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  • 1965-1969  (5,184)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1967  (5,184)
  • Chemistry  (4,755)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,642)
Source
Material
Years
  • 1965-1969  (5,184)
  • 1890-1899
Year
Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic mechanical properties of aromatic, aliphatic, and partially fluorinated epoxy resins (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 761-769 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The α, β, and γ transitions at temperatures between -200 and +100°C. of crosslinked aromatic and aliphatic epoxy polymers were determined from damping and shear modulus data, and compared with their fluorine containing analogs. Loci of segmental relaxation are suggested at various temperatures, and similarities between aliphatic and fluorocarbon segments, and polyethylene and polytetrafluoroethylene are discussed. Two systems of structurally similar monomers 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoropentane diglycidyl ether-1,5 and 1,4-butane diglycidyl ether, and 2,2-bis(4-glycidyl phenyl ether)hexafluoropropane and 2,2-bis(4-glycidyl phenyl ether) propane were polymerized with the aid of two diamine curing agents, namely, ethylenediamine and m-xylylenediamine. Polymers of the aromatic diepoxides showed transitions with peaks at -56°C. and above +70°C. Three main peaks were registered for the aliphatic and fluorocarbon diepoxides: at -125 and at -100°C., at -56°C., and at 0°C. It is suggested that the Tg is affected by an interdependence of relaxation of all components of the polymer main chain.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050411
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrolytically controlled polymerizations (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 35-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010102
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship of catalyst composition to catalytic activity for the polymerization of α-olefinsPortions of this review were presented at the 145th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September, 1963. (1967)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 1 (1967), S. 91-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Heterogeneous olefin polymerization catalysts generally consist of a transition metal compound from groups IVB or VB in combination with an organometallic compound from groups I, II, and III of the periodic table of the elements, but in some instances may contain a third component possessing at least one strongly complexing ligand atom. The composition of a coordination catalyst of this type determines both the rate of polymerization of the α-olefin and the stereoregularity of the polymer produced. In order to predict activity and stereospecificity of catalysts for the polymerization of α-olefins, data from the polymerization of propylene using catalysts of the following types were correlated: (1) titanium(III) chloride catalysts in which the organometallic component was varied, (2) coordination catalysts containinig a ligand third component in which the ligand was varied, and (3) coordination catalysts in which the transition metal component was varied.The electronegativity of an orgariometallic compound is known to be important in determining its reactivity with ethers, hydrogen, and other reagents. Both the ionic size and the electronegativity of the central atom appear to be important in determining the utility of both the organometallic and the transition metal compounds as components for coordination catalysts. In general, organometallic and transition metal compounds having small central atoms with similar electronegativities favor the formation of stereospecific catalysts.The present correlation has made it possible to predict the activity and stereospecificity of coordination catalysts for olefin polymerization.
    Additional Material: 11 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.230010104
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light scattering by nongaussian macromolecules (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1313-1316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050628
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050101
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dilute solution studies on a polycarbonate in good and poor solvents (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Light-scattering, viscometric and osmometric studies have been carried out on dilute solutions of polycarbonate fractions both in a good solvent and in theta solvents. The data span the molecular weight interval 5 〈 10-3M 〈 760. It has been concluded that: (1) the overall behavior in dilute solution is consistent with a flexible chain conformation; (2) the ratio of the unperturbed mean-square radius to the molecular weight, or to the number of chain elements, is larger than commonly observed for vinyl polymers; (3) the ratio of the unperturbed radius to the radius calculated for a chain with free rotation about valence bonds has the unusually small value 1.3; and (4) the hydrodynamic behavior of the chain may reflect partical draining affects.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050102
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) by high-speed stirring (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 125-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) by violent stirring was studied in various solvents. The chain scission or the limit of the degradation was measured, and the effects of solvents, polymer concentration, stirring speed and degree of polymerization (DP) were investigated. It was found that the number of bonds broken per polymer chain was independent of the concentration but increased with the stirring speed and with decrease in the DP. The rate was much affected by the solvent used, being larger in a poor solvent. It was also found that the rate could be represented either by Jellinek's or Ovenall's rate equations, which have been applied to the ultrasonic degradation of polymers in solution.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050111
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dielectric relaxation in the paracrystalline phase in polyacrylonitrile (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 165-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermal expansion and dielectric relaxation of polyacrylonitrile were measured in the temperature range from -75 to 152°C. at frequencies from 30 cps to 3 Mc./sec. The thermal expansion curve and the temperature dependence of logarithmic relaxation time both show an inflection at 85°C. An x-ray study by Bohn reveals that this inflection comes from the thermal expansion of the paracrystalline phase of this polymer, and consequently the transition at 85°C. and the associated relaxation are ascribed to molecular motion in the paracrystalline phase. The relaxation strength increases with increasing temperature above this point. The transition is caused by freezing of the bending vibration of chains whereas the relaxation results from rotational vibration. The length of segments in this phase is roughly estimated to be ca. 100 A. by comparing the observed relaxation strength with the theory developed on the basis of the above considerations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050114
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Frequency dependence of intrinsic viscosity of macromolecules with finite internal viscosity (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 179-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In order to explain the observed nonvanishing limiting value of dynamic intrinsic viscosity of polymer solutions at ω = ∞ one has considered the necklace model with finite resistance to the rate of coil deformation introduced long ago by Cerf for the study of gradient dependence of intrinsic viscosity and streaming birefringence. The calculation need not take into account change of hydrodynamic interaction as a consequence of coil deformation because the experimental data are always either obtained at very low gradient or extrapolated to zero gradient so that in the experiment the macromolecule has the same conformation as in the solution at rest. The model indeed yields a finite [η]′ω = ∞ in good agreement with experiments on polystyrene in Aroclor. According to the theory [η]′ω = ∞/[η]0 decreases with increasing molecular weight as M-1 and M-1/2 for the free-draining and impermeable coil, respectively. The absolute limiting value [η]∞′, therefore turns out to be nearly independent of M, at least for small values of internal viscosity. From the observed value [η]∞′/[η0] one can obtain the coefficient of internal viscosity of the macromolecule. The value for polystyrene in Aroclor calculated from dynamic experiments on rather concentrated solutions is close to that derived by Cerf from streaming birefringence observations of polystyrene in a series of solvents of widely differing viscosity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050115
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A concise polymer crystal genealogy (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 225-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050118
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infrared technique for the measurement of structural changes during the orientation process in polymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 301-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polarized infrared measurements were made on polymer samples to obtain the structural changes occurring during the orientation process. The absorbances of the infrared bands were measured by determining the three components of the absorbance. Two components were obtained directly with plane-polarized light while the third is obtained by tilting the sample and extrapolating. Corrections were made for machine optics polarization, sample birefringence, polarizer inefficiency, anisotropy of the index of refraction, and scattering from the film surface. Data are reported for polyethylene obtained from cold-drawn specimens as a function of draw temperature. Polyethylene exhibits no strain-induced crystallization as a result of the chain-alignment process. Annealing of the drawn samples reperfects the distorted crystals.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050206
