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  • 1965-1969  (749)
  • 1905-1909
  • 1966  (749)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (439)
  • Chemical Engineering  (310)
  • Engineering General
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Material
Years
  • 1965-1969  (749)
  • 1905-1909
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of thermal degradation of certain polyether-polyurethansThis paper represents one phase of research performed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Contact NAS7-100 (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 36-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper is an account of some studies of the mechanism of degradation of an uncrosslinked polyurethan prepared from poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) and 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) at temperatures up to 320°C in a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Fractionation of polymers before and after degradation provides information about the mechanism of degradation since the molecular weight distributions obtained are dependent on the mode and sites of bond scission. A recent publication describes the column elution method of fractionation developed for undergraded and slightly degraded PPG-TDI. PPO-TDI gives essentially most probable molecular weight distributions at an initial intrinsic viscosity [η] of ∼ 0.68 dl/g and also after degradation to [η] ∼ 0.24 dl/g. This invariancy of the distribution strongly suggests a randon scission process. Other types of degradation, e.g., free-radical unzipping initiated at the chain ends, could also give invariant most probable distributions. However, such depolymerizations would be accompanied by much larger extents of volatilization than were observed for these polymers (〈5% volatilization).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060107
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of moisture on glycidyl reactions with carboxylic acid anhydrides (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Moisture present in epoxy anhyride composites may hydrolyze the anhydride and cause major changes in the mechanical and chemical properties of the final composite. Heat distortion data and infrared spectroscopy are used to analyze the changes caused by the presence of the moisture. As the concentraton of water is increased, there is a decrease in the heat distortion or gass transition temperature. The decrease is due to a change in the crosslinking network and is caused by the reduction of the functonality of the epoxy group for acid as compared to the anhydride. Where rigid specifications must be met it is essential that the moisture level in the fillers, resins, etc. be kept constant.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060112
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060201
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal and oxidative effects in polyethylenes above 200°C (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There is considerable literature on the behavior of polyethylene below 200°C and above 400°C. This paper presents results on both high and low density polyethylene between 2000 and 400°C, a range of practical import for various fabrication and processing steps. Practical exposure times may be short and the experimental procedures were designed to give meaningful results for times as low as 1 min. The principal effects are chain-session and oxidation. Session was isolated by applying an atmosphere of pure nitrogen and proved uite shlow at 300°C but rapid at 400°C. The course of scission and produces discoloration, odor, and rising carbonyl content. A brief discussion is given of the role of diffusion in oxidation.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060205
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of silane coupling agents in improving the properties of filled or reinforced thermoplastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 97-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The application of silane coupling action produces significant improvements in physical properties in various thermpolastic resin systems. Both glass-reinforced thermoplastics and the more conventional filled thermoplastic resin systems were studied. An order of specificity between resin and coupling agent exists for thermoplastic resins similar to that of thermosets. The interaction with thermosets is considered copolymerization, wereas that with thermoplastics is not yet clearly defined. The silanes are incorporated by pre-treatment (best for glass reinforcement) or by addition during normal compounding. Fillers are added for a specific result, often with sacrifice of physical strength. Data presented show that silane addition upgrades filled thermoplastics to the level of clear resins and sometimes above. The effect of silanes on electrical properties of filled thermoplastics are also reported.
    Additional Material: 20 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060203
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photometric method for measuring crazing in transparent plastic materials (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 127-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An optical method has been developed to provide quantitative results useful for characterizing the crazing of transparent plastics. The procedure consists of the detection of discontinuities in a beam of light that scans the specimen in a direction perpendicular to the line of crazing. The light is transmitted to a photomultiplier that is connected with an amplifying system and a recorder that provides a diagram of the light energy modulated by the lines of crazing. The specimen is scanner both before and after subjecting it to a treatment that causes crazing, and the crazing index is considered to be the difference between the area below the two curves.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060207
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact behavior of rigid PVC compounds (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 169-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Many rigid PVC compounds show a sharp transition from tough to brittle fracture with decreasing temperature in impact testing, and this temperature becomes a criterion of compound quality in addition to the impact strength observed at specific temperatures. This BT (brittle fracture) has been investigated individuall in commercial and experimental elastomer modified rigid PVC compounds. Factors affecting the BT include speciman thickness, composition and processing conditions. Apparently the discontinuity in impact behavior is a sudden manifestation of a gradual change, resulting in a near ten-fold decrease in notched impact strength without any obvious change in properties. The BT provides a continuous scale for comparing impact properties of compounds, and is thus more versatile and sensitive than impact tests run at a single temperature.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060214
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamentals of melt rheology, heat generation, and heat transfer as applied to polymer processing (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 158-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The flow of polymer melts is normally laminar, but pseudoplastic in character. That is, flow rate increases in proportion to a power higher then 1, usually between 1.5 and 4, of the applied pressure difference. Viscosities are extremely high - more then a mollion times that of water - so considerable heat is generated in the flowing melt by viscous dissipation of flow energy. This mode of heat generation is put to good practial use in the screw extruder, a device that converts plastic pellets into hot melt for shaping into pipe, sheets, coatings and molded products. Equations are given for computing flow rates and viscous dissipation rates. Heating (except by viscous working) and cooling of polymers are slow processes because all these materials are poor heat conducts nad their extreme viscosities make convection impracticable. The princliples of heat transfer are reviewed, and the solutions are given for some transient-conduction problems frequenlty encountered in processing. Equations are given for judging the operation of extruders.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060213
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 182-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060302
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-Newtonian tangential flow in cylindrical annuli. IV (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 203-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tangential flow of a “power law” model fluid between two concentric cylinders is analyzed. A constant angular pressure gradient is imposed and one of the cylinders is rotating at a constant angular velocity. This type of flow is of interest in screw extrusion theory. The error in the superposition, i.e., linear addition of tangential pressure and drag flows, for a “power law” model fluid, is quantitatively calculated and plotted in the form of a correction factor. Tangential pressure flow is compared to a pressure flow between parallel plates and additional correction factor to account for the curvature is derived and plotted. The applicability of the “power law” model for flow of polymer melts in extruders is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060306
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamentals of plasticating extrusion. III. Development of a mathematical model (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 198-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article describes a general mathematical model summarized in the form of a computer program for the plasticating extruder. The model combines features of the metering-zone model previously published, the melting-zone model described in paper No. I of this series, and a feed-zone model based on an extension of known theories. It is based on theoretical models for each zone unified and improved by non-linear estimation to accurately describe the extrusion experiments.The mathematical model predicts temperature, pressure, and melt channel width profiles of the plastic being processed in the plasticating extruder as a function of design and operating variables of the machine. It enables for the first time the design of the whole machine based on temperature and pressure profiles, including new combinations of cylindrical and tapered roots.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060305
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fractional crystallization of polypropylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 213-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of a fractional crystallization technique for characterization of polypropylenes with respect to stereoregularity is described. It is a simple technique which is attractive for routine analysis and under suitable conditions yields quantitative data with good reproducibility. Separation by fractional crystallization from hot xylene solution is shown to take place according to polymer crystallizability and is relatively independent of molecular weight. It thus represents an alternative and in some ways superior approach to the more commonly used fractional extraction method. Preliminary work indicates that the fractional crystallization method may prove of value in establishing correlations between the stereoregular nature of polypropylenes and their physical properties.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060307
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of annealing on the density and tensile properties of polypropylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 244-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The density and tensile property changes in polypropylene resulting from various post-crystallization aging procedures are investigated with the aim of (1) establishing standard procedures for the evaluation of these properties and (2) determining which conditioning treatment will provide optimum tensile properties. The morphology and resultant tensile behavior of polypropylene are particularly sensitive to conditioning treatments in the temperature range 145-160°C. A procedure for compression molding plaques, carrying out isothermal annealing treatment in the 100-170°C range and gradual cooling is described. The dependence on annealing temperature of the density, elongation, tensile modulus and yield stress is given.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060312
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal conductivity of high polymers - the influence of molecular weight (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 260-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some earlier observations on the influence of molecular weight, plasticizer, and irradiation on the thermal conductivity of polymers is reviewed. Also some new data on polystyrene and some new calculations based on the theory of Hansen and Ho are presented. These data show almost a two fold increase in the thermal conductivity of polystyrene as the molecular weight goes from 900 to 100,000. Data on the moleculer weight effect on thermal conductivity appear to be consistent with the theoretical calculations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060315
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Autoxidation of semicrystalline polyethylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal oxidation in linear polyethylene is mainly confined to disordered regions in which scission reactions cause crystallization and eventual deterioration of mechanical properties. Gel formation is negligible at 100°C. As degradation proceeds, comparable changes occur in the intrinsic viscosities of melt and solution-crystallized liner polymers, indicating that chain folds are regularly arranged and are resistant to oxidative scission. Breakdown is much more extensive in branched and crosslinked polymers since crosslinking retards oxidative crystallization and branching increases the volume fraction of substrate ultimately accessible to oxygen.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060317
