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  • 1989  (23)
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  • Brassica napus
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 2 (1989), S. 15-17 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Spontaneous androgenesis ; Erucic acid content ; Flower colour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Seeds of androgenetic origin were obtained among the F1 progenies of two crosses between resynthesized and cultivated forms of Brassica napus. The high-erucic, white-flowered, resynthesized line No7076 acted as the female, and the zero-erucic, yellow-flowered, cultivars ‘Topas’ and ‘Puma’, as males. No androgenetic seeds were obtained in the reciprocal crosses. Resynthesized rape could thus be of potential use for the production of androgenetic plants. Of special interest is the high frequency (21%) of spontaneous androgenesis observed in one of the two crosses. One plant, determined from erucic acid content and flower colour analysis as androgenetic, had a diploid chromosome number. Further knowledge about the genetic control of spontaneous androgenesis in the present material and the origin of the cytoplasm in androgenetic plants are required in order to exploit this phenomenon in practical plant breeding.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 8 (1989), S. 303-306 
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Ti plasmid ; Virulence ; Brassica napus ; Brassica juncea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus and Brassica juncea were infected with a number of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains. Tumourigenesis was very rapid and extremely efficient on B. juncea with all but one of the strains. Tumourigenesis on B. napus varied widely. It was very efficient with the nopaline strains, was reduced with the succinamopine strain A281 and was very weak with the octopine strains. The latter observation was confirmed with six different B. napus rapeseed cultivars. The selectivity was due to differences in the virulence of Ti plasmids with B. napus, rather than the tumourigenicity of the T-DNA or virulence of the chromosomal genes associated with the strains. An exception was strain LBA4404. The virulence of the octopine strains was increased by coinfection with more virulent disarmed strains and by induction with acetosyringone.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 489-494 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Microspore culture ; Spontaneous diploids ; Erucic acid ; Inheritance ; Brassica napus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The levels of erucic acid and other fatty acids in seeds of microspore-derived spontaneous diploid plants from crosses between low and high erucic acid parents were examined. The analysis confirmed that erucic acid is simply inherited and is determined by two genes that act in an additive manner. The effects of the genes for erucic acid on the levels of the other fatty acids was also determined and many significant correlations were found. In particular, erucic acid levels were negatively correlated with oleic acid and linoleic acid levels. The study also illustrates several advantages of using haploidy to analyze the inheritance of agronomically important traits. In particular, the number of phenotypic classes is smaller in androgenic populations and differences between classes are greater than in an F2 population.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 651-656 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Brassica nigra ; Somatic hybrids ; Resistance to Phoma lingam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus and B. nigra were combined via protoplast fusion into the novel hybrid Brassica naponigra. The heterokaryons were identified by fluorescent markers and selected by flow sorting. Thirty hybrid plants were confirmed by isozyme analysis to contain both B. nigra and B. napus chromosomes; of these, 20 plants had the sum of the parental chromosome numbers. A non-random segregation of the chloroplasts was found in the hybrids. Of 14 hybrid plants investigated, all had the B. napus type of chloroplast. The resistance to Phoma lingam found in the B. nigra cultivar used in the fusion experiments was expressed in 26 of the hybrid plants. The hybrids obtained in this study contain all of the three Brassica genomes (A, B and C) and have thus created unique possibilities for genetic exchanges between the genomes. Since most of the plants were fertile as well as resistant to P. lingam, they have been incorporated into conventional rapeseed breeding programs.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 77 (1989), S. 721-728 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Introgression ; Adaptation to short day ; Photo-insensitivity ; Oligogenic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Among the oleiferous Brassicas, B. napus has the highest seed and oil productivity. As it is a species adapted to the temperate regions, its spring type is either unable to flower or flowers too late in the short — day winter (rabi) season of the subtropics. B. napus (genome AACC) is an amphidiploid between B. campestris (AA) and B. oleracea (CC), and shares one genome with the other allotetraploids B. juncea (AABB) and B. carinata (BBCC). While B. napus lacks ecotypes adapted to the subtropics, the other four species are well represented in this climatic zone. Reciprocal crosses with or without one direct backcross to B. napus have been carried out with the