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusion coefficients in a halocarbon-polybutene system (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion coefficient of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (TTE) in a liquid polybutene was determined at 25°C. as a function of concentration over the range 1.0-19.5 g. TTE/100 cc. The diffusion coefficient increase with increasing TTE concentration, rising continuously from 3 × 10-8 cm.2/sec. at the lowest concentration to 15 × 10-8 cm.2/sec. at the highest. The magnitudes of the diffusion coefficients indicate that the diffusion mechanism for small molecules in polymeric media must afford vastly greater opportunities for diffusion than the Stokes-Einstein relation allows. Similarly, self-diffusion coefficients for the liquid polymer are much lower than the observed mutual diffusion coefficients. An explanation for this behavior is presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050208
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gel permeation chromatography of branched polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 333-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of long-chain branching must be considered in gel permeation chromatography to evaluate the molecular weight polydispersity of branched polyethylenes. Osmotic molecular weights of fractions of branched polyethylene were correlated with elution volumes; weight-average and number-average molecular weights of a branched polyethylene were determined. Molecular weight changes on crosslinking polyethylene by ionizing radiation are accompanied by branching and cannot be simply interpreted by gel permeation chromatography.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050209
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and solution properties of radical-initiated poly(vinyl chloride). II. Correlation of solution properties (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 343-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The results of detailed measurements of osmotic pressure, light scattering, and viscosity of poly(vinyl chloride) solutions are used to establish the molecular weight dependence of [η] and A2, to estimate the unperturbed dimensions of the poly(vinyl chloride) molecule, and to analyze critically the [η]-M correlations published hitherto.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050210
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recording microdilatometer for the measurement of polymer crystallization rates (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 391-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050213
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isothermal calorimeter for studies of polymer solution processes (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 555-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple differential, isothermal calorimeter has been built to study the thermodynamics of interactions associated with a variety of polymer solution processes. The calorimeter is readily operated at temperatures ranging from ambient to about 200°C., temperature adjustments are rapid, and the apparatus is rugged enough to permit application to commercial process studies. Though less sensitive than microcalorimeters, it represents an attractive combination of satisfactory accuracy, speed, and flexibility of operation. The operation of the calorimeter is demonstrated by measurements of the heat of solution of sodium chloride in water and the heats of solution of various polyolefins in Tetralin and α-chloronaphthalene. The latter tend to confirm the presence of polymer aggregates in chloronaphthalene solutions below the thermodynamic melting temperature of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050313
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some optical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 583-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The optical and mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) film were examined by observing both the stress and birefringence during stretching at constant rate, during relaxation at constant length and during a dynamic birefringence experiment. Experiments were also done by varying the temperature at constant length. The changes in birefringence are interpreted in terms of changes in negative distortional birefringence, changes in positive orientation birefringence, and possible reversible changes in birefringence with temperature arising from conformational changes in the polymer chain and changes in the contribution of birefringent crystals.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050315
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of polypropylene crystals. I. Dilute solution-grown lamellar crystals (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 597-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dependence of crystalline morphology of isotactic polypropylene crystallized from dilute solutions on its molecular weight and growing conditions and the mechanism of crystal growth were studied by electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Lathshaped lamellar crystals 150-300 A. in thickness are obtained from fractionated polypropylene powders of Mw (average molecular weight) = 600,000 and 240,000, but not from the samples of Mw = 82,000 and 44,000, by means of isothermal crystallization at 130°C. for 20 hr. in dilute α-chloronaphthalene solution (0.005 wt.-%). Precipitation of the fractionated polypropylene sample of Mw = 82,000 from a dilute solution of carbitol gives typical dendritic crystals under the same isothermal crystallizing conditions as mentioned above. The mode of chain folding in these crystals based on the orientation and the crystal structure of the lamellar crystals agrees with that proposed by Sauer, Morrow, and Richardson. From the morphological observations, the mechanism of growth pertinent to polypropylene lamellar crystals is presumed to be as follows: fibrils at first aggregate, then the molecular chains are folded to form small lamellae, and then these small lamellae accumulate compactly to grow to large, lath-shaped, lamellar crystals.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050316
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strain birefringence of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 795-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050415
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of concentration gradients in swelling crosslinked polymer beads (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 799-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The concentration of solvent in the gel phase of a swelling polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer bead has been measured as a function of the radius by optical interference techniques. It is found that an appreciable gradient exists even shortly after the core disappears. Results are presented for two cases: a very lightly crosslinked bead that exhibits negligible birefringence while swelling, and a more tightly crosslinked network in which the birefringence must be considered. It is also found that the refractive index of the unswollen bead is considerably less than that found by extrapolation from the swollen state; this effect is reasonable when the “free volume” in the bulk polymer is considered.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050501
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Birefringence dispersion in oriented polystyrene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 817-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dispersion of birefringence in oriented amorphous polymers is discussed. It is shown that for polystyrene, the birefringence can be considered as the product of an orientation function and a function of the wavelength of the light. This leads to a method for expressing the birefringence dispersion as a function that is characteristic of the polymer. This function is determined for polystyrene, and from it the birefringence at infinite wavelength is found to be 11% lower than that measured with the mercury green line (5461 A.).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050502
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  • 122
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular dimensions of polydipropylsiloxamer (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 829-838 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular dimensions of polydipropylsiloxamer were studied by intrinsic viscosity measurements in toluene and in 2-pentanone. The relationships between the molecualr weight and the intrinsic viscosity were found to be: [η]25°C., toluene = 4.35 × 10-4 M0.58; [η]θ(10°C.), toluene = 1.09 × 10-3 M0.5; [η]θ(76°C.), 2-pentanone = 8.71 × 10-4 M0.5. This held reasonably well for molecular weights from 25,000 to 3000,000. The root-mean-square end-to-end length ratio, (r02/M)1/2 as calculated from the constant K, exceeds the free rotation value by approximately 100%. The disparity is greater than that found with polydimethylsiloxamer, indicating a lower degree of flexibility for the polydipropylsiloxamer. This is largely due to the short range steric interaction between near neighboring units of the chain. Gel permeation chromatography was also employed to demonstrate the lower degree of flexibility for polydipropylsiloxamer as compared with polydimethylsiloxamer.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050503
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  • 123
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Network behavior of polyurethane elastomers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 839-852 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The present study is concerned with some network properties of polyurethane elastomers in which stability is acheived via physical crosslinkages such as microcrystallites or secondary bonding. The techniques of isothermal, thermo-, and photoelasticity have been used to gain better insight into the mechanisms which occur during the deformation of these materials. It was found that stable networks are obtained only after mechanical and thermal conditioning. The well-known stress lowering which is observed during the second deformation is manifested primarily in the entropy component of the retractive force. This implies that the stress lowering results from a reduction in the number of effective network chains and not from time-dependent effects or crystallinity changes. Depending upon the chemical structure of the material, both positive and negative energy components of the force have been found.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050504