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of the thermal degradation of linear polyethylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For a system of equivalent bonds undergoing random bond scission it is reasonable to assume that the rate of bond breaking (hence the rate of creation of new molecules) reported in the literature and data presented here demonstrate that the number of molecules created is not proportional to the time of thermal treatment hence they seem to belie this reasonable hypothesis. Other authors have adduced the presence of some non-equivalent bonds in order to account for the observed cruvature and still retain the hypothesis. Implicit in these arguments is the assumption of a steady-state concentration of reactive fragments. Our analysis explores the consequences of abandoning the steady-state assumption and shows that a quantitative explanation of the observed degradation behavior may be had by this means wihile still retaining the hypothesis of a constant probability of a bond being broken per unit time.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060404
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In-line annealing - a new approach to the extrusion of high quality rigid vinyl products (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 248-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Most polymers exhibit a very fluid melt rheology during extrusion and can be distorted, drawn down, and cooled without building excessive residual stresses into the product. In contrast, rigid vinyl is usually extruded as a stiff, almost selfsupporting mass. Care must be taken to prevent the formation ot oriented stresses in the product which will be relieved during long periods of exposure resulting in dimensional instability and related loss of physical properties. A newly developed method of in-line annealing has shown to be an effective means of relieving oriented stresses developed during extrusion. By use of this instrumented technique, rigid vinyl products can be controlled to much tighter shrinkage specifications in a single step process, thereby eliminating post-annealing treatments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060313
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060401
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 282-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060402
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residence time dependence of molecular weight distributions in continuous polymerizations (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 299-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Residence time distribution (RTD) is a spectral property of contiuous chemical reactors. Batch reactors may be viewed as having “monodisperse” residence time distributions. This article discusses molecular weight distributions (MWDs) of polymeic materials formed in continuous and in semicontinuos process and how they are affected by reaction time distributions. All synthetic high polymers, even those Prepared in batch reaction, possess a MWD which may sometimes, for a given monomer, be altered chemically by a proper choice of catalyst and diluent. An interesting concept suggested by the present work is the prospect of “tailoring” the MWD for a given monomer-catalyst-diluent system physically by selecting appropriate reactor conditions. Hence, althought this work involves analysis the results may provide a guide to synthesis.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060405
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymer structures and properties of new heat resistant films and fibers (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 369-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Commercial films, elastomers, and fibers have valuable in-use properties below 300°C. Astronautic requirements, however, may evaentually call for materials that withstand 500 hrs at 300°C or 100 hrs at 500°C while fully retaining their useful properties. The most significant advances in the synthesis and preparation of heat resistant polymer have been made since 1959 with new synthetic methods such as interfacial polymerization, cyclopolymerization, and intramolecular polymer post-cyclopolymerization, and intramolecular olymer post-cyclization reactions. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss the structural relationships among those heat resistant, orgainc polymers that were reported to give strong films and fibers. Those heat resistant polymers, which have not yet been fabricated into films and fibers are not included in this review.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060415
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the rheology of monodisperse and polydisperse polystyrenes to the analysis of injection molding behavior (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 373-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Monodisperse and polydisperse polystyrenes of equal weight average molecular weight (Mw) are evaluated for melt flow behavior in an Instron capillary rheometer and for injection molding behavior in a 12 ounce in-line reciprocationg screw injection molding machine. The influence of molecular weight distribution on the shape of the flow curves is deconstrated over a wide range of shear rate and temperature. The influence is also reflected in injection molding behavior as defined by pressure to fill or flash the mold at a given melt temperature. Studies of capillary rheometer data for correlation with injection moling beghavior indicate poor agreement when low shear rate viscosity data are used. Good agrement is foun using high shear rate viscosity data in the range 103 to 104 sec-1 Striking crossover points on melt rheology and injection colding area diagram curvs are found with the monodisperse and polydisperse polystyrenes of the same M These crossovers shift with melt temperature and make possible the determination of a “controlling shear rate” for the injection molding process. This is found to be 3500 sec-1 for short shot and 6200 sec-1 for flash with the ASTM test specimen mold used in this study.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060416
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060101
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of methods for the determinaton of resin advancement in asbestos-phenolic prepregs (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 79-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The determination of the state of resin advancement in asbestos-phenolic prepregs is important to the processor of this material. Many tests have been proposed for measuring this condition. In this article the follwing tests were made on the prepreg and resin extracted from the prepreg to measure advancement: viscosity, Chang Index,-infrared absorption dielectric constant, dissipation, dielectric constant, and dissipation factor, volume resistivity, and tear strength. Infrared absorption, dielectric constant, and dissipation factor correlated best and were the most sensitive indicators of resin advancement.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060115
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 94-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060202
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Development of an impact test for evaluation of weatherability of rigid plastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 124-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Color development in outdoor applications has been widely used as an indication of breakdown in plastic materials although this does not always indicate a change in physical properties. Appearance factors are easily and precisely evaluated by measuring color and surface changes. Measurement of physical property changes is more comples and more meaningful. An optimum test method should measure a property with time, environment and sample form. Ideally, the data should determine service life. The test specimen should be adaptable to a variety of samples. Of the many physical tests of weatherability, impact strength appears most interesting. An inexpensive Variable Impact Tester was Modified and Developed for Measuring the effect of aging on rigid PVC. Data are presented showing the relation between impact values and temperature, sample thickness, process conditions and various environmental exposures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060206
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Static coefficients of friction for polyethylenes (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The static coefficients of friction of solid polyolefins against metal surfaces has been determined as functions of pressure, temperature, and metal surface finish. The polymers studied were a low debsity (branched) polyethylene, a high density copolymer, and a high density (linear) polyethylene homocopolymer, and a high density (linear) polyethylene homopolymer. Four metal surfaces were used, with surface roughnesses ranging from 1 1/2 to 18 microinches. The pressure and temperature ranges were 0 to 355 psig and 72 to 225°F, respectively. Data were obtained for the polymers in two forms: granules and flat smooth dise, except for the high density homopolymer which was tested in the disc from only. In general, the results indicated that, for all granules, the coefficient was essentially independent of pressure, but decreased with increasing temperature until the melting point was reached; it varied with metal surface roughness which was greatest for the low density polymer. For the smooth surfaced disc samples, the coefficient also decreased with increasing pressure with high values at low pressure indicating strong adhesion between the polymer and metal surfaces.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060209
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of stresses in formed plastics parts (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 156-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To determine the optimum conditions for vacuum forming quality parts, a precise method of determining internal stress required development. The approach investigated was based on the shrinkage of a heated stressed part. Small stress should be proportioned to strain. By exposing loaded tensile specimens simultaneously with the formed part, the material modulus is determined. Results indicated creep which was minimized by using the correct modulus to calculate internal stress. Stresses in a normally formed part and in a part formed cool were compared at two temperatures. Values were higher in most areas of the cool-formed part and consistent at the two temperatures. This method probably can be used on other materials and possibly on injection molded parts.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060212
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compressibility of bulk polymers (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 176-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bulk compressibilities of a series of linear and crosslinked polymers have been measured, in a Matsuoka-Maxwell apparatus, at pressures up to 10,000 atmospheres and at temperatures to 202°C. These polymers exhibited nonlinear compressibility characteristics and a maximium compressibility of about 15% at 10,000 atmospheres. At slow loading rates, data were obtained for the amorphous polymers which could be expressed as glass-rubber phase gisgrams. The nature of the observed compressibilities are discussed and the usefulness of the data is indicated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060216
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  • 30
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    Stabilization of polypropylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antioxidants and UV absorbers are vital to the commercialization of polypropylene because of their influence on this polymer's light stability, heat or oxidative stability, processing stability, and gas fading due to nitrogen oxides. The effects of these stabilizers are measured in terms of polypropylene's initial color, color retention, and retention of physical properties when the polymer is exposed to direct weathering and to elevated temperatures. The relative washfastness or resistance to extraction by aqueous systems under various laundering conditions is another important, measurable property of UV absorbers and antioxidants in polypropylene. Such measurements are usually made using stabilized polypropylene molded plaques and monofilaments containing UV absorbers, antioxidants and, often, combinations of the two.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060310
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    AI polymer laminates for high temperature stability (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Amoco AI amide imide polymer is an all aromatic polymer which is currently being used as a high temperature wire enamel. It also looks promising as a high temperature laminating material. It is available in a stable solid form and is readily formulated in its laminating solvents. B-Staged coated glass cloth with excellent shelf stability is easily prepared. AI laminates retain their initial flexural strength after four weeks at 500°F. They retain 50% of their initial flexural strength after one week at 572°F. Other modifications of this type of polymer are being investigated as laminating materials.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060309
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  • 32
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    Stereoregulation and stereoregular polymers (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 240-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The discovery of methods for regulating stereoisomerism in polymer synthesis, and thereby controlling polymer properties, is one of the most significant recent developments in polymer science. Polypropylenes and propylene copolymers are the outstanding products resulting already. This review includes both European and American contributions from the beginning of the idea. It emphasizes researches on polymerization of vinyl ethers and of 1-olefms which have been most important in development of the basic concepts of stereoregulation. The review is based in part upon a paper presented at the Canadian Polymer Forum in Ottawa in September 1965.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060311