intention of transfering short-day adaptability. The aim was to introgress the A genome of carefully selected early representatives of B. campestris and B. juncea with the corresponding genome in B. napus, and similary the C genome from B. oleracea and B. carinata with the analogous genome in B. napus. B. campestris, B. juncea and the clearly later species, B. oleracea var ‘alboglabra’ and B. carinata, seem to be almost equally effective in introgressing the appropriate earliness necessary for growth in Bangladesh. One backcross sligthly delayed segregation of early types. Convergent crosses did not result in the transgression of earliness, which was unexpected since the inheritance of flowering and maturity indicated a polygenic regulation. This result is partly explained by assuming dominant oligogenic control of the photoperiodic response. Introgression of earliness with the C genome doesn't seem to be necessarily related with the earliness of the donor species. Intergenomic interactions may be important. Interesting new lines were selected with high yield. Thus there is a good probability that Bangladesh will have a new oil crop. As these lines were observed to be early in Sweden as well, they could potentially push rapseed cultivation further north in temperate regions where the growing period is limited by short summers.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Agrobacterium-transformation ; Asymmetric protoplast fusion ; Brassica napus ; Brassica nigra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary With the idea to develop a selection system for asymmetric somatic hybrids between oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and black mustard (B. nigra), the marker gene hygromycin resistance was introduced in this last species by protoplast transformation with the disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 pGV 3850 HPT. The B. nigra lines used for transformation had been previously selected for resistance to two important rape pathogens (Phoma lingam, Plasmodiophora brassicae). Asymmetric somatic hybrids were obtained through fusion of X-ray irradiated (mitotically inactivated) B. nigra protoplasts from transformed lines as donor with intact protoplasts of B. napus, using the hygromycin resistance as selection marker for fusion products. The somatic hybrids hitherto obtained expressed both hygromycin phosphotransferase and nopaline synthase genes. Previous experience with other plant species had demonstrated that besides the T-DNA, other genes of the donor genome can be co-transferred. In this way, the produced hybrids constitute a valuable material for studying the possibility to transfer agronomically relevant characters — in our case, diseases resistances — through asymmetric protoplast fusion.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Protoplast fusion ; Triazine resistance ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Mitochondrial DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fusion of leaf protoplasts from an inbred line of Brassica oleracea ssp. botrytis (cauliflower, n=9) carrying the Ogura (R1) male sterile cytoplasm with hypocotyl protoplasts of B. campestris ssp. oleifera (cv “Candle”, n=10) carrying an atrazine-resistant (ATR) cytoplasm resulted in the production of synthetic B. napus (n=19). Thirty-four somatic hybrids were produced; they were characterized for morphology, phosphoglucose isomerase isoenzymes, ribosomal DNA hybridization patterns, chromosome numbers, and organelle composition. All somatic hybrids carried atrazine-resistant chloroplasts derived from B. campestris. The mitochondrial genomes in 19 hybrids were examined by restriction endonuclease and Southern blot analyses. Twelve of the 19 hybrids contained mitochondria showing novel DNA restriction patterns; of these 12 hybrids, 5 were male sterile and 7 were male fertile. The remaining hybrids contained mitochondrial DNA that was identical to that of the ATR parent and all were male fertile.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 473-479 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Microspore and anther culture comparison ; Androgenic lines ; Days to flower ; Days to maturity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A direct comparison of microspore culture and anther culture was made in Brassica napus using F1 crosses of Regent (canola) by Golden (rapeseed), and their reciprocals, as well as a hybrid between Reston and a highly embryogenic, canola-quality breeding line (G231) as donor plants. The study confirmed that microspore culture can be ten times more efficient than anther culture for embryo production. Embryo yields from cultures initiated from the Reston x G231 were four-fold greater than those initiated from the Regent x Golden crosses, and significant differences were also detected among cultures initiated from the different Regent x Golden crosses. These results illustrate the influence that donor plant genotype has on embryo production. However, superior embryogenic potential among donor material was not always coincident with superior plant production. The average haploid-todiploid ratio in microspore-derived regenerates was 2∶1 for the population obtained from the Regent x Golden crosses but 1∶1 for the Reston x G231 cross. For both types of material, the frequency of diploids increased upon repeated cycles of explanting. A field study showed that there were no differences between the populations of anther-derived and microspore-derived spontaneous diploid and doubled haploid lines, with