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  • 124
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Viscoelastic properties of polystyrene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 875-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An extension of the results of a previous to higher molecular weights is made. The viscoelastic parameters ηt, Je, τm, and Em are found experimentally through stress relaxation tests. The predictions of the Rouse-Bueche (RB) theory and its modified Ferry, Landel, Williams (FLW) form concerning the molecular weight dependencies of these perameters are compared with the data. It is found that the RB and FLW predictions are not rigorously obeyed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    Investigation of the viscosity of solutions of graft copolymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 891-898 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Living polystyrene was grafted on fractions of poly(methyl methacrylate) by an anionic grafting reaction. Unreacted polystyrene was separated by fractional precipitation. The composition of copolymer, i.e., the molecular weight of main chains and side chains, was determined. The influence of molecular weight and structure of graft copolymers on the intrinsic viscosity of solutions was examined. This may be expressed in the form [η] = KMagn. The dependence between a and n in this equation was established.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050507
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  • 126
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    Corresponding state relations for the Newtonian viscosity of polymer solutions. II. Further systems and concentrated solutions (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 853-874 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: In earlier work we have indicated a superposition principle for moderately concentrated mixtures (c ≲ 2/[η]) in good and poor solvents. By an examination of data on a number of vinyl polymers and cellulose derivatives in good as well as poor solvents, the validity of this principle is extended to concentrated solutions (c ≲ 50%). The characteristic concentration factor γ is proportional to M-a1 over the whole concentration range, with 0.47 ≤ a1 ≤ 1.10 being larger for good than for poor solvents, the result obtained earlier. Significant deviations from this relationship are noted in good solvents for those low molecular weights at which deviations from the usual intrinsic viscosity relationship occur. This may be related to the expansion factor of the polymer coil. On the basis of these results, the concentration and molecular weight dependence of the viscosity in the concentrated solution can be related to each other in terms of the parameter a1 and thus to thermodynamic characteristics. In this manner a bridge between the relatively dilute and concentrated regions is established. Currently used semiempirical expressions are analyzed in terms of these results. For the polystyrene-cyclohexane systems and θ - 9 ≦ T ≦ θ + 3, γ can be identified with the critical concentration for phase separation. Provided an “entanglement” concentration ce exists, in the neighbourhood of which the concentration dependence of the viscosity changes reapidly, γ can alternatively be shown to be proportional to ce, or ce ∝ M-a1. The temperature reduction scheme suggested earlier remains to be investigated.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050505
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  • 127
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    Dependence of viscosity of concentrated polymer solutions upon molecular weight and concentrationPresented at the International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Tokyo and Kyoto, October 4, 1966. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 899-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular weight M and concentration c dependencies of the zero-shear viscosity (η) were measured over wide ranges of M and c for concentrated solutions of linear and branched poly(vinyl acetate) as well as of polystyrene under θ conditions. The log η versus log M and log η versus log c curves for a given system can be superposed by the horizontal shift along the abscissa, giving smooth master curves. From the shift factors the ratio of two exponents β and α, which appear in the following equation, can be evaluated: η = K′(cρ)αMβ, where ρ is the density of the solution and K′ is a constant at constant temperature. The evaluated values of β/α for the systems under θ conditions are equal to or very close to 0.50 as was anticipated from the previous work. The above superposition method was also applied to available viscosity data, and it was found that β/α had a good correlation with a in [η] = KMa. This indicates that the individual molecules in concentrated solutions maintain the same individuality as in dilute solutions, and might be a positive support to the packed sphere model proposed previously by the authors. The effect of solvent on the molecular weight and the concentration dependencies of viscosity was also discussed.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050508
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  • 128
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    Synthetic thermally reversible gel systems. II (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 915-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The homopolymer and many of the copolymers of N-acrylylglycinamide yield thermally reversible gels in water. These systems are uniquely suitable for studying synthetic photographic gelatin substitutes and for understanding the mechanism of the gelation process. Polymerization of N-acrylylglycinamide has been studied under a variety of conditions. The homopolymer is aggregated in dilute aqueous solution and probably molecularly dispersed in 2M thiocyanate solution. At concentrations of several per cent, in water, thermally reversible gels are formed whose melting points rise with increasing concentration and increasing molecular weight. The heat of gelation crosslinking has been calculated to be -8.8 kcal./mole of crosslinks. Introduction of small amounts of carboxyl groups into the polymer raises the melting points of the aqueous gels. The effect of various organic and inorganic reagents on gelation is presented. The ability to prepare copolymers which can be flocculated has been demonstrated as well as the usefulness of the monomer in certain types of photoresist systems. Copolymerization with acrylic acid and β-aminoethyl vinyl ether has been studied, and the r1 and r2 values for these systems have been calculated as well as Q and e values for N-acrylylglycinamide.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050509
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  • 129
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    Polyelectrolyte behavior and conformation of poly-L-methionine S-methylsulfonium salts in aqueous solution (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1013-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the species of counterion on the polyelectrolyte behavior and the conformation of poly-L-methionine S-methylsulfonium salts in aqueous solution was studied by viscometric, electrochemical, and optical measurements. The degree of binding of small counterions to charged polyions increases in the sequence: chloride ≲ bromide 〈 iodide 〈 thiocyanate. The conformations of chloride and bromide salts are independent of polymer concentration. On the contrary, iodide and thiocyanate salts indicate a conformational transition, probably from a random-coil conformation to an intermolecularly stabilized β-form, with the increase of polymer concentration. The results suggest the existence of a strong specific interaction between counterion and macroion in iodide and thiocyanate salt solutions at high polymer concentration.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050602
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  • 130
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    Investigation of the fold-surface problem in polyethylene single crystals with the nitric acid oxidation technique (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 991-1012 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Single-crystal preparations of polyethylene were treated with the selective oxidizing agent, fuming nitric acid. The degraded products were examined as regards layer thickness (by low-angle x-ray studies), chemical and weight changes, recrystallization and annealing treatments, and by broadline NMR, as part of a systematic investigation aimed at clarifying the nature of disordered material in single crystals. It emerges that there is a disordered-mobile region along the fold surface of the crystals in agreement with other parallel works along similar lines. In a more detailed analysis we can now decompose the nitric acid attack into components affecting the basal and side surfaces, respectively. Taking into account the recrystallization-annealing observations, we infer that the fold surface is heterogeneous with folds of more than one kind. These results were combined with a preliminary molecular weight distribution study by gel permeation chromatography. Taking into account all the available evidence, we are led to suggest a composite structure where surface looseness, coresponding to long loops and hairs, is superimposed on the more regular folded surface. This model is in the process of being tested. The problems concerning the assignment of a value to the amount of surface looseness are being discussed. In addition, a discontinuity in the thermal behavior of the crystals between 75 and 80°C. has been detected.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050601
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  • 131