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time dependent crystallinity of polybutene-1 (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 349-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Isotactic Polybutene-1 can exist in 4 different crystalline phases of varying stability of which two are of greatest importance because they are involved in solidification from the melt initially, the melt cools into an unstable crystalline phase which gradually and spontaneously transforms into a stable, stronger, stiffer, more crystalline phase over a period of days. Rate of development of mechanical properties depends on crystallinity which depends on rate of phase change. However, optical properties develop in an unusual and irregualr way that is significantly affected by external factors, suxh as pressure, temperature, fillers nucleation and geometry.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060411
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    Fatigue mechanisms of thermoplastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Failure in fatigue by the mechanism of crack initiation and propagation originationg at flaws and stress concentrations has been fairly well established. It explains the fatigue phenomena in highly elastic materials, namely metals and certain thermosetting plastics such as reinforced polyester and epoxy resins. We have found, however, that a different mechanism dominates the fatigue behavior of thermoplastics. Specifically, the mechanism involves the generationa of heat within the material due to viscous damping or hysteresis. This paper presents fatigue, damping data and temperature measurements during cyclic stress to support this conclusion on three themoplastic resins of widely different mechanical properties, polyetrafluouoethylene (PTFE), Nylon 6, and polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA). In addition to the usual S-N fatigue curves, we wil show how surface temperature changes with fatigue life and how this change is affected by stress, Frequency, crystallinity, specimen geometry and other parameters. Alos, the loss compliance of the materials will be presented as afunction of temperature to show the relationship of fatigue to damping properties.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060414
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Practical applications of polymer solutions (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 359-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To chemists and engineers working in industry, the most important applications of polymer solutions are the experiments leading to the measurement of molecular weight, molecular-weight distribution, and other characteristic parameters of random-coil polymers. This article extends earlier reviews by describing such practical aspects of these measurements as preferred techniques;; commercially-available equipment; analysis cost, sample size, and time; limitations of the methods; and pitfalls in the interpretation of the data. For molecular-weight measurement, commonly-used techniques include end-group analysis, cryoscropy, ebulliometry, osmometry, “vapor-pressure osmometry”, light scattering, and ultracentrifugation. Measurement of certain transport properties correlating emprirically with molecular weight, such as the intrinsic viscosity, is useful if the limitations of the techniques are recognized. Currently, the more promising and powerful methods polymer fractopmatopm are cpmsodered to be column elution and gel permeation chromatography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060413
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 2-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060102
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced solid state polymerization (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 14-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The literature on radiation-induced solid state polymerization has been increasing exponentially in the last five years. Major advances have been made in retention of crystalline morphology during polymerization, in stereospecific polymerization, in modification of reactivity ratios in copolymerization and in molecular weight control of the product. However, at the present time, no commercial products have resulted from the study of radiation-induced solid state polymerization. Chemically induced polymerization techniques have been keeping abreast of this explosive development in the solid state polymerization field and have up to this time precluded the use in industry of solid state polymerization. The major potential at the present time appears to be in the area of producing fibers without additional processing.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060104
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring the curing process of reinforced plastics structures (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 41-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The feasibility of monitoring curing processes in large reinforced plastics structures by electrical volume resistivity techniques has been studied. It has been found, by embedding electrodes and thermocouples within a heavy-walled structure during fabricaton and by monitoring the change is resistance during the curing process, that information indicative of the rate and extent of curing can be obtained. The resin system used in this study was Epon 826/MNA/BDMA.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060108
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    The phenomenon of draw resonance in polmeric melts. Part II - correlation to molecular parameters (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 50-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Phenomenon of draw resonance and the cyclic size fluctuation of an extruded shpae are related to basic changes in the “melt strength” (force per average cross-sectional area required to draw the molten fiber down under fixed conditions). Melt strength values are obtained by a modified rheometer which consists of a vertical chamber to melt and hold the polymers at 190-250°C, a piston for extrusion, a take-up system, a strain gauge to measure the drawdown force and a recorder for continuous force-time plots. Melt strength increases with take-off speed but not proportionally. At higher velocities, draw resonance is apparent through a sinusoidal-like variation in fiber diameter. The amplitudes of melt strength and diameter waves are correlated with molecular weight, melt viscosity, swell, melt temperature and take-off speeds.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060110
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The resistivity of octyl phthalate plasticizers (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 75-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The resistivities of commercial octyl phthalatel plasticizers have been measured after treatments of heating, drying, purification by chromatography and addition of salts. The resistivity of pure plasticizer is high but is lowered by water, acid and alcohol. The theory to explain the observations is advanced.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060114
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Strength of polybenzimidazole and phenolic laminate-to-metal joints (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 24-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Stress concentration effects and strengths of bonded and bolted butt joints were investigated for a glass fabric polybenzimidazole lalminate at room temperatuer and 700°F for a gloass fabric phenolic laminate at room temperature and 500°F. Specimen configurations included: (1) standard tensile specimen, (2) stress concentration specimen, (3) bolted double shear butt joint, (4) bolted single shear butt joint, (5) bonded double shear butt joint and (6) bonded single shear butt joint.Both polybenzimidazole and phenolic laminates exhibited high room temperature tensile strengths and little degradation of that strength occured as a result of elevated temperature exposure. However, low joint effencies (22 to 32%) were obtained for bolted butt joint specimens. Although bonded joints exhibited higher efficiencies, they suffered from a thermal expansion mismatch between the plastic laminate and the Inconel butt plates.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060105
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    The phenomenon of draw resonance in polymeric melts. Part I - qualitative view (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 45-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When a thermoplastic shape is extruded and drawn into a quenching medium and the drawing speed increases continuously, the cross-sectional extrudate area decreases. At a critical take-up speed, a cyclic gauge pulsation begins, becoming more pronounced with increasing drawing speed until the extrudate eventually breaks at the air-coolant in terface. This phenomenon, “draw resonance,” originates in the air gap and is independent of any melt fracture phenomena. Correlations show increasing pulsation severity with increases in speed ratio, air gap, viscosity-average molecular weight, and decreasing melt temperatures. Draw resonance occurs with polypropylene and various types of polyethylene and polystyrene. Ribbon-type and round-hole dies give equivalent results. A semi-quantitative theory is advanced is explain these phenomena in terms of thermodynamic relationships and basic molecular properties.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060109
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  • 43
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    Azelaaldehydic acid ester-acetal derivatives as plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride)Presented at the Division of Organic Coatings and Plastics Chemistry, 145th Meeting, American Chemcial Society, New York, New York. (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 60-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Certain ester-acetal derivatives of azelaaldehydic acid have been evaluated as a new type of plasticizer of PVC. In gerneral, these compouonds have high compatibility and impart excellent low-temperature, mechanical, heat- and light -stability properties to the plasticized PVC. The 2-ethylihexyl ester bis (2-methoxyethyl) acetal, in particular, appeared to have the best combination of properties for a useful plasticizer. The results indicate that a unique and useful type of plasticizer-stabilizer can be obtained from derivatives of azelaaldehydic acid.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060111
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  • 44
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    Polymerization of 2-allyl-1-methylenecyclohexane by the cyclic polymerization mechanism (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 71-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: 2-Ally-1-methylenecyclohexane is a compound which is functionally capable of undergoing polymerization by the alternating intra-intermolecular propagation mechanism to produce poly[1,8-methylene[4.3.0] bicyclononane]. This monomer was synthesized and its polymerization through use of cationic and Ziegler-type initiators was studied. Synthesis of the monomer was accomplished by the following reaction sequence: (1) conversion of cyclohexanone to 2-allycyelohexanone by reaction wtih allyl bromide and sodium amide and (2) conversion of 2-allycyclohexanone to the desired monomer by reaction with the phosphorane derived from methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide. Polymerizaton was accomplished by use of boron trifluoride resulting in 44% conversion to polymer, of which 94% was soluble. Through use of infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, the soluble portion of the polymer was shown to contain 54% of bicyclic units and the remainder to be non-cyelized monomer units in which the residual unsaturation was composed predominantly of allyl groups.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060113
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  • 45
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    The significance of slip of polymer melt flow (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 83-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some recent observations of catastrophic yielding or bimodal flow behavior in linear polyethylene melts have indicated certain inadequacies in the commonly accepted flow theories and practices. Examples of some “non-ideal” behavior are presented along with some evidence that slip at or near the polymer-die interface, rather than a flow phenomenon, is the mechanism associated with the discontinuity in the flow curve. The discontinuity shear stress is observed to be independent of hydrostatic pressure. The significance of this bimodal flow behavior is related to polymer processing problems.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060116
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  • 46
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    Fundamentals of plasticating extrusion. II. Experiments (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experiments were performed to develop quantitative information for designing plasticating extruders for low density polyethylene. Screw design variables explored included feed section length, compression section taper, and minimum channel depth. Operating variables included were screw speed, barrel temperature, and back pressure. A moving picture film illustrates temperature action and cross-channel temperature distribution for some typical experiments using a new type of extruder screw for 2.5 inch and 8 inch diameter extrusion. The information gathered was used to obtain relations between performance and screw dimensions and revealed an optimum combination of feed section length and compression taper.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060304
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    Fundamentals of plasticating extrusion. I. A theoretical model for melting (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A steady state model for melting in a screw extruder has been developed based on the assumption that a stable solid bed of polymer granules is melted by heat that is conducted from a hot barrel and heat that is generated by viscous dissipation in the film that separates the solid bed and the surface of the barrel. The solid bed gradually decreases in width, as it proceeds in the channel, until it disappears at which point the melting is terminated. The model predicts the solid bed width profile and the required length of melting in terms of physical properties, operating conditions, and geometry of the screw. The model has been tested based on experimental data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060303