respect to the days required for them to flower or to mature. The information is valuable for canola breeding programs considering the use of haploidy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 161-168 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Transgenic ; Heavy metal tolerance ; Human metallothionein gene ; Ti-plasmid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A chimeric gene containing a cloned human metallothionein-II (MT-II) processed gene was introduced into Brassica napus and Nicotiana tabacum cells on a disarmed Ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformants expressed MT protein as a Mendelian trait and in a constitutive manner. Seeds from self-fertilized transgenic plants were germinated on media containing toxic levels of cadmium and scored for tolerance/ susceptibility to this heavy metal. The growth of root and shoot of transformed seedlings was unaffected by up to 100 μM CdCl2, whereas control seedlings showed severe inhibition of root and shoot growth and chlorosis of leaves. The results of these experiments indicate that agriculturally important plants such as B. napus can be genetically engineered for heavy metal tolerance/sequestration and eventually for partitioning of heavy metals in non-consumed plant tissues.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 78 (1989), S. 793-797 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Rapeseed ; Fatty acid composition ; Linolenic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Results from a diallel mating of two rapeseed lines with distinctly different linolenic acid concentration show that this trait is mainly under control of nuclear genes of the embryo. However, significant differences in reciprocal F1, BC1 and BC2 indicate maternal control, which is realized by interaction between maternal genotype and nuclear genes of the embryo. Additionally, temperature exerts considerable influence on the degree of maternal control. Since no reciprocal differences are detectable in F2, cytoplasmic factors seem not to be involved in the inheritance of linolenic acid concentration. Hypotheses on the physiological nature of maternal control of this trait are discussed.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Vegetative cell ; Microbodies ; Pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the vegetative cell ofBrassica napus tricellular pollen grains, just before anthesis with standard chemical fixation, is reported. The vegetative cell may be regarded as a highly differentiated and metabolically active fat-storage cell. It contains many mitochondria with a well developed internal membrane system, starchless plastids, microbodies, lipid bodies, dictyosomes and numerous vesicles thought to originate from the dictysomes. Rough endoplasmic reticulum organized in stacks of cisternae is also spatially associated with certain organelles, mainly lipid bodies, microbodies and plastids. There are also randomly distributed polyribosome areas. The microbodies are mainly polymorphic in shape and are often observed in contact with lipid bodies. The above spatial relationship implies that the microbodies may have a glyoxysomal function. In the late period of vegetative cell maturation, the microbodies are probably involved in the process of glyconeogenesis in which the conversion of lipid reserves to sugar takes place.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Cell division ; Male germ unit ; Pollen ; Sperm cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The association of the two sperm cells inBrassica napus pollen following the generative cell division was investigated. The generative cell during division is located in the center of the pollen grain, within the vegetative cell. The space present between the two cells is slightly irregular as seen following standard glutaraldehyde fixation. After completion of mitosis vesicles appear in the equatorial plane, coalescing centripetally to form a cell plate which fuses with the membrane of the generative cell, dividing it in two sperm cells. They are isolated from the vegetative cell by the space between the two cell membranes and are separated from each other by a similar space resulting from the cell plate formed during cytokinesis.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Acetolactate synthase ; DNA sequence ; Brassica napus ; Oilseed rape ; Herbicide resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An acetolactate synthase gene was isolated and characterized from Brassica napus. This B. napus acetolactate synthase gene encodes a deduced polypeptide sequence of 637 amino acids which is 85% homologous to the corresponding proposed gene product from Arabidopsis thaliana. Peptide domains recently associated with herbicide resistance/sensitivity are conserved between the two sequences. From Southern analysis we conclude that the gene isolated is one member of a multigene acetolactate synthase gene family comprising four or five members. A probe spanning the presumptive transit peptide sequence of this gene was shown by Southern analysis to hybridize to a unique sequence in the B. napus genome. This unique probe was used to analyse DNA from B. campestris and B. oleracea, the presumed progenitors of B. napus. On the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism, we conclude that the B. napus gene isolated here originated in B. campestris. Total acetolactate synthase-homologous transcripts were analysed in a variety of B. napus tissues, and showed preferential accumulation in rapidly growing material. The genomic clone was mutated in vitro at codon 173 to replace a proline residue with serine. This was re-introduced into plants, using Agrobacterium vectors, producing a herbicide-resistant phenotype which is characteristic of the predicted gene product.