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    Caractérisation des polymègres réaticuléas sous tension (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1029-1042 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This paper is devoted to the determination of the number of intermolecular bonds in a polymer crosslinked according to the following process: (1) crosslinking in the usual isotropic state, (2) additional crosslinking of the strained primary network. The Flory equation for swelling in solvents has been modified in order to take into account the oriented state of the initial network at the time of secondary crosslinking. The combination of this equation with those relating the modulus of elasticity and the dimensions of the relaxed sample to the deformation of the primary network at the time of secondary crosslinking leads to different possible evaluations of the number of intermolecular bonds. Their significance is discussed. The equations thus established are tested with natural rubber samples vulcanized according to the above-mentioned process. The validity of the number of crosslinks thus calculated is discussed; a partial degradation of the primary network occurs during the second crosslinking. Its influence is taken into account by using the approximated equations proposed by Flory. The efficiency of the vulcanizing agent (TMTD) is consequently shown to be practically independent of the deformation of the primary network at the time of secondary crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050603
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  • 132
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    Low-angle light scattering of ionotropic gels (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1043-1053 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Low-angle light-scattering patterns were obtained on ionotropic gels formed by the diffusion of Ca++ into a polygalacturonate sol. Near the sol-gel boundary, diffraction patterns were obtained which indicated organized structures with repeating units of 1100, 250, and 12.5 μ. Microscopic investigations confirmed that at this gel boundary capillaries run parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of diffusion. The diameter of capillaries was 12 μ while their length was in the 1000 μ range. Short interconnecting capillaries were about 200-300 μ in length. Inside the gel, in the more highly crosslinked parts, a disorientation occurs during the aging process with the partial disappearance of capillaries. However, at the gel-sol and gel-semipermeable membrane boundaries, the highly organized structures remain even during prolonged aging. The kinetics of the gel formation was also investigated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050604
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    Comparison of osmotic pressures from EMF measurements, obtained according to cell-model considerations and exact Gibbs-Duhem integrations (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1061-1066 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Osmotic pressures of aqueous solutions of poly(diethylaminoethyl methacrylate) hydrochloride, in equilibrium with a precipitate of the un-ionized polybase, at various concentrations of polymer and NaCl in solution and at different values of pH are derived from emf measurements and the “cell” theory for polyelectrolytes. Single-ion activities are evaluated according to two procedures. The first is based on measurements with ion-specific electrodes versus a calomel electrode. The second makes use of a salt bridge, but assumes that the co-ions have activity coefficients equal to the mean activity coefficient of the salt in a polyelectrolyte-free solution of the same concentration. The results show that the calculated values of the osmotic pressures are consistent with those obtained by the exact integration of the Gibbs-Duhem relationship, when the first procedure is employed. If, however, the single-ion activities are evaluated by the second procedure, the osmotic pressures obtained are consistently lower by about 10%. These differences arise because the two methods yield different values of the activity coefficients of the single ions.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050606
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  • 134
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    Time-temperature superposition of the dynamic birefringence of polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1079-1086 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic strain-optical coefficient of low-density polyethylene is found to decrease with increasing frequency and increase with increasing temperature (at temperatures up to 60°C.). It is found that a series of curves representing the real, K′, and imaginary, K″, parts of the frequency variation of the strain-optical coefficient obtained at various temperatures up to 60°C. may be superposed by translation along the frequency axis. The temperature dependence of the shift factor corresponds to an Arrhenius type equation with an activation energy of the order of 25 kcal./mole. This may be compared with the similar value obtained by Takayanagi for the αc′ mechanical loss and with the dynamic x-ray diffraction values reported by Kawaguchi et al., but is somewhat lower than the value of 34 kcal./mole reported by Onogi et al. from birefringence relaxation studies. Takayanagi has ascribed the αc′ peak to cooperative motion of crystalline and amorphous regions of the sort that might be involved in the suggested sliding of lamellae over each other. At temperatures higher than 80°C., horizontal superposition is not possible.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050608
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    Time-temperature superposition of time-dependent birefringence for low-density polyethylenePaper presented at the International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan, October 3, 1966. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1067-1078 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The time-dependent birefringence has been measured simultaneously with the stress relaxation on quenched and annealed low-density polyethylene at various temperatures from 10 to 70°C. The strain-optical coefficient increases generally with increasing time, and approaches the equilibrium value, which depends upon the temperature. When the strain-optical coefficient at a fixed time is plotted against temperature, it first increases and then decreases after passing through a maximum at Tmax with increasing temperature. The higher the degree of crystallinity, the higher are the equilibrium values of the strain-optical coefficient and Tmax. The curves for strain-optical coefficient versus time and relaxation modulus versus time below Tmax can be superposed well by a horizontal shift along the abscissa. The optical shift factor obeys the original WLF equation, while the mechanical shift factor is much larger than the optical one. The molecular mechanisms corresponding to this dispersion of the strain-optical coefficient and viscoelastic αc absorption peak near Tmax are discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050607
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  • 136
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    Déformation plastique des hauts polymères vitreux soumis á un système de contraintes quelconque (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1145-1156 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory of rate processes has been applied by Eyring to the plastic flow of solids, but he considers only the case of simple shear. Some assumptions concerning a generalization of this theory for an arbitrary strain tensor are here proposed and discussed. The components of the deformation and the work done by the deviator of the stress during the elementary flow process are evaluated. According to these results, it can be proved that the yield condition of Huber, Hencky, and von Mises is valid when there is no hydrostatic stress. The discrepancy between the yield stresses corresponding to tensile and compressive tests is explained by the influence of the hydrostatic component and evaluated by taking account of the amount of free volume required for an elementary jump. The calculated value agrees with the experimental data. Measurements of the inclination of Lüder's bands and deformation components on poly(vinyl chloride) flat bars strained by tensile tests are in good agreement with the proposed theory.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050612
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    Statistics of substitution polymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1157-1175 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Equations are developed for predicting the distributions of degree of substitution and block length in substitution copolymers which result when homopolymers are subjected to substitution reactions. Several different cases are treated differing in complexity from entirely random substitution to substitution affected by substituents already present on the same and on the neighboring repeat units. The equations are then applied to chlorinated polyethylene as an example of their use.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050613
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  • 138
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    Carbon black reinforcement in preswollen rubbers. Part II (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1177-1187 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of carbon black reinforcement was studied by examining stress-strain properties of preswollen (i.e., cured in the swollen state then deswollen) SBR-1500 vulcanizates and the effect of heat treatment on such samples. It was found that the supercoiling of molecular chains leads to a purely viscous response at low elongations. On heating of preswollen samples, molecular rearrangement at the carbon black surface occurs, leading to a considerable increase in modulus. The activation energy of that process was determined by using the superposition principle.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050614
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    Mechanical structures in polymer melts. I. Measurements of melt strength and elasticityParts of this paper were presented at the West Coast Meeting of the Rheology Society at Santa Barbara, Calif., Jan. 28, 29, 1965, and at the International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Tokyo and Kyoto, Japan, Sept. 28-Oct. 4, 1966. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1249-1259 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The standard methods of measuring the elastic properties of polymer melts are briefly reviewed and a method of measuring another combination of viscoelastic properties, the melt strength, is described. Data are presented on the melt strength of various types of polyethylene resins and on ionomer resins. The effects on various viscoelastic properties of branching or of the addition of fine fibrils of Teflon perfluorocarbon resin are reported.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050620