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    Use of the spectrophotometer to control carbon dispersion quality in polyethylene (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Renewed interest in the development of a quantitative optical technique for assessing the quality of carbon dispersion in weather-resistant polyethylene compositions has given fresh significance to the findings of a study conducted earlier by a task group of ATSM Committee D-20 but not previously reported in the literature. This group evolved and refined a spectrophotometric procedure which was shown to be capable of good interlaboratory reproducibility when the same film was measured by each of the participants in turn. When each laboratory prepared its own film specimen from a standard lot of pellets, however, this reproducibility dropped to a very unsatisfactory level. It was concluded that fine-grained inhomogeneities even in compounds considered to have excellent dispersion quality preclude reproducible test results when sample weights of only a few milligrams are involved. The problem is aggravated by the difficulty of preparing thin, uniform films and complicated by a nonlinear dependence of transmission on film thickness.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060308
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    Properties of a propylene-ethylene block copolymer (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 255-259 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Although polypropylene has a unique combination of properties, its impact strength at low temperatures is sometimes insufficient. This need has been met by polypropylene/polyisobutylene blends. Today, polypropylene type copolymers (block copolymers) are available with low temperature toughness and property and processing advantages over the above blends. Ordinarily, copolymers from addition polymerization are random. In a block copolymer, the monomeric units of propylene are segregated from those of the second monomer. A block copolymer, propylene, low pressure polyethylene, ABS and polypropylene-polyisobutylene blends are compared as to general and mechanical properties, stress relaxation, stress rupture performance, low temperature performance (impact strength), high temperature performance (flexural stiffness) and processability. Not every material was used in each test. Block copolymers find applications in automotive and appliance industries, industrial parts and packages for cosmetics and food.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060314
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    Glass-resin joint strength and their effect on failure mechanisms in reinforced plastics (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 263-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The various methods which have been used to measure the joint strength of a glass-polymer interface have been reviewed and the results compared. Conclusions have been made regarding the strength of polyester and epoxy joints and the role of the coupling agent in enhancing this strength. Bond strength methods discussed include the flat plate test as well as the single filament techniques. The stresses which exist at the interface in an actual comosite are calculated. The relation of the glass-polymer joint strength to the final strength to the final strength of a glass reinforced plastic composite is dissussed. The interaction of the interface with an advancing crack is also considered.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060316
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    Long-term hydrostatic strength characteristics of thermoplastics pipe (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method for developing long-term hydrostatic design stresses, defined as the estimated tensile stress in the wall of the pipe in the circumferential orientation due to internal hydrostatic pressure that can be applied continuously with a high degree of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur, for thermoplastic pipe materials is described. The background information used to develop this method, data to confirm its validity, and several of its more important peculiarities are presented and discussed. The method treats hydrostatic stress-failure time test results by the method of least squares with time as the dependent variable. The long-trem performance of thermoplastic pipe materials is evaluated by stresses calculated for periods of 100,000 hours (11.43 years) and 50 years.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060403
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    Velocity profiles of the exit region of molten polyethylene extrudates (1966)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 6 (1966), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The objective of the work described herein is the experimental investigation of the velocity field of polymer melts flowing through a capillary in the regons of flow prior to and after the capillary exit. The fluids studied are branched polyethylene melts in steady laminar isothermal flow. The technique employed for the determination of the Eulerian velocity profiles is one that utilizes phototomicrogroaphy of the reflected light from tracer particles dispersed in the flowing medium.Axial acceleration of the fluid elements just before the capillary exit was observed. It was found that this accelearation is more pronounced in melts of low bulk viscosity. This observation region, non-viscometric.The translation of the velocity profiles of the fluids studied, from one resembling a parabola to that of “plug” flow, involves inflection points with minima in the velocity vector v(r, z). These minima appear near the surface of the extrudates and can not be accounted for by an existing theory.It was also found that the density of the viscoelastic fluids studied is a function of the axial position, in the region of flow investigated. The density decreases before the exit and, before it reaches an equilibuiu value at an axial position downstream equal to one or two diameters, increases beyond that value upon exit. This phenomenon is attributed to an “overshoot” in the process fo elastic recoil of the high polymer melts fron a strained structure to a random one.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760060412
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190101
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    The origin and development of alopecia in mice homozygous for strong's luxoid geneThis work was supported by research grant AM-06428 from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Public Health Service, and by a grant made to M. L. Fritts by the Institute of Science and Technology, State of Michigan. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 565-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hair follicles are initiated in mice homozygous for Strong's luxoid gene at the normal times. The dermis from 16 days of gestation to nine days after birth lags in development. The adipose layer instead of enlarging at the normal time of three days after birth delays until nine days. The growth of the first cycle hairs is inhibited, particularly on dorsal surfaces. Some follicles of all types degenerate. The surviving follicles enter telogen at seven days after birth, after forming only short unpigmented or poorly-pigmented hairs. Many follicles immediately begin a second cycle of growth, in which more normal hairs develop and a substantial adipose layer forms. No alopecia develops on ventral surfaces, but growth of the first cycle ceases and the second cycle commences earlier than normal; the hairs formed are abnormal. Abnormal hair growth in Strong's luxoid homozygotes may be a result of the retarded growth of the dermis or both defects may be secondary to a more fundamental defect.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180409
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    Neurosecretory cells in the central nervous system of the adult blowfly Phormia regina meigen (diptera: Calliphoridae)This investigation was supported in part by a Public Health Service Research Career Award 5-K6-GM-18,495--01 through 03 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, and by Public Health Service Research grant Al-00533 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, both made to G.F. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 21-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 1Neurosecretary cells in the central nervous system of the adult blowfly, Phormia regina Meig., have been examined histologically using the parparaldehyde-fuchsin and Gomori's staining method. Six groups of the neurosecretory cells occur in each hemisphere of the brain, the medial, frontal, lateral A, lateral B, posterior I and posterior II groups. In the subesophageal ganglion, four B-cells and two A-cells are present. In the thoracico-abdominal ganglion, ten A-cells are found in the thoracic region and a total of about 50 A- and B-cells in the hind part of the abdominal region.2A comparison with the neurosecretory system of two other species of blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala Meig., Sarcophaga bullata Parker, and the housefly, Musca domestica L., showed similar arrangements and grouping.3Neurosecretory granules have been observed along the axons originating from the medial neurosecretory cells of the brain, and the thoracico-abdominal ganglion. The granules originating from the medial groups can be traced directly to the corpus cardiacum from which they move to the aorta, crop duct and cardia through axons.4There is with advancing age a gradual increase in the size of cell bodies and nuclei of the median neurosecretory cells in both females and males of Phormia regina, and also a decrease in stainable granules. This increase in size is dependent on nutrition, with no increase in water alone, a slight increase on sugar, and a maximum increase on sugar and liver. Corresponding increases in size occur in the ovaries in connection with feeding the same substances.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190104
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    The megachiroptera and vespertilionoidea of the microchiroptera (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 101-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the external ears and the ultrasonic cries produced by one member of the single family of Megachiroptera and six representatives of the Vespertilionoidea of the Microchiroptera have been described. All the specimens were intra-vitally fixed and the preparations have been examined, photographed and measured. Brief notes are given on the middle ear and the following measurements have been made on the cochlea: the general size of the cochlea in various dimensions, the width and thickness of the basilar membrane, the size of the spiral ligament and the height of the cells of Claudius. In conclusion it can be said that there are marked differences in the structure of the cochleae of the two suborders, as well as within the superfamily Vespertilionoidea.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190202
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190301
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    The fine structure of blood cells in the ascidian Perophora viridis (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 305-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of each of the blood cell types of Perophora viridis has been characterized and strong evidence for localization of vanadium in two of these types is given.There are eight cell types; phagocytes which may contain completely engulfed cells, lymphocytes with a prominant nucleolus and scanty cytoplasm packed with clustered ribosomes, and six other cell types each with distinctive granules. Morula cells contain a central nucleus and cytoplasm filled by wedged bodies, about five of which are seen in section. These bodies contain regularly spaced electron dense foci. Green cells have the same organization but contain bodies which are electron dense throughout. Granular amoebocytes contain many smaller lightly staining oval bodies and much glycogen. Another cell type (probably orange cells of light microscopy) contains numerous granular rounded bodies. Compartment cells have vacuoles containing electron dense particles and signet ring cells have usually one large vacuole which is electron dense lined and may contain electron dense particles. Developmental stages of these cell types show involvement of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies in granule formation.After glutaraldehyde fixation alone the only extremely electron dense components are particles in the compartment cells and signet ring cells implicating these as sites of vanadium localization, although not excluding other cell types.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190304
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    Structural changes in the murine yolk sac during gestation: Cytochemical and electron microscope observationsThis work was supported by N.S.F. grants GB 280 and GB 1477. Mrs. Calarco holds N.I.H. predoctoral fellowship 1-F1-GM-24, 170-01 and part of this work was done by her in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the M.S. degree. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 341-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Specimens of murine yolk sac prepared for light and electron microscopy at 8, 12, and 18 days of gestational age revealed a changing morphology of the endodermal cells in the visceral layer as gestation progressed. Basophilia increased between 8 and 12 days and decreased slightly between 12 and 18 days. These changes corresponded to the development of a highly organized rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum by 12 days and its partial replacement by smooth-surfaced elements by 18 days. Staining of frozen sections with tetrazolium dyes revealed a substrate dependent localization of the staining reaction within the cells and suggested an underlying compartmentalization of metabolic activities. Two types of apical granules were observed on the basis of both cytochemistry and electron microscopy. These granules were most numerous at 12 days of gestational age. The observations suggest that although synthesis and absorption doubtless occur simultaneously throughout gestation, the emphasis is on synthesis during the first half of the period and absorption during the second half. It is suggested that the change in fine structure may be due to the rupture of Reichert's membrane and the subsequent establishment of direct contact between the endodermal cells and the uterine wall.