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Diplotaxis erucoides ; Brassica napus ; rapeseed ; ovary culture ; intergeneric hybridization ; cytogenetics ; addition lines ; cytoplasmic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Intergeneric hybrids (F1) Diplotaxis erucoides (DeDe) x Brassica napus (AACC) and the first backcross to B. napus (BC1) have been obtained through in vitro culture of excised ovaries. The chromosome numbers of F1 and BC1 plants proved the occurrence of unreduced gametes. The study of metaphase I chromosome pairing showed that autosyndesis in De genome and allosyndesis between De and A/C genomes might exist. The male fertility of the F1 plants was low. Some male-sterile plants were found in F1 and BC1 progeny. The possibilities of creating addition lines B. napus-D. erucoides and of obtaining a new cytoplasmic male sterility in B. napus are discussed.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 135-140 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; swede breeding ; inter-plot competition ; dry-matter yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two experiments were done to evaluate the use of single-row plots for assessing dry-matter yield of swedes. In the first experiment the correlation between the dry-matter yields of 20 cultivars in unguarded single-row plots and those in guarded double-row plots was poor (r=0.39). It was improved (r=0.58) by adjusting the single-row plot fresh-weight yields for inter-plot competition, through an analysis of covariance in which the covariate was the mean of the adjacent plot yields, and then estimating the pure stand dry-matter yields. However, the correlation was still lower than that between unguarded double-row plots and the guarded double-row plots (r=0.73), and this latter correlation was also improved (r=0.82) by adjusting the fresh-weight yields of the unguarded plots for inter-plot competition. The second experiment provided an explanation for the partial success of the covariance adjustment. The individual neighbour effects of six cultivars were determined. Doon Major and Ruta Øtofte decreased the yields of adjacent cultivars whereas Dryden and Melfort increased them. Angela and Magres had little effect. The correlation between the dry-matter yield neighbour effects of cultivars and their fresh-weight yields was high (r=−0.81), but not complete. So although competitive ability was associated with root fresh-weight yield, other factors must also be involved. It was concluded that a two-replicate trial with unguarded double-row plots is preferable to a four-replicate trial with unguarded single-row plots for dry-matter yield assessment of early generation families in a pedigree swede breeding programme.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; forage rape ; swedes ; self-incompatibility ; S-genes ; hybrid breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Seed set after self-pollination confirmed that 19 lines of Brassica napus were self-incompatible. Eight lines, H, J, Q, W, X, K, P and Z, were fully cross-compatible. Line R was cross-compatible with these lines but often had a low seed set as female parent. These results are consistent with the activity of nine distinct S-alleles. Line S was cross-incompatible with K, as was V with P, and F with Z. With each of the lines A, E, B, O, G, L and M at least one reciprocal difference was found so that the number of additional distinct S-alleles could not be inferred, but there must be a minimum of seven. Pollen tube counts of intra- and inter-line pollinations using M, B and X confirmed the homozygosity of these lines with respect to self-incompatibility status and the presence of non-reciprocal compatibility between M and B. The results are interpreted in terms of the activity of both B. oleracea and B. campestris S-loci and the implications for hybrid breeding are discussed.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 42 (1989), S. 99-103 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; self-incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The interactions of nine S-gene lines of Brassica napus were examined. Seven different S-genes were involved in the crosses, with three lines of different origin having the same S-gene. In general, the reactions on selfing the heterozygotes were as expected from the results of test crosses with the homozygous parent lines. All types of dominance relationships were found, including reversal of dominance in pollen and pistil. Weakening of activity of one or both genes was found in several cases. Background genotype was found have to some effect and reciprocal differences in reactions were also observed.
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 17 (1989), S. 153-158 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; spring cultivars ; protoplast culture ; plant regeneration ; cultivar variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplast cultures were prepared from hypocotyls of ten spring rapeseed cultivars. Protoplasts from all genotypes tested formed calli, and shoots were regenerated from calli of nine of the genotypes at frequencies varying from 15 to 76%. The regenerating cultivars fell into a high regenerating group (〉60% and a low regenerating group 〈25%).