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  • 140
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    NMR spectrum of isotactic poly-2-vinylpyridine (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1293-1295 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050623
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    Melting temperature of trans-polyoctenamer (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1283-1292 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of microstructure on crystallizability of polyoctenamers prepared by R3Al-WCl6 catalyst was studied. The results indicate that polyoctenamers with a broad range of trans-vinylene content do crystallize. The measured melting points are dependent on the trans-vinylene content. From the dependence of melting temperature on copolymer composition, a value of 73 ± 2°C. for the melting point and a molar heat of fusion ΔHu of 3520 cal./mole are calculated for 100% trans-polyoctenamer. From the melting point depression in the presence of diluent, a value for ΔHu of 4800 cal./mole is obtained.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050622
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    Mechanical structures in polymer melts. II. Roles of entanglements in viscosity and elastic turbulenceParts of this paper were presented at the West Coast Meeting of the Rheology Society at Santa Barbara, Calif., Jan. 28, 29, 1965, and at the International Symposium on Macromolecular Chemistry, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, Sept. 28 to Oct. 4, 1966. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1261-1281 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Current theories of polymer flow processes often sacrifice realistic molecular models for simplicity of their mathematical equations. An analysis of what might happen to molecules of more realistic sizes and shapes under shear flow, shows the importance of the rapid Brownian motion of chain segments, the elastic deformations of polymer random coils, and the dissipation of this elastic random coil energy by the relatively slow slippage of the chains past each other at a few entanglements where steric hindrance causes long relaxation times. This makes the energy loss depend on the time at each local deformation, and not on the overall shear rate. At high shear rates this model leads to “cluster flow” and low loss cyclic deformations, rather than the high loss processes of steady-state shear. This model gives reasonable qualitative explanations for many anomalous flow properties, and it has predicted new effects that have since been observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050621
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  • 143
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    Anisotropy of the mechanical loss tangent of drawn polyacrylonitrile film (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1317-1319 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050629
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    Crystallization of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene)-siloxane (TMPS) polymers. Part IIBased on a paper presented at the Seventh Symposium on Polymer and Fiber Microscopy, Textile Research Institute, Princeton, N.J., September 1965. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 89-99 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization kinetics and morphology of poly(tetramethyl-p-silphenylene)siloxane spherulites have been investigated over a temperature range of 25-130°C. The effect of molecular weight on the spherulitic growth rates, ranging from the monomer to molecular weights about 106, is discussed in terms of conventional rate theory. Surface free energies of crystal growth are computed on the basis of a spherulitic model in which the polymer chains are presumed to be incorporated within the lamellar crystallites which are comprised in the spherulites. Mention is made of the change in mechanical properties with molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050108
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    Depolarized light and differential thermal analyses of some polyolefin transitions (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 113-123 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The depolarized light intensity (DLI) technique detec's transitions in birefringent materials by simultaneously measuring sample temperature and intensity of polarized light roatated by the sample. Most polyolefins in the solid state rotate 30-40% of the polarized light. At any temperature at which the sample exhibits an ordered state, some rotation occurs. Temperatures of transitions and changes in refractive index can be determined in this way. Many of these transitions can also be followed by the well-known method of differential thermal analysis (DTA). A comparison of DLI and DTA curves of polyethylene, polypropylene, mixtures of these polymers, and block copolymers of ethylene and propylene shows the two techniques to be complementary and of use in determining the physical behavior of these polymers. Instrumentation and system variables of the DLI technique are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050110
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    Association of polyacrylonitrile prepared by low-temperature, solution polymerization with an organometallic catalyst (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The weight-average molecular weights of polymers of acrylonitrile prepared by a free-radical initiator and an organometallic catalyst have been determined by lightscattering measurements in N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylacetamide at 25°C. and in dimethyl sulfoxide at 140°C. The apparent molecular weights of the polymers prepared with the NaAlEt3S(i-Pr) catalyst in DMF at -78°C. (referred to as high-melting polymers) changed from 54,800, 82,700, and 480,000 when measured in DMF at 25°C. to 36,000, 41,600, and 225,000 when measured in DMSO at 140°C., whereas the molecular weights of the free-radical polymers remained unchanged. Furthermore, from results obtained in DMSO at 140°C., The intrinsic viscosity-molecular-weight relationships were found to be identical for the high-melting and the free-radical polymer and in substantial agreement with an equation reported by Cleland and Stockmayer. The apparent decrease in molecular weight of the high-melting polymer from 25 to 140°C. indicates rather clearly that the high-melting polymers are associated in DMF at 25°C. The “aggregates,” even though present only at low concentrations, raised the weight-average molecular weight markedly but affected the number-average molecular weight only slightly, thus giving a high M̄w/M̄n ratio. It appears likely that when temperature and solvent are such that association does not occur, linear PAN's will have approximately the same intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship (subject of course to slight change by polydispersity). The often reported abnormal molecular weight of samples prepared by solution polymerization especially at low temperatures, may be attributed to branching, or to an association, as reported here. The nature of association of PAN in dilute solution is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 147
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    Microstrain investigation of polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 143-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The small-strain mechanical behavior of crystalline polyethylene has been studied by using a microstrain technique with strain resolution on the order of 10-6. The strain rate was varied from 10-6 to 10-4 sec.-1, and a temperature range of 17-28°C. was investigated. A strong dependence on strain rate and temperature has been observed for the following parameters which characterize the mechanical response of polyethylene in the microstrain region: the initial modulus of the stress-strain curve, the deviation in strain from ideal linear elastic behavior at a given stress amplitude, and the energy dissipated in a deformation cycle. The Young's moduli that were observed by means of tensile tests in the microstrain region were only about 20% lower than the values reported in other investigations at kilocycle and megacycle frequencies. The experimental method made it possible to isolate a deformation process which was attributed to a crystallographic shear mechanism corresponding to a yield point of 27 psi. This shear mechanism is discussed in terms of the various shear processes, such as slip, twinning, and the orthorhombic-monoclinic phase change.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050112
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  • 148
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    Effect of temperature on the ozone cracking of butyl rubbers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rates of growth of single ozone cracks have been measured for vulcanizates of two butyl rubbers over the temperature range of 20-160°C. Over most of this range the rates are quantitatively related to the segmental mobility of the polymer and depend upon temperature in accord with the appropriate from of the WLF relation. The rates are also proportional to the concentration of ozone. It is therefore concluded that diffusion of ozone into the polymer before reaction is the rate-controlling step. This is contrasted with the behavior of butadiene-styrene copolymers, for which the rates of crack growth are also quantitatively related to the segmental mobility, but the rates are somewhat larger at equivalent mobilities and the dependence upon ozone concentration is smaller. The difference is attributed to different penetration distances before reaction in polymers containing low and high densities of reactive sites.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 149
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    Macromolecules in solution (high polymers, volume XXI). HERBERT MORAWETZ. Interscience, New York, 1965. xvi + 495. $16.50 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 235-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050120
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  • 150