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    The ganglion-connective junction in the central nervous system of the leech, Hirudo medicinalisSupported in part by Research grant GM-10182 from the Institute of General Medical Sciences, National Institutes of Health, United States Public Health Service and in part by Research grant GB-3593 from the National Science Foundation. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Classical studies of the nervous system of the leech revealed that there were specific types of very large glial cells associated with various parts of the neuron. Recent microelectrode studies demonstrated that there was a low resistance to the flow charge from any one of these large glial cells to another. The present study describes a previously unreported type of glial cell, the glial cell of the fascicles. These cells, which resemble the glial cells of the connectives but are smaller, are found in the fascicles of axons that unite the connectives to the neuropil. Thus, these cells are located between the glial cells of the connectives on the one hand and the glial cells of the neuropil and packets on the other and must be taken into account in considerations of the low resistance to the transfer of charge from one glial cell to another.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190403
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200101
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    Electron microscope studies on the oocyte of the fresh-water mussel (Anodonta), with special reference to the stalk and mechanism of yolk depositionThis study was supported by research grants (GM-5479, 4706) from the National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, and a grant from the National Science Foundation (G-9879). (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 477-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An interesting relationship exists between the ovary and the developing oocyte in the fresh-water mussel. As the oocytes grow, they elongate and bulge into the ovarian cavity. In the early stages, the nucleus migrates from the attached region (“foot”) to the distal region of the cell. With continued growth and maturation the connection between the proximal “foot” and distal nucleated portion becomes reduced to a narrow stalk. Microtubules appear in the young oocytes as they start to elongate and become packed in the stalks of older oocytes. It is suggested that the microtubules function as supporting structures and possibly also as channels for the transfer of materials from one portion of the oocyte to the other. The fine structure of the oocyte reveals evidence that the developing yolk bodies or spheres are formed, in part at least, by the incorporation of many smaller “precursor yolk vesicles.” These appear in the region of the Golgi complex and are presumed to be derived from the Golgi saccules. The oocyte contains an unusually well developed endoplasmic reticulum whose cisternae are filled with a rather conspicuous material.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190407
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    Embryonic development of the ciliary arteries of the rabbit from inception through the emergence of the circulus arteriosus iridisSupported by research grant HE-04838.05sl, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 393-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Since the rabbit's eye more nearly resembles the human eye than any other mammal used in experimental investigations, a detailed study of its ciliary arteries has been made. A closely timed series of embryos injected through the living umbilical vein and rendered transparent show, in thick sections, silhouetted vessels in perspective. Heretofore the ciliary arteries have been studied from their first identification until they have reached the primitive choriocapillaris, but no farther. This study shows their complete history including their relation to the circulus arteriosus iridis major and to the pupillary membrane. Our special concern has been ferreting out the mode of migration of the components of the definitive arteries. New findings include: (1) an arteriovenous plexus which mediates the transference from vessels anastomotic with it to other such vessels; (2) functionally different segments of the primitive ciliary arteries; (3) different arterial and venous plexuses which play roles in embryonic development; (4) discovery of the realignment of the choriocapillaris into vertical vessel meshes with transverse anastomoses between them, each of which have different fates; (5) the mode of development of the circulus arteriosus iridis major; (6) a crown of venous vessels looping around the iris margin; and (7) a special arterial supply for the ciliary processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190402
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    A comparative investigation of neuroglia in representative vertebrates: A silver carbonate studyThis investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research grant 1-F1-GM-22,665-01 (Pre-Doctoral fellowship) from the National Institutes of Health and General Research Support Grant 320002 of the United States Public Health Service. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 435-465 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The phylogenetic development of neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) was investigated in homologous cortical and subcortical forebrain regions of selected vertebrates. Microglia were not considered in the current study.Four to seven brains from each species were used. Scharenberg's modification for astroglia of del Rio Hortega's silver carbonate technique was used. The analysis of neuroglia cells was based on (1) the characteristic cellular morphology found in each species, (2) a comparison of the selected regions in each animal, (3) the interrelationships of astrocytes and their relations to neurons, blood vessels, and oligodendrocytes.The predominant type of neuroglia found in the fish, frog, and lizard was the ependymal cell; however, non-ependymal glial cells were also present. The bird represented a transitional phylogenetic stage from a predominance of ependymal glial to a predominance of non-ependymal glia. A progressive increase in the morphological relationships of glial cell bodies and processes to neurons was found with ascension of the phylogenetic scale from fish through primate.Interrelations were observed between adjacent astrocytic processes and cell bodies, and between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The processes of adjacent glial cells also appeared to show an increase in thickness at the point of approximation. A variety of astrocytes were observed ranging from small, round-oval shaped cells to large polygonal or stellate forms. Variations in the number of astrocytic processes, their thickness, and degree of secondary branching were described, and their possible functional significance was discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051190405
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    A histological and ultrastructural study of germinal differentiation of interstitial cells arising from gland cells in Hydra viridis (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gland cells of the gastrodermis of Hydra when isolated from the epidermis are capable of dedifferentiating into interstitial cells. Under proper environmental conditions these interstitial cells are capable of undergoing meiotic divisions and forming normal gametes. This dedifferentiation and redifferentiation sequence has been studied at the level of the light and electron microscope. It is concluded that in Hydra there is no specific germinal cell line determined during embryogeny, and that a somatic cell under proper environmental conditions can be induced to undergo meiosis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200102
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    Fine structural organization of the rectum in the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala (Meig.) with special reference to connective tissue, tracheae and neurosecretory innervation in the rectal papillae (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 23-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rectal epithelium of Calliphora is made up of three quite distinct cell types: rectal, cortical and junctional cells.The thin wall of the rectal pouch is made up of rectal cells which are relatively simple and unspecialized; their general structure does not suggest any direct participation in ion transport.A function of ion and water transport can probably be ascribed to the cortical cells, which are arranged in the form of four cones which project into the rectal lumen. The cavity of each cone is filled up with tracheae, nerve and neurosecretory terminals, and connective tissue to form medulla. The medulla and cortex are separated from each other by deeply staining bridges or trabeculae to form an infundibular space. The most conspicuous feature of the cortex is the presence of an extensive intercellular sinus formed by complex infoldings of the lateral plasma-membranes. It is postulated that fluid, which is absorbed from the rectal lumen, is transported into the intercellular sinus and finally reaches the haemolymph via the infundibular space. The actual site of ion transport is probably the stacks of lateral plasma-membrane which are closely associated with mitochondria.The junctional cells, which are packed with microtubules, form a collar around the base of the papillae at the point of their insertion into the rectal wall.It is suggested that the neurosecretory terminals present in the medulla might release a hormone which controls rate of ion and water reabsorption by the papillae cells.
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    Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of a walkingstick Carausius morosus Brünner (Phasmida)This work was supported in part by a grant from the National Science Foundation GB-4553. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 189-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The long, filamentous antennal flagellum of Carausius morosus has on it three types of sense organs (1) tactile hairs, (2) thick-walled chemoreceptors and (3) thin-walled chemoreceptors. Tactile hairs and thick-walled chemoreceptors are present on all of the 40 or more flagellar subsegments while thin-walled chemoreceptors are limited to about one-third of them. Thin-walled chemoreceptors are present on subsegments nine and ten, one of the subsegments between 15 and 20 and from approximately the thirtieth subsegment to the distal end of the antenna. A description of each of these sense organs is given. No coeloconic or campaniform sense organs were found.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180101
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  • 69
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    Polyploidy and reproductive patterns in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne haplaContribution from the Departments of Genetics and Plant Pathology, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh. Published with the approval of the Director of Research as paper no. 2025 of the Journal Series. This study was supported by National Science Foundation grant GB 1921. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 403-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A total of 32 populations and egg mass isolates of Meloidogyne hapla obtained from various geographical areas were studied cytologically and with respect to their mode of reproduction. In 29, maturation of oocytes is by regular meiosis. The reduced chromosome number at metaphase I is 17 in 18 populations, 16 in 8, and 15 in 3 populations. Reproduction in all these populations is by cross-fertilization, although nonfertilized eggs can develop by parthenogenesis. In the latter case, the two groups of telophase chromosomes of the second maturation division become enclosed in the same pronucleus, thus reestablishing the somatic chromosome number. Maturation of spermatocytes in three populations studied is by regular meiosis and the reduced chromosome number appears to be equal to that of the oocytes. In the remaining three populations, no synapsis takes place and the somatic number of 45 chromosomes is observed at metaphase of the single maturation division of both oocytes and spermatocytes. Reproduction is by obligatory mitotic parthenogensis. It is postulated that the basic chromosome number for the genus is nine and that the facultatively parthenogenetic populations are tetraploid, whereas, the obligatorily parthenogenetic populations are pentaploid. A preliminary scheme of the phylogeny in the family Heteroderidae is given.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    A study of regression and budding in Perophora viridisSupported by a grant from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, HD 00701-01 to the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 451-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: 1. A method has been devised for studying the regression of the zooid of Perophora into a stolon and the subsequent differentiation of a new zooid from this stolon.2. Circulatory cells of the stolon resulting from regression will aggregate into masses larger than the minimal size necessary for differentiation of a zooid, but fail to differentiate into a zooid.3. The cells of a zooid after staining with neutral red appear in the stolon during regression and finally come to lie in the newly formed zooid.4. During the cycle of adult zooid to stolon to newly formed zooid, there is no evidence for cell division from studies with tritiated thymidine.5. It is concluded that under conditions of starvation, an adult zooid furnishes all the cells for the formation of a stolon and the subsequent zooids without cell division.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    The structure and formation of the cuticulin layer in the epicuticle of an insect, Calpodes ethlius (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae) (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 461-494 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cuticulin layer is defined as the dense lamina (120-175 Å thick in Calpodes larvae, depending upon the stage) forming the outer part of the epicuticle in insects. It completely invests an insect except for the gut and the openings of some sense organs. It is the first layer to be secreted during the formation of new cuticle. The formation of the cuticulin membrane may be a useful model for studying the origin of membranes in general. It arises as a triple layer de novo and is not a modified plasma membrane. Growth is by accretion at the edges of patches of cuticulin which increase in area until they cover the new surface. The triple layer (i.e. three dense laminae) may develop striations about 30 Å apart transverse to the membrane, which perhaps form a sieve allowing small molecules to pass while protecting the cell from enzymes in the molting fluid. A similar porous structure persists in the tracheoles. After the resorption of molting fluid the triple layered structure again becomes obvious and the outermost layer separates from the other two to become what may be the surface lipid monolayer. The surface patterns in cuticle of various sorts probably arise by buckling of the cuticulin layer as it increases in surface area.
    Additional Material: 37 Ill.