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  • 19
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 18 (1989), S. 129-141 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; organogenesis ; plantlet formation ; regeneration ; root segments ; shoot bud differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Root segments obtained from aseptically germinated seedlings of Brassica napus cv. Westar were used to optimize conditions for high-frequency shoot bud differentiation. The presence of low kinetin (0.5 μM) and relatively high indole-butyric acid (1.0 μM) levels facilitated optimum shoot bud differentiation. Modified MS medium (MMS) was superior to the other three basal media tested (MS, B5 and White's). Elevated sodium dihydrogen phosphate levels increased the differentiation of shoot buds. Increasing or decreasing the level of sucrose from 3% reduced the frequency of explants forming shoot buds. Addition of glutamine enhanced both the frequency of responding explants, as well as the number of shoots per responding explant. Root segments from 13-day-old seedlings produced the highest response (58%) in the presence of 100 mg l-1 glutamine. The position of the segment on the main root, size, and the presence or absence of lateral roots altered the morphogenic response. Sealing of the donor seedling cultures with Parafilm® instead of Stretch' n seal® resulted in a higher production of shoot buds, although root segment cultures were not affected by the type of sealing. Spontaneous rooting occurred on all developed shoots.
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  • 20
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    Methods in cell science 12 (1989), S. 139-144 
    ISSN: 1573-0603
    Keywords: microinjection ; genetic transformation ; protoplasts ; microspores ; Brassica napus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes a general method suitable for the microinjection ofBrassica napus protoplasts, unicellular microspores, and multicellular microspores. By incorporating components taken from other methods, manual operations frequently involved in the microinjection of plant cells have been simplified and microinjection rates increased. The embedding of cells in agarose provides a simple alternative to the variety of sophisticated immobilization strategies devised for different plant cell types thereby reducing the manipulations often involved in the culture of microinjected cells. Use of an automatic microinjector eliminated the operation of fine control systems on manual injectors; however, precision in sample delivery was reduced. Analyses indicate that transformed tissues can be recovered from microinjected protoplasts and microspores at high frequencies.
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  • 21
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Ca uptake ; cation-anion balance ; rock phosphate ; split pot experiments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rape and sunflower were compared with respect to their rock phosphate mobilizing capacities, cationanion balance and uptake of Ca and NO3 at P-starvation. Rape was able to mobilize P from rock phosphate, whereas sunflower was not. When grown on a complete nutrient solution with NO3 as the only nitrogen source, both species took up more nutrient anions than cations. Withholding phosphate from the nutrient solution did not change the uptake pattern of rape, but sunflower took up more nutrient cations than anions at P-starvation, due to a strong decline in NO3 uptake. With both species, Ca uptake was not affected by phosphate in the nutrient solution. In split pot experiments, with rock phosphate supplied spatially separated from other nutrients, rape was still able to mobilize rock phosphate. A high Ca concentration had no effect on this capacity. The results indicated that in our experiments rock phosphate mobilization by rape was not associated with an excess of cation over anion uptake and neither with a high Ca uptake rate.
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  • 22
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    Plant and soil 113 (1989), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agar plate technique ; Brassica napus ; citric acid ; malic acid ; phosphate nutrition ; rhizosphere acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Local rhizosphere acidification by rape as a reaction to P-starvation was visualized by means of an agar plate technique. By means of a modification of this technique local differences in cation-anion uptake and organic acid exudation along intact roots of rape were observed for plants grown on nutrient solution with or without added P. No differences in uptake rates of K-, NO3- and Ca-ions could be detected between P-starved and P-supplied plants. However, exudation of malic and citric acid was distinctly higher in acidified root zones of P-starved plants, coinciding with higher levels of malate in the corresponding root tissue. Organic acid exudation is indicates as the cause of local rhizosphere acidification by rape as a reaction to P-starvation and as a possible mechanism of its phosphate-solubilizing capacity.