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    Adsorption of iodine from aqueous solutions by samples of tire yarn from regenerated cellulose (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 263-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The adsorption of iodine by rayon tire yarn samples from aqueous solutions in which the concentration of iodide and triiodide ions is suppressed was studied. Fowler and Guggenheim's model of adsorption on regular localized monolayers appeared to be applicable to the adsorption phenomena considered. It is concluded that adsorption takes place on patches of sites in the cellulose-water gel.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050202
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  • 151
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    Wideline NMR studies of polyacrylonitrile (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: NMR linewidth studies of molecular motion in several polyacrylonitrile samples have been carried out. The motional transition temperature is found in the 105-124°C. range and depends upon polymerization conditions. In addition, the thermal activation energy for the motional process underlying this transition was evaluated at 16.4 kcal./mole. Finally, measurement of the transition temperature for one of the specimens in three different physical states (bulk, spun only, and spun and drawn with a ratio of 3:1), revealed that no change in the transition temperature was effected by either spinning or drawing.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 152
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    Configuration and hydrodynamic properties of fully acetylated salep glucomannan (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 361-375 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The polysaccharide of salep orchid tuber was shown to be a glucomannan with a glucose/mannose ratio of 2.6 and an acetyl content of 2.1%. After extraction from the powdered root with water, the triacetate derivative was prepared and its configurational and hydrodynamic properties examined. The polymer yielded a series of fractions from 615 to 4170 in weight-average degree of polymerization. Light-scattering, viscosity, and osmometry experiments were conducted. Intrinsic viscosity results were interpreted according to the hydrodynamic theory of Eizner and Ptitsyn resulting in a value of ζ/η0 = 20 ± 6 A. for the ratio of monomeric friction coefficient to solvent viscosity and a corresponding value of a = 55 ± 4 A. for the persistence length, closely similar to those reported for other β-1,4-linked polysaccharides. The theoretical Flory coefficient increased with increasing molecular weight but was less than the limiting value of Φ0 = 2.86 × 1023 mole-1. The dependence of the light-scattering radius of gyration of the glucomannan polymer on the contour length showed that the configuration of the heteropolymer was similar to that of other β-1,4-linked polysaccharides which have only glucose or mannose in the main chain. Calculated radii of gyration based on the Porod-Kratky persistence length were found to be smaller than radii found by light scattering on the fractions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050211
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  • 153
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    Anomalies in ebulliometric measurements with polyethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 394-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050214
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  • 154
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    Study of crystallization kinetics of trans-1,4-polyisoprene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 377-390 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The concentrations and the growth rates of high- and low-melting type spherulites of trans-1,4-polyisoprene were measured in the temperature range 39-49°C. It was shown that above about 40°C., the crystallization rate of trans-1,4-polyisoprene is determined primarily by the radial growth rate of high-melting form (HMF) spherulites, whereas the predominance of the low-melting form (LMF) crystals below 40°C. can be attributed to the high rate of formation of LMF primary nuclei at lower crystallization temperatures. Temperature-independent rate parameters were calculated from optical and dilatometric measurements and were found to be in good agreement. Both the change in nucleation habit and spherulite growth rate with temperature can be explained on the basis of a lower end surface free energy of LMF crystals of trans-1,4-polyisoprene compared to that of the HMF crystals.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050212
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  • 155
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    Physics of plastics. P. D. RITCHIE, Ed. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey, 1965. 447. $19.50 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 397-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050215
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  • 156
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    Configurational statistics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) chains (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 417-424 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The length of the span of the terephthaloyl residue in poly(ethylene terephthalate) guarantees independence of the conformations of successive repeating units of the chain. Interactions within units of the chain are amenable to interpretation by comparisons with related polymers; cis and trans conformations of the terephthaloyl residue are given equal weighting. The mean-square dimension ratio (〈r2〉0/M)∞ estimated on this basis is in substantial accord with the value deduced from experiments.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050302
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  • 157
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    Transient analysis of a vibrating reed: Error analysis (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 425-429 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The error analysis for the transient vibrating reed test is developed based on a linearized approximation. Tables are given for the efficient utilization of the equations in evaluating the accuracy range of test data.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050303
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  • 158
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    Intrinsic viscosity of polydisperse branched polymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 431-454 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The relationships between molecular weight distribution and structure in polymerizations with long-chain branching were reviewed and extended. Results were applied to an experimental examination of intrinsic viscosity in polydisperse, trifunctionally branched systems. Several samples of poly(vinyl acetate) were prepared by bulk polymerization under conditions of very low radical concentration. The relative rate constants for monomer transfer, polymer transfer, and terminal double-bond polymerization were established from the variation of Mn and Mw with the extent of conversion. Average branching densities were then calculated for each sample and ranged as high as 1.5 branch points/molecule. Intrinsic viscosities [η]B were measured in three systems: a theta-solvent, a good solvent, and one that was intermediate in solvent interaction. These results were compared with calculated viscosities, [η]L, which would have been observed if all the molecules had been linear. The values of [η]B/[η]L were substantially the same in all three solvents. The variation of this ratio with branching density was compared with the theory of Zimm and Kilb as adapted to polydisperse systems. Discrepancies were noted, and the adequacy of present model distribution functions for branched polymers was questioned.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050304
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  • 159
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    Experimental anomalies and the conformational theory of polymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 455-460 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The influence of the size and shape of the torsional potential upon the theoretical temperature coefficient (T∂ ln 〈r02〉/∂T) of a polymeric chain was studied. The uncorrelated end-to-end distance equations for isotactic, syndiotactic, and completely atactic chains were differentiated with respect to temperature and the integrals in the resulting equations were evaluated by the method of Gaussian quadrature. The calculated coefficients were found to be nonlinear functions of the energy ratio Umax/KT, where Umax is the maximum potential barrier and possess real roots which critically depend upon the size and shape of the potential. Qualitative anomalies between experiment and theory disappeared when the entire torsional potential was used in the conformational theory. It appears that quantitative agreement between theory and experiment can be established for polymeric materials if the entire potential is used, rotations within bulky side groups are included, and the potential is determined by the method of minimum conformational energy.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050305
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  • 160
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    Transmission electron microscopy of polypropylene lamellae delineated by staining (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 471-478 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Aqueous solutions of phosphotungstic acid were used to stain melt-crystallized polypropylene which had been oxidized to the leveled-off stage by boiling in 70% HNO3. Electron microscopy of thin sections of the polymer revealed unstained crystalline lamellae bordered by stained interlamellar layers. The lamella height, which is equivalent to the fold period of the molecules, increased as the crystallization temperature increased. In polypropylene which had crystallized in ice water, and at 125, 145, or 161°C., the heights of the visually delineated lamellae were 80, 105, 158, and 210 A., respectively. Those heights were, in turn, approximately the same as the length of the perpendicularly aligned molecules in the lamellae, which survived the acid etch. The stained interlamellar layers, regardless of the crystallization temperature, were about half the height of the lamellae.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050307