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    Early secretory activity in the hypothalamic nuclei and neurohypophysis in the rat; determined by selective staining (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 549-563 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Visualization of stainable material in the neural lobe of the rat provided the most reliable index of the age at which secretory activity can first be recognized, though preceded by both hypothalamic synthesis and axonal transportation. A problem of interpretation was encountered in the neural lobes of fetal and infant animals, due to different staining responses obtained during this age period, to the two methods of staining employed; chrome alum hematoxylin-phloxin and aldehyde fuchsin after oxidation by either acidified potassium permanganate or performic acid. With aldehyde fuchsin the material of the neural lobe is stainable selectively from the eighteenth day of fetal life to adulthood. With hematoxylin phloxine the first staining response also occurred in the posterior lobe but much later, at the end of the first postnatal week.The staining situation in the pars neuralis has its counterpart in the differentiating hypothalamic nuclei; complicated by the differentiation of the supraoptic nuclei some days in advance of the paraventricular nuclei. After aldehyde fuchsin staining, evidences of neurosecretory activity were present in the perikarya of the supraoptic nuclei at birth, but mature neurons were rarely seen in the paraventricularis until at least 24 hours later. Nuclei of fetal hypothalami were not studied, but the demonstration of stainable material in the fetal neural lobes constitutes circumstantial evidence of functional competence of some neurons of either one or both types of nucleus, most likely the supraoptic.
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    Oviducal anatomy and sperm storage structures in lizards (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 7-19 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Gross and histological examination of lizard oviducts was made in 11 species of the family Iguanidae, and in one species of each of the families Gekkonidae and Eublepharidae. Lizard oviducts are bound dorsally by a mesentery which is continuous with the peritoneum, and ventrally by a smooth muscle band which extends from the posterior segment of the vagina to the base of the infundibular ostium. The musculature of the vagina consists of an inner circular smooth muscle layer which is thickened posteriorly, and an outer longitudinal layer which is arranged into longitudinal folds at about the utero-vaginal transition. In iguanid lizards the vaginal mucosa is arranged into longitudinal folds that extend the entire length of the vagina. Posteriorly, the folds are high and reduced in number. Anteriorly, they decrease gradually in height and become more numerous. In Phyllodactylus homolepidurus fold height and number remain essentially constant through the vagina. Seminal receptacles in the iguanids occur principally in the anterior segment of the vagina. Receptacles in P. homolepidurus (Gekkonidae) and Coleonyx variegatus (Eublepharidae) appear to be confined to the tube between the uterus and the infundibulum. Most receptacles are located adjacent to the oviducal mesentery and to the smooth muscle band.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    The development of the osteocranium of Pleurodeles waltlii Michahelles (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 209-216 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Under optimal conditions the development of the osteocranium covers the major part of the larval period and lasts about three and a half months. The earliest ossifications are of dermal origin and concern the tooth-bearing bones. The poorly developed enchondral ossifications found in Urodela, appear at a much later stage, just before metamorphosis.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Effects of dissociating agents on the fine structure of embryonic chick thyroid cellsSupported by NSF grant GB 1502 and the Temple University Committee on Research.The assistance of Lawrence B. Iszard is gratefully acknowledged. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 217-231 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The processes of dissociation and reaggregation were studied in thyroids from 16-day chick embryos by means of electron microscopy. The purpose was to gain specific knowledge of the effects that dissociating agents have upon cells.Fixation after a soak in trypsin showed little effect on secretory cell structure but resulted in marked swelling and detachment of connective tissue elements and disorganization of the basement lamella of the follicles. After an additional exposure to ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), however, the channels of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi vesicles became swollen and separations appeared between adjacent secretory cells. Since detachment did not occur in the region of the junctional complex, agitation was required to achieve suspension of the cells. Even this treatment resulted in only a small proportion of individual cells, the majority being in the form of small clumps or chains. Transfer of the suspensions to nutrient medium and reaggregation produced pellets which rapidly formed follicles in organ cultures. The individual cells showed the same degree of complexity as in follicles in vivo.The results are related to the known effects of trypsin and EDTA on cells. The significance of morphogenesis in aggregates prepared from cells of older embryonic organs is also discussed.
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    Some observations on spermatogenesis in Gelastocoris oculatus (hemiptera) with the aid of the electron microscope (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 357-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nuclear cap in the spermatogonial and early spermatocyte cells of Gelastocoris is an aggregate of closely packed mitochondria with their long axes perpendicular to the nuclear membrane. Eventually in the early growth period, the mitochondria move from the cap and appear to become more or less equally distributed in the cytoplasm where they remain until their fusion in the spermatid to form the nebenkern. The Golgi complex consists of clusters of lamellae and vesicles, the Golgi bodies. Granules form within the vesicles, increase in size, move from their place of origin and become distributed at random in the cytoplasm. They are the pro-acrosomal granules and at the end of the growth period fuse to form the proacrosome, about which Golgi bodies collect. The Golgi bodies, however, never fuse into an acroblast. At one end of the oval-shaped pro-acrosome is a small dark body and a less dense vesicle the future of which is uncertain. The dark body eventually occupies a position at the tip of the acrosome. The pro-acrosome, after moving to the side of the nucleus opposite the nebenkern, differentiates into the acrosome which elongates into a tail-like structure. The nuclear membrane of some spermatocytes may appear wave-like in cross section, with the crest and trough different in appearance. Near the membrane and in the troughs of the waves large clusters of granules are frequently present. Similar clusters may be found elsewhere in the cytoplasm. Presumably they had their origin near the membrane but this is not conclusive. Bodies of indeterminate origin and structure may be present in the cytoplasm. They could be lysosomes but evidence is lacking. In late spermatocytes and in spermatids, a group of ten or twelve granules is present. They are smaller than the pro-acrosomal granules, are always closely associated and pass as a group into the tail. Their significance is unknown. The endoplasmic reticulum is typical of cells in general. There are no granule accumulations within the vesicles as in some secretory cells. Vesicles of various shapes and sizes are present within the centrosphere of the first meiotic division. While their location is similar to that of the centriole, the identity of the vesicles is uncertain.
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    Number of nucleoli in various cell types of the mouse (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 425-433 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The nucleoli of cells of the adult mouse were examined by staining with toluidine blue after removal of deoxyribonucleic acid from tissue sections by deoxyribonuclease treatment.The nuclei of each cell type examined contained one or more nucleoli. This was observed even in lymphocytes and neuroglia, although these cells have occasionally been described as anucleolated. In mature spermatids and spermatozoa, however, it was not possible to detect a nucleolus.The distribution of the number of nucleoli in many diploid cells exhibited a mode of two or three nucleoli per nucleus, and a range from 1 to 6 nucleoli.In presumedly diploid hepatic nuclei, the maximum number of nucleoli was six; but in presumedly tetraploid hepatic nuclei, it was 11. Thus, nearly twice as many nucleoli are present when the chromosome number is doubled. In view of this observation, it is suggested that six nucleolar organizers are present in the diploid chromosomal complement of the mouse. However, through failure of some nucleolar organizers or more probably through fusion of nucleoli, the number of these organelles in most nuclei is less than six.
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200201
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    The effect of molting upon the vibration receptor of the spider (Achaearanea tepidariorum)Supported in part by contract 1866(46) and 3225(00) between the Office of Naval Research and Harvard University; by a United States Public Health Service Research grant GM 10422 from the Division of General Medical Science, and by a PHS Career Development Award NB-K3-3738 from the Division of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 119 (1966), S. 383-392 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The physiology and fine structure of the vibration receptor of the spider (Achaearanea tepidariorum) was studied throughout the process of molting. The physiological studies showed that there is no dramatic change in the receptor's vibration sensitivity as the time of ecdysis approaches. Only a gradual loss of sensitivity can be detected on a statistical basis using large numbers of spiders. The fine structural studies suggest that the connection between the sensory neurone and the receptor within the old cuticle remains intact up to the time that the cuticle is shed.
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    Choroid plexus and paraphysis in lower vertebratesSupported in part by Public Health Service grant NB-5383 from the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 157-187 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoarchitecture of the choroid plexus of the third ventricle and the paraphysis was investigated in some lower vertebrates to compare the histologic characteristics of these organs. Both epithelia are similar in appearance in the same class. Minor microscopic variations exist in the different classes of vertebrates, but do not provide a fundamental distinction between the two organs. The epithelia, moreover, have similar staining properties, contain mucicarmine- and PAS-reactive materials, and are derived from a common neuroepithelium. Tubules are identified in the choroid plexus and in the paraphysis; all are similarly formed by simple folding of epithelium on the surface into the stroma. The paraphyses in all vertebrates studied contain villi similar to those seen in the choroid plexus. Cilia are identified in both choroidal and paraphyseal epithelia, and are not an indication of degree of epithelial differentiation. Many types of epithelium are noted in both organs during histologic differentiation as well as in the mature stage. Functionally, the choroid plexus is active in both secretion and absorption. Accumulation of particulate material within the epithelial cytoplasm may indicate phagocytic as well as absorptive activity of cells. Based on a common neuroepithelial origin and similar histochemical properties, we conclude that the paraphysis is a modified choroid plexus. The velum transversum is an arbitrary boundary between diencephalon and telencephalon, and is itself formed of choroid plexus. The medial telencephalic ventricle is the rostral portion of the third ventricle. All neuroepithelial infoldings at the rostral end of the diencephalic roof including the velum transversum are intraventricular choroid plexuses; the neuroepithelial outpouchings in this region are the extraventricular choroid plexuses (paraphysis) of the diencephalon.
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    Fine structure of the formation and fate of the residual bodies of mouse spermatozoa with evidence for the participation of lysosomes (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 317-346 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Routine electron microscopy in combination with subcellular localization of acid phosphatase has been employed to study the formation and fate of residual cytoplasmic bodies extruded into the tubular lumen shortly before spermiation. Prior to extrusion the spermatid cytoplasm contains lipid droplets, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, the caudally migrated Golgi apparatus, and numerous multivesicular and multigranular bodies. These membrane-limited bodies and the Golgi zone stain heavily for acid phosphatase. Following extrusion the residual bodies undergo a series of alterations: (1) disruption of multigranular bodies with release of free granules; (2) sequestration of granules, ribosomes, and reticulum inside double-membrane-limited vacuoles derived from Golgi lamellae; (3) appearance of numerous, single-membrane-bound, cytoplasmic vacuoles; (4) fragmentation; (5) peripheral migration toward the tubular wall; and (6) phagocytosis of these migrating fragments by the Sertoli cells. The demonstration of acid phosphatase activity within free granules, the sequestering Golgi lamellae, and both classes of vacuoles suggests that initial residual body degradation occurs through lysosomal cytoplasmic autophagy.