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  • 23
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 19 (1989), S. 213-224 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; B. oleracea ; rapid-cycling brassica populations ; protoplasts ; regeneration ; maltose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts were isolated from aseptic shoot cultures of commercial cultivars ofBrassica napus, B. oleracea andB. campestris, and from the six ‘rapid-cycling brassica species’. Of the rapid-cycling species, onlyB. napus responded well to the culture conditions used; 2% of protoplasts formed calli and up to 5% of calli regenerated shoots. Regeneration was also achieved from commercial cultivars ofB. napus andB. oleracea. For these two species the plating density, time of dilution with fresh medium and the composition of the shoot-inducing medium were all found to have an important influence on the efficiency of plant regeneration. Both responded better to maltose than to sucrose-based media. Under the optimum conditionsB. napus showed a plating efficiency of 7.8% and shooting efficiency of 17%; forB. oleracea the figures were 2% and 56%, respectively.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; Brassica napus ; CaMV 35S promoter ; mas promoter ; gene expression ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gene fusions between the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and the promoters of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA transcript (CaMV 35S) and the mannopine synthase (mas) genes were introduced into rapeseed varieties via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Fluorometric assay of β-glucuronidase activity indicated different expression patterns for the two promoters. In seedlings, the CaMV 35S promoter had maximum activity in the primary roots, while the mas promoter was most active in the cotyledons. Etiolated seedlings cultured in the dark showed reduced activity of the mas promoter. Before vernalization at the rosette stage, both promoters were more active in older plant parts than in younger ones. At this stage the highest activity was recorded in cotyledons. After the plants had bolted reduced promoter function was detected in the upper parts of the transformed plants. Both promoters were found to be functional in the majority of the studied organs of transgenic rapeseed plants, but the promoter activity varied considerably between the organs at different developmental stages. The ability of pollen to transfer the introduced genes to other varieties and related species (e.g. Brassica napus and Diplotaxus muralis) by cross-pollination was studied in greenhouse experiments, and field trials were carried out to estimate the distance for biologically-relevant gene dispersal. In artificial crossing, the introduced marker gene was transferable into other varieties of Brassica napus. In field trials, at a distance of 1 metre from the source of transgenic plants, the frequency of an outcrossing event was relatively high (10-3). Resistant individuals were found at 16 and 32 metres from the transgenic pollen donors, but the frequency of an outcrossing event dropped to 10-5.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: asymmetric somatic hybridization ; Brassica napus ; Brassica nigra ; disease resistance transfer ; dot blot analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Asymmetric somatic hybrid plants between Brassica napus L. (oilseed rape genome AACC) and a transgenic line of Brassica nigra L. Koch (black mustard genome BB) were tested for their resistance against rapeseed pathogens Phoma lingam (black leg disease) and Plasmodiophora brassicae (club root disease). The transgenic B. nigra line used (hygromycin-resistant, donor) is highly resistant to both fungi, whereas B. napus (recipient) is highly susceptible. The asymmetric somatic hybrids were produced using the donor-recipient fusion method (with X-irradiation of donor protoplasts) reported by Zelcer et al. (1978) for the production of cybrids. Using hygromycin-B for selection, a total of 332 hybrid calli were obtained. Regenerants, resistant or susceptible to both diseases, were selected. Many hybrids expressed resistance to only one pathogen. Dot blot experiments showed that the asymmetric hybrid plants contained varying amounts of the donor genomic DNA. Furthermore, a correlation was detected between the radiation dose and the degree of donor DNA elimination.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; disease tolerance ; oxalic acid ; oxalate oxidase ; Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Oxalic acid is thought to have a primary role in the pathogenicity of several plant pathogens, notably Sclerotinia selerotiorum. A gene coding for the enzyme oxalate oxidase was isolated from barley roots and introduced into oilseed rape as a means of degrading oxalic acid in vivo. This report describes the production of several transgenic plants of oilseed rape and the characterisation of these plants by Southern, Western and enzyme activity assays. Plants were shown to contain an active oxalate oxidase enzyme and were tolerant of exogenously supplied oxalic acid.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Euphytica 85 (1955), S. 323-327 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; fatty acids ; gas chromatography ; Lunaria annua ; protoplast regeneration ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A programme of research was designed to investigate methods for the modification of the fatty acid profiles of high performance lines of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in an attempt to produce lines with enhanced levels of industrially useful fatty acids. The methodology employed to achieve these objectives was based on the exploitation of somaclonal or protoclonal variation, and targeted somatic hybridization using wild cruciferous germplasm as fusion partners. A range of somaclonal lines was produced from shoot regeneration protocols. These lines underwent replicated, randomised glasshouse trials for morphological assessment followed by gas chromatographic analysis to monitor any changes in fatty acid profile. It was found that a small number of lines exhibited potentially useful changes in oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Protoplast regeneration and electrofusion protocols for a range of winter oilseed rape lines were developed, and methods for the isolation and fusion of protoplasts of the wild crucifer Lunaria annua (chosen for its high nervonic acid content) established.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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