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  • 161
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    Elastic properties of crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) gels: Network topology (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 663-670 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Current network theory exhibits inconsistencies which show up particularly clearly in deformation of networks prepared by crosslinking a polymer in solution. A check of theory can be obtained if one knows precisely the number of crosslinks in the network and if a range of deformations is applied to the network. In an effort to explore this problem we have examined the relation of shear modulus to crosslink density, primary molecular weight, and polymer concentration for a series of poly(vinyl alcohol) gels at low to intermediate concentrations. Aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solutions were crosslinked to form infinite networks using terephthalaldehyde. We find a large discrepancy with these poly(vinyl alcohol) gels between measured shear modulus and that calculated from classical elasticity theory assuming quantitative reaction of crosslinking. The ratio of measured to calculated modulus is independent of crosslink density for a given primary molecular weight and concentration. It shows linear dependence on polymer concentration prior to crosslinking and extrapolates to a critical concentration which is consistent with the effective sizes of the polymer molecules.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050403
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  • 162
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    Solubility and diffusion of water in acetal polymers (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 671-684 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The rate of water sorption at 25°C. has been determined for a number of polyacetal films differing in structure, density, and orientation induced by extrusion. The equilibrium water uptake was found to be a linear function of density only; no other effect of structure or orientation was detectable. The extrapolated density for zero sorption was 1.51 g./cc., not far from the theoretical crystalline density. The diffusivity of water in unoriented films rose with decreasing density; for linear copolymer, the trend was parallel to that of the area under the dynamic mechanical loss peak associated with long-range chain motions in the disordered regions (β-transition). Less pronounced effects of molecular weight and long chain branching on diffusivity were also noted. Films crystallized while an extruded melt was still oriented showed considerable increases in water diffusivity, but no significant changes in the apparent activation energies of permeation (about 6.6 kcal./mole) or diffusion (about 11.5 kcal./mole). On annealing these films, the diffusivity remained almost constant while the sorption coefficient and retraction on remelting decreased.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Streaming birefringence. VII. Influence of the intermolecular hydrodynamic interaction on the viscosity and streaming birefringence of polymer solutionsPart VI, see Munk.1 (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 685-696 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The cavity model used in the theory of dielectrics was applied to hydrodynamics to calculate the force exerted by a system of soft dumbbells on a reference dumbbell in a hydrodynamic field. The influence of this force on the viscosity and flow birefringence and its dependence on both the concentration and velocity gradient were calculated. The system of equations has a real solution only for values of β = M[η]η0γ/RT which are smaller than a critical value rapidly decreasing with increasing concentration. At zero concentration the results obtained agree with the theory of a single isolated dumbbell model. The calculated Huggins constant is k′ = 0.4. The extinction angle is connected with the relative viscosity very nearly as derived from experiments. However, the theory fails at higher concentrations and gradients yielding an increase in viscosity with the gradient and infinite zero-shear viscosity for the concentration c = 2.5/[η].
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 164
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    Selective polymeric effects on solvent NMR relaxations (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 697-704 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the spin-lattice relaxation times (T1) of solvent protons have been performed on systems containing mixed solvents with and without polymer. It has been found that the motion of solvent is selectively affected by polymers present in the system. Polyisobutylene (10%) in mixed solvents of carbon tetrachloride (or cyclohexane) and dichloromethane at various proportions produces little effect on T1 values of dichloromethane, but it affects significantly the T1 values of cyclohexane; whereas poly(methyl methacrylate) (10%) in carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane (or acetone) selectively associates with dichloromethane (or acetone), resulting in an approximate 50% reduction of the T1 values for dichloromethane (or acetone). In systems of poly(methyl methacrylate) and three mixed solvents of carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, and cyclohexane, the polymer (10%) has a negligible effect on the T1 values of cyclohexane, but brings about a 50% reduction of the T1 values of dichloromethane. These phenomena are discussed in terms of local selective interactions between the solvent molecules and the polymeric chain segments.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050406
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  • 165
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    Models of spherulite deformation taking into account changes in volumePaper presented in part at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society of Rheology, Cleveland, Ohio, October 1965. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 711-742 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A general method is presented for taking into account changes in volume in several types of calculations concerned with spherulite deformation in semicrystalline polymers. The method is applicable at large strains for which the low-strain limiting form of the equation defining Poisson's ratio is no longer valid. Applications are made to calculations of the three crystal orientation functions for models of spherulite deformation based on those proposed by Wilchinsky, Stein et al., and Oda et al. The effects of changes in volume are considered in detail and are compared with previous results in which the volume change was neglected. Calculations of spherulite birefringence are considered in a similar manner, as are the equations for determining spherulite deformation by means of low-angle light-scattering measurements. Results indicate that in several cases details of deformation mechanisms previously proposed should be revised in light of the effect of the change in volume on the calculated orientation functions. The equations in each case are presented in terms of a parameter β, the square root of the third strain invariant of the deformation tensor. Results are presented in numerical form for many of the basic parameters. Equations for all such results are expressed in explicit form and, in most cases, are displayed graphically together with available experimental data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050408
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  • 166
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    Determination of osmotic coefficients in polyelectrolyte solutions by potentionmetric measurements during phase separation (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1055-1059 
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    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method of evaluating osmotic coefficients of polyelectrolyte solutions is suggested for systems in which a two-phase equilibrium is maintained between the polymer solution and a polymer precipitate so that the “polymer” terms Cpdμp in the Gibbs-Duhem relationship may be neglected. The method is applied to a polybase system, and the osmotic coefficients calculated from the experimental data are discussed in terms of the theory of Alexandrowicz. The results are found to be in line with the above theory but the characteristic parameter φp, the fraction of free counterions, is about twice as large as values previously observed in polyacids.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050605
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  • 167
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    Gel permeation chromatography of polyethylene: Effect of long-chain branching (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1087-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of long-chain branching on the size of low-density polyethylene molecules in solution is demonstrated through solution viscosity and molecular weight measurements on fractionated samples. These well-characterized fractions are analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and it is shown that the separation of the polymer molecules by this technique is sensitive to the presence of long-chain branching. By using fractions of branched polyethylene possessing differing degrees of branching, one observes that a single curve is adequate in relating elution volume to molecular weight. This calibration curve is applied in the GPC analysis of a variety of commercial low-density polyethylene resins and it is shown, by comparison with independent osmometric and gradient elution chromatographic data, that realistic values for molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are obtained. The replacement of molecular weight M by the parameter [η]M as a function of elution volume, leads to a single relationship for both linear and branched polyethylenes. This indicates that GPC separation takes place according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the polymer molecules. The comparison of data for polyethylene and polystyrene fractions suggests that this volume dependence of the separation will be observed for other polymer-solvent systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050609