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    Cardiac glycogen depletion in Amphiuma means during induced anoxia (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 391-396 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Giant salamanders, Amphiuma means, measuring 240 to 280 mm from snout to vent, tolerate induced anoxia for six hours. Most of the cardiac glycogen (beta units) is depleted within the first hour of anoxia but a few scattered units remain after six hours. The suggestion that cardiac glycogen is a stand-by energy source which enhances the energy available to the heart during anoxic strain is reasonable. Beta units are stored in the heart as opposed to the larger alpha units in the liver. The smaller beta units are probably more easily metabolized than the larger alpha units due to their greater surface area per volume ratio and dispersal around the numerous cardiac mitochondria.
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    A Comparative electron microscopic study of cytoplasmic microtubules and axial unit tubules in a spermatozoon and a protozoan (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 120 (1966), S. 397-423 
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    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Cytoplasmic microtubules and axial unit tubules were studied in both sectioned and negatively-stained material. Walls of microtubules of frog lung-fluke (Haematoloechus medioplexus) spermatozoa have a helical substructure, while those of the flagellate, Trypanosoma lewisi, are composed of ten longitudinally-oriented filaments. Cross-bridges occur between some filaments of trypanosome microtubules. Doublet tubules of axial units in both cell types are structurally similar to the trypanosome microtubules, which may indicate similarity of function. Microtubules of fluke spermatozoa appear to be somewhat rigid, are resistant to sonication, and are considered to be mainly supportive. Circular profiles of wall subunits are seen in transverse sections of microtubules of both cell types and in doublet tubules of the trypanosome. Comparisons are made between sectioned and negatively-stained material; while negative-staining better reveals the fundamental substructure of microtubular elements, some distortion appears to occur. In connection with this research, a brief preliminary article demonstrated the presence of subunits in the walls of cytoplasmic microtubules of fluke spermatozoa (Burton, '66). Also, it was shown that the wall of these tubular elements possesses a helical structure, and a diagrammatic representation of the wall structure was set forth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051200406
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    Endometrial vascularity during pseudopregnancy in the rabbitThis investigation was supported in part by USPHS Research grant HD 00585-03, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Scientific Paper no. 2377, Washington Agricultural Experimental Stations, Pullman. Project 1698. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 43-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vascular architecture in the rabbit uterus was studied during pseudopregnancy. Uteri at 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 24 and 28 days after sterile mating were subjected to one of four techniques: neoprene latex casts, transparent sections, frozen sections, and histological sections. Measurements were made microscopically of the thickness of myometrium and of the subepithelial capillary plexus in the different mucosal folds. In the estrous rabbit, the circular arteries in the uterine muscular layer give off arterioles which pass upwards, with a few branchings through the endometrium to the uterine lumen. These arterioles reach the surface of the mucosal folds and break up into the subepithelial capillary plexus. This plexus is connected to the tips of the venules which run down through the endometrium to the endometrial vascular plexus at the base of the endometrium: some of the venules connect with the circular venous vessels in the muscular layer. With advanced stages of pseudopregnancy, the capillaries among the glands become stretched and elongated. Maximal branching of the folds occurs at 4 to 9 days of pseudopregnancy. The “branching activity” was consistently higher in the placental than in the periplacental or in the obplacental folds. Such changes reached a maximum at 6 to 7 days p.c., after which the capillaries became gradually shorter and tortuous. The development of arterioles in the mucosa was marked at 3 to 6 days p.c. The thickness of the plexus in the periplacental fold and in the obplacental fold as a percentage of the thickness in the placental fold was highly correlated with the stage of pseudopregnancy. At 9 to 11 days p.c., these ratios reached a minimum of 70 to 80%.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180104
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    The sudanophilic lipid of normal and regenerating limb tissues of the adult newt, Diemictylus viridescensThis investigation was supported by a Public Health Service research grant GM06208 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 57-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The most intense and widely distributed sudanophilic responses of cryostat-sectioned newt limb tissues were obtained with a simultaneous fix and stain procedure of 1:1 10% formal-calcium and sudan black B. Droplets and globules of lipid mixtures and rodlets (mitochondria) were typical responses distributed within the epidermis, subcutaneous glands, dermis and other connective tissues, striated muscle (also with positive fibrils), tunics of blood vessels, and blood cells. A prominent droplet response was located subjacent to the adepidermal basement membrane. The myelin of brachial nerve stained intensely.In regenerating limbs, the wound epithelium response was comparable to that of epidermis. Post-amputational lipophanerosis of injured muscle and brachial nerves was observed. The retrograde degeneration of nerve myelin was extensive, and continued into the early differentiative phase of regeneration. Lipid-engorged macrophages were prominent among the injured tissues, distal to these, and within the wound epithelium.The regeneration blastema revealed a large quantity of sudanophilic lipid. Prominent droplet and rodlet responses were typical of the myelinating regenerating nerves. The response of regenerating muscle equaled that of the mature stump fibers. The cells of the regenerating chondroskeleton contained sudanophilic lipid.Organic solvents such as acetone, ether, chloroform and chloroform:methanol reduced or prevented the sudanophilic responses. Sudan red 7B revealed less lipid than did sudan black B. A fixation effect was demonstrated with post-chromated formalcalcium, and chromic-formalin fixed sections. In the latter preparations, swollen-bodies, identified as mitochondria, stained intensely.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180105
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    Ultrastructural studies of normal and alloxan-treated islet cells of the pancreas of the lizard, Eumeces fasciatusThis research was supported by a grant from the University Research Committee. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 91-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Alpha and beta cells can be distinguished by differences in mitochondrial and secretion granule structure. Many mitochondria of alpha cells possess “tubular” or prismatic cristae oriented longitudinally and having triangular profiles in cross-section. The matrix is particulate, with the roughly spherical particles measuring about 100 A in diameter. Evidence is presented indicating that alpha and beta granules are sequestrated in association with Golgi elements. Fully-condensed beta granules, assumed to be insulin, appear homogeneously dense and crystalline. Recurrent profiles of crystalline beta granules suggest that they possess an octahedral configuration. Alpha cell granules also appear homogeneously dense but have round profiles.Many acinar cell nuclei in both normal and alloxan-treated pancreata display masses of moderately dense fibrils oriented roughly parallel to each other. These fibrils are about 200 A across and their terminal portions are rebranched and often appear to be continuous with the finely granular or filamentous component of the nucleoplasm. Not infrequently the fibrils show evidence of periodicity.Alloxan has a specific destructive effect on beta cells. An initial effect seems to be the disruption and coalescence of the bounding membranes of beta granules. Lysosome-like bodies are often seen in beta cell cytoplasm, which ultimately becomes degranulated and necrotic following prolonged administration of large doses of alloxan.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180107
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  • 87
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180201
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  • 88
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    The development of the centrum of Hypogeophis rostratus (Amphibia, Apoda) with special reference to the notochordal (intravertebral) cartilage (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The development of the centrum and the notochordal (intravertebral) cartilage in Hypogeophis is described. The notochordal cartilage is produced in each vertebra by certain areas of the notochordal epithelium and there is no indication of the invasion of the notochordal sheath by mesenchyme cells. The bands of cartilage are of constant occurrence and persist in the adult vertebrae.The vertebrae are autocentral and the centrum is produced (independently of the neural arches) by a tube of circumnotochordal mesenchyme cells.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180109
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  • 89
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    Some histochemical observations on the effects of chorioallantoic grafts on the spleen, bursa, and peripheral blood of chicken embryos (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 149-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Hatching eggs from inbred lines of chickens (inbreeding coefficient exceeds 95%) which show various degrees of resistance and susceptibility to Rous sarcoma, were used for experimentation. Adult tissues were grafted onto the chorioallantois on the tenth day of incubation and tissues of host and control embryos were harvested on the twentieth day of incubation. Enzymes were localized in tissues by histochemical procedures.Small pieces of tissue (thymus or bursa), when grafted onto the chorioallantois, increased the size of the spleen in host embryos although splenomegaly did not invariably occur. Two types of reactions were observed in the spleen, i.e., enlarged spleens with cysts or enlarged spleens which from a morphological point of view were normal. Grafts of either thymus or bursa decreased the size of the host embryo's bursa or were without effect. When weight of the bursa of host embryos was significantly less than that of control embryos on the twentieth day of incubation, this size relationship persisted in chicks four weeks post hatching.Intensity of dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase reactions in cysts of enlarged spleens and in the multinucleated giant cells investing them suggests that they consist of groups of degenerating cells. Intensity of enzyme reaction indicates that enlarged spleens of host embryos in which cysts were absent were normal. Enzyme reactions in the bursae of experimental embryos were more intense than those identified in the same tissues of control embryos. Catabolic reactions were the predominant type in grafts ten days subsequent to implantation. Grafts increased the number of erythrocytes in the peripheral blood of host embryos.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180202
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  • 90
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    The fine structure of myocytes in the sponges Microciona prolifera (Ellis and Solander) and Tedania ignis (Duchassaing and Michelotti)This investigation was supported in part by U. S. Public Health Service training grant 5TI-GM-619 and National Science Foundation grant G-8795. This paper is based on a thesis submitted to the Graduate College of the University of Illinois in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, October, 1964. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 167-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Myocytes are long, fusiform cells found in the osculum and other contractile areas of many sponges. Myocytes in the oscular sphincter of Tedania ignis and the osculum and dermal membrane of Microciona prolifera were studied with light- and electron-microscopes to compare their structure to that of muscles. Salient points of similarity between myocytes and smooth muscles were their long, fusiform shape, their red color after staining with Mallory's triple stain, and the presence of filaments running longitudinally in the cytoplasm.Microciona myocytes have thick filaments of 150-250 Å diameter and thin filament of 50-70 Å diameter, and in transverse sections the thin filaments occasionally appear as a ring of dots around a thick filament. Longitudinal sections of Tedania myocytes show only one type of filament, which varies from 100 Å to 200-300 Å diameter in thick regions of the filament. Although transverse sections show light material around the dense filaments, a distinct pattern of thick and thin filaments is not seen in Tedania.Due to infrequent contacts between cells, the large extra-cellular space observed with the electron microscope (49% in Tedania, 57% in Microciona), and the absence of nerves, each myocyte probably acts as an independent contractile unit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180203
