several studies. In contrast to an earlier report, the photochemical decarbonylation of 9,10-dicarbonyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene (2) does not lead to 1 but rather to the ring-opened ene-diyne 4. The key intermediate for this reaction is keto carbene 7 which is formed by monodecarbonylation of 2. Carbene 7 is labile towards visible-light irradiation and easily looses the second CO molecule to give 4. Carbene 7 and diyne 4 are characterized by IR and UV/Vis spectra, the IR spectra are compared to calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory.
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    Reversal Diastereofacial Selectivity in the n-Butyllithium Addition to O-Protected N-Trimethylsilylimines of (2S)-Lactal: Enthalpic versus Entropic Contributions (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 61-65 
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    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Nucleophilic addition ; Solvent effect ; Reversal of diastereoselectivity ; Temperature effect ; Imines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -Commonly observed, but rarely explored, is the possibility of modifying the diastereomeric excess (de%) by means of temperature. A complete reversal in the diastereofacial selectivity could be obtained whenever the diastereoisomers concerned are differentially favored by enthalpy and entropy. The enthalpic or entropic dominance of a diastereoisomer depends greatly on the reaction solvent used.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Syntheses of Donor-Acceptor-Substituted 2,6-Stellanes (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 73-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Donor-acceptor systems ; Cage compounds ; Stelladione ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -A number of condensations could be carried out using tricyclo[3.3.0.03,7]octane-2-one (stellanone, 4) and tricyclo[3.3.0.03,7]octane-2,6-dione (2,6-stelladione, 5) as starting materials. The components for condensations were 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3-dithiane (6), 1,1-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene (7), its 3,6-dimethoxy-substituted analogue 8, fluorene (12), xanthene (13), diethyl malonate (14), and malononitrile (15). The condensation reactions with 5 yielded mono- and disubstituted products, among them were the donor-acceptor-substituted 2,6-stellanes 33-35. The structures of 18 (prepared from stellanone and fluorene), 19, 24, 27, 31 and 32 (synthesized by condensation of 2,6-stelladione and 2-trimethylsilyl-1,3-dithiane and malononitrile, respectively) were determined by X-ray crystallography.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of ω-Nitro Acids and ω-Amino Acids by Ring Cleavage of α-Nitrocycloalkanones (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: Water ; α-Nitrocycloalkanones ; ω-Nitro acids ; Surfactant ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -The reaction of various α-nitrocycloalkanones 1 with aqueous 0.05 M NaOH, at 80 °C, in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTACl) as a cationic surfactant, produces ω-nitro acids 2 in good yields. Reduction of the latter with HCOONH4/Pd-C, in methanol, at 80 °C affords ω-amino acids 3. The synthesis of methyl 9-oxodecanoate (8) is also reported.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Selective O-Alkylation of Ambident Nucleophiles - The Synthesis of Thiohydroxamic Acid O-Esters by Phase-Transfer Reactions (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1999 (1999), S. 97-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-193X
    Keywords: O-Alkylation ; Ambident nucleophile ; Thiazolethione ; Thiohydroxamic acid ; Phase-transfer reaction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: -O-Alkylation of cyclic thiohydroxamic acids 1 and 3-5 has been studied with a view to developing an efficient method for the synthesis of N-(alkoxy)pyridine-2(1H)-thiones and N-(alkoxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thiones. Four issues have been addressed and the following conclusions can be drawn: (i) Thiones 1 and 5 exist as O-H acids in the solid state. (ii) According to NMR investigations (1H, 13C), the thione structures should be largely retained in CDCl3, [D6]DMSO, and CD3OD solutions of acids 1, 3-5, as is also the case for pyridinethione salts 2a-h. (iii) O-Alkylation of pyridinethione salts occurs in competition with S-alkylation. Selective O-alkylation is however possible, if thiohydroxamate salts with large countercations, such as M = NBu4, are treated with hard alkylating reagents in polar aprotic media. (iv) As tetrabutylammonium thiohydroxamates, such as 2f, are highly useful in the synthesis of cyclic thiohydroxamic acid O-esters, we have developed an efficient protocol for the preparation of N-(alkoxy)pyridine-2(1H)-thiones directly from acid 1 using phase-transfer conditions (alkyl halide or sulfonic acid ester, CH3CN, K2CO3, Bu4NHSO4). This method has proved particularly successful for the synthesis of N-(alkoxy)thiazole-2(3H)-thiones 11, 20-28, which were obtained in yields of up to 87%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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