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    The effects of thiourea and cortisone acetate on duodenal length and diameter and on morphogenesis of duodenal villi in chick embryosThe present investigation is part of that submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Zoology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois, 1963. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 183-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Subnormal growth in length and diameter of the duodenum is encountered both in chick embryos injected with thiourea at 11 days of incubation, and in embryos injected with cortisone acetate at 14 days of incubation. Morphogenesis of previllous ridges and villi is retarded in thiourea-treated embryos. Morphogenesis of previllous ridges and villi in cortisone acetate-treated embryos at first seems to be slightly accelerated over that of controls, but the acceleration does not appear to be maintained, and the hormone may actually be inhibitory to normal morphogenesis of villi by 19 days of incubation. The results indicate that normal levels of endogenous thyroxine are necessary for normal growth in length and diameter of the duodenum and for normal morphogenesis of previllous ridges and villi. The possibility that adrenocorticoids may also play a role in the normal development of these parameters is indicated, although the evidence is inconclusive.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180204
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  • 92
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    The hemocytes of Hyalophora cecropia (Lepidoptera) (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 197-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The hemocytes of selected stages of Hyalophora cecropia from first instar larvae to four-day-old adults were examined and compared with those of Samia cynthia and Antheraea polyphemus. Five classes and two subclasses of hemocytes are described in these moths: (1) prohemocytes, (2) plasmatocytes (of several morphological types), (3) spherule cells, (4) adipohemocytes (two subclasses), and (5) oenocytoids. All types except oenocytoids and subclass II adipohemocytes, are found in all stages examined. Mitotic figures were common among prohemocytes of most stages, but were seen only rarely among plasmatocytes and adipohemocytes, and were not seen among spherule cells or oenocytoids. Prohemocytes and plasmatocytes often contain lipid but rarely PAS positive material. Spherules of spherule cells are PAS positive, as are occasional cytoplasmic inclusions of oenocytoids. Adipohemocytes of both subclasses contain lipid and PAS positive materials in all stages examined. Adipohemocytes and plasmatocytes proved to be most active in phagocytizing ink. Relationships between hemocytes of these and other insects, and some possible functions of hemocytes are discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180205
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  • 93
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180301
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  • 94
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    Further studies on the effect of tetracycline on the developing skeleton of the chick embryo (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 317-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: At intervals from 2 to 13 days of incubation, 2.5 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride was injected into the yolk sac of chick embryos. The femurs and mandibles were examined histologically at intervals between 10 and 17 days of embryonic age.The abnormalities which result include inhibition of mineralization of the developing osteoid trabeculae, retardation of erosion of the long bone cartilage model, and abnormal calcification of the cartilage matrix in the long bones. The major effects on cartilage maturation appear to occur after cellular hypertrophy has taken place and thus are found only in cartilage models which are being replaced by bone.While tetracycline does cause some retardation in the rate of osteoid deposition, the drug appears to affect intramembraneous bone formation in the mandible and femur primarily by retarding or temporarily inhibiting the rate of mineralization of the osteoid matrix.The results of this study indicate that the effects produced by tetracycline on developing bones are dependent upon the concentration of the drug and not upon the time of administration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180303
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    Studies on the morphology and function of the skull in the boidae (Serpentes). Part II. Morphology and function of the jaw apparatus in Python sebae and Python molurusSubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 217-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Heads of the boid snakes Python sebae and Python molurus were dissected and the arthrology, myology and dentition studied. Living specimens of these species were observed and their feeding behavior analyzed by means of high- and regular-speed motion pictures. Camera speeds of up to 400 frames per second permitted examination of the jaw movements during the striking and seizing of prey. Motion picture studies conducted at regular speeds provided information on cranial movements during the swallowing of prey. The morphology of the head was correlated with observed movements in an attempt to analyze the functional and adaptive implications of the jaw apparatus.The cranial apparatus was discussed in terms of a linkage or kinematic chain whose constrainment and degrees of freedom were examined and compared with the jaw linkage of lizards. It was concluded that the very rigidly constrained mechanism in lizards is in remarkably sharp contrast to the very loose apparatus in snakes.Motions of various cranial bones were analyzed with particular attention given the mechanical factors involved. In full protraction the maxillae and palatines are lifted and rotated outward about a longitudinal axis. These movements are important in orienting the teeth with respect to the prey and are related to seizing and swallowing.
    Additional Material: 73 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180206
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  • 96
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    Masthead (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180401
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  • 97
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    The structure of the cochlea in chiroptera. I. Microchiroptera: Emballonuroidea and Rhinolophoidea (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 495-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure of the ears, especially of the cochleae, has been examined in two superfamilies, i.e. Emballonuroidea and Rhinolophoidea of the Microchiroptera. An intra-vitam fixation method was used and gave good histological preparations. The following features of the cochlea have been measured: the general size of the cochlea, the width and thickness of the basilar membrane, the size of the spiral ligament and the height of the cells of Claudius. The interpretation of measurements is discussed in relation to the nature of ultrasonic sounds produced by bats. It is concluded that functional interpretation of specific cochlear modifications cannot be assessed at present.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180404
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    The diencephalon of the primitive bony fish Polypterus in the light of the problem of homology (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 415-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The diencephalon of Polypterus can be divided into an epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus. The habenulae, the nervous parts of the epithalamus, are comparable to their homologues in other lower vertebrates with respect to sulcal boundaries, cellular structure, and fiber connections. The thalamus of Polypterus is not divisible into a pars dorsalis and pars ventralis by the sulcus medius; rather this sulcus is in the middle of a uniform, laminated cytoarchitectonic field. In this respect Polypterus differs from other species in whom the sulcus medius divides the thalamus into dorsal and ventral parts. There are six migrated nuclei in the thalamus of Polypterus. There is only one circumscribed projection into the thalamus, i.e., the optic tract, but there are numerous diffuse fibers terminating in this region of the brain. The hypothalamus, except for a partially migrated nucleus, has retained the periventricular arrangement of cells. It has large fiber connections with the forebrain and brainstem.The literature on the diencephalon of lower forms has been reviewed with special emphasis on the question of how homologies are established in this brainpart. It appeared that three different criteria, either singly or in combination, have been employed as a clue to identification of structures in the diencephalon. These are, (1) ventricular grooves, (2) nuclear boundaries, and (3) fiber connections. In order to test the practical validity of these criteria the diencephalon of Polypterus was compared to that of five related species, i.e., the actinopterygians Acipenser and Polyodon, the dipnoans Protopterus and Neoceratodus, and the crossopterygian Latimeria. In addition three amphibians, Necturus, Ambystoma and Rana, were involved in our comparative considerations. It was concluded that, within the confines of the diencephalon of the species mentioned, cytoarchitectural differences form the most valid criterion for establishing homologies. The drawback and restrictions connected with the use of ventricular sulci and fiber connections, as a clue to identification have been evaluated and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180309
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    The reproductive cycle of the western whiptail lizard (Cnemidophorus tigris) in Southern Arizona (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 543-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Reproduction in Cnemidophorus tigris at Tucson, Arizona follows a seasonal cycle in which gonadal size is minimal in September-October. Male reproductive organs gradually recrudesce during the winter months spent underground. After the lizards emerge from hibernation in March-April the testis, seminiferous epithelial height and tubule diameter gradually increase in size through April and May, reaching maximum size in June-July followed by rapid regression in August. Mating is first observed in the field in May. The ovaries undergo a period of heavy yolk deposition from early April to May, and remain functional until August. A thick circumtesticular subtunic layer of equivalent interstitial material (Leydig cells) is reported and described for the testis of Cnemidophorus.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180407
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  • 100
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    Sexual segment of the kidney of the Indian house lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis Rüppell (1966)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 118 (1966), S. 511-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology, seasonal variation and histochemistry of the sexual segment of the Indian house lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis are described.The sexual segment is the hypertrophied portion of the secondary and the tertiary collecting ducts of the kidney in males. The cells of the sexual segment are columnar and are loaded with secretory granules which are predominantly localized in the apical portion. These granules are either free or occasionally clumped to form an “aggregate” towards the basement membrane and are released into the lumen by apocrine secretion. Development of the sexual segment is synchronous with the spermatogenic activity of the testis and maximum development occurs in March and April when the lizards copulate. The sexual segment is secretory from the beginning of October to the end of May and is regressed during sexual quiescence (June and July). It is not developed in females and young of both sexes in any season of the year.Histochemically, the sexual segment granules are saliva resistant and PAS positive, sudanophilic and are positive to the tests for phospholipid, choline and acid phosphatase. An intense esterase activity was localized in the mucosa of the oviduct and cloaca of the female. Sperms are mixed with sexual segment secretions and are transferred to the female during copulation. A possible role for the lipid-rich sexual segment secretion as a source of energy for sperms in the female reproductive tract is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051180405
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