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  • 168
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    Adhesion of high polymers. II. Wettability of elastomersPaper presented before the Polymer Division, 152nd American Chemical Society Meeting, New York, September 1966. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1103-1118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Data on wettability of elastomers should be considered basic to the understanding of all phases of elastomer adhesion. However, no such data in the form of critical surface tensions were available for elastomers other than polydimethylsiloxane. For this study, 18 elastomers were selected to determine the effects of functional groups, of geometrical and structural isomerisms, of copolymerization, and of the induced orientation upon wettability. Most results support the constitutive law of wettability established by Shafrin and Zisman. The effect of structural isomerisms in the form of a vinyl side group and cyclization is discussed. An equation for the calculation of critical surface tension of a copolymer or of a mixture of isomers is proposed as follows: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma _c {\rm (copolymer or mixture of isomers)} \simeq \sum\limits_1^\infty {N_i \gamma _{c_i } } $\end{document} where Ni is the mole-fraction of the individual monomer in the copolymer and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \gamma _{c_i } $\end{document} is the critical surface tension of each homopolymer. Most elastomer adhesion studies conducted in the past were concerned with the diffusion theory of adhesion. This study further supports the conclusion on the role of diffusion and adsorption in adhesion advanced in Part I, especially with respect to the physical state of polymer at the time of application. The wettability data in this study could shed some light upon major basic mechanisms involved in elastomer reinforcement.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050610
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  • 169
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    Viscoelasticity of textile fibers at finite strains (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1119-1144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Experimental data obtained from stress-strain curves of five different textile fibers, at a series of different, constant strain rates covering a range of 61/2 decades have been used to study two methods of nonlinear viscoelastic analysis proposed elsewhere. According to the first of these, time and strain effects are factorizable so that stress σ, strain ε and time t are related by the equation σf1(ε)/ε = f(t),. This is shown to be unsatisfactory with the present materials, but an empirical modification to σf1(ε)/ε = f2(ε) + f(t) is satisfactory. According to the second, general nonlinear viscoelastic behavior can be described by an equation which reduces to the form σ/ε = F1(t) + εF2(t) + ε2F3(t) + when applied to extension at a constant strain rate. This series is shown to be strongly divergent except at fairly small stains. In fact, if it is truncated after about three terms, which are as many as can be estimated with any significance in the present experiments, it is applicable only to strains of about 3-4% and less. Numerical techniques which enable standard statistical procedures to be used have been devised to perform the above analyses and are described in detail.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050611
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  • 170
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    Theory of polymer fractionation efficiencyThis paper constitutes a portion of a more extended treatment of polymer fractionation theory, to be published as a chapter in a forthcoming book.1 Presented before the Polymer Division at the 153rd Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Miami Beach, April 13, 1967. (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1221-1234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory of the equilibrium distribution of a mixture of different size species of a polymer between two liquid phases is reviewed and used as a basis for the calculation of the dependence of fractionation efficiency on overall concentration, interaction coefficient (hence, choice of solvent and temperature), average molecular weight, and the spread of the molecular weight distribution in the polymer. The special case of a single type of polymer in a single solvent, for which the polymer-solvent interaction coefficient is independent of concentration, is dealt with quantitatively. The ultimate aim is to make it possible to determine systematically the optimum solvent (or mixture of solvents), temperature, and overall concentration for fractionation of a given type of polymer, having a given average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution, considering practical limitations, e. g., the total volume which can conveniently be handled and the time required to achieve a sufficiently close approach to equilibrium.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050618
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  • 171
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    Mechanical secondary relaxation effects in polysulfone (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1296-1299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050624
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  • 172
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    Concentration dependence of the time lag for diffusion (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 5 (1967), S. 1300-1304 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.160050625
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  • 173
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    Masthead (1967)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760070201
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  • 174
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    Analysis of the in-line screw injection machine (1967)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 175-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760070308
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  • 175
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    Two-phase polymer systems (1967)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760070210
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  • 176
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    Errata (1967)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 140-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760070214
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  • 177
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    Masthead (1967)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760070301
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  • 178
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    Dynamic properties of polymer melts in an orthogonal rheometer (1967)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760070303
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  • 179
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    An analysis of Brabender torque rheometer data (1967)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 178-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760070309
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  • 180
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    Recommendations for reporting thermal analysis data (1967)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 7 (1967), S. 219-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760070314
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  • 181
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    Some mechanical properties of an epoxy resin system cured with multiple crosslinking agentsProd. No. 1445 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Arbitrary cure times and glass transition temperatures are reported for an epoxy resin cocrosslinked by various weight fractions of hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) and m-phenylenediamine (m-PLDA). The glass transition temperatures of the epoxy resin systems studied yielded an excellent fit to an empirical equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The cure time parameters were found to be a linear function of the weight fractions of each crosslinking agent present. The mechanical properties of the epoxy resins were measured by an in situ dynamic modulus technique which employed the use of a resin-coated metallic substrate.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110202
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  • 182
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    Antiplasticization. III. Characteristics and properties of antiplasticizable polymersPaper presented at the 152nd National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, New York, September 1966.Prod. No. 1451 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 227-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Antiplasticization is applicable to polymers which contain rigid, polar groups and stiff chains, such as many bisphenol polycarbonates and polyesters, 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol polycarbonates and polyesters, cellulose triacetate, and a commercial poly(sulfone ether). The stiffness, hardness, and tensile strength of these polymers are increased by antiplasticizers, and the elongation, impact strength, and heat-distortion temperature are decreased. The stiffness of antiplasticized polymers can be further increased by crystallization. A clear, hard, stiff, tough, self-extinguishing molding plastic with good electrical properties and improved resistance to stress cracking is obtained by antiplasticizing bisphenol A polycarbonate with 20% Aroclor 5460.
    Additional Material: 9 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110206
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  • 183
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    Étude de l'étirage à froid des fibres de polymères synthétiques dans les agents organiques (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 871-900 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The cold drawing of synthetic polymers is generally carried out through necking at a short collar between the drawn part and the undrawn part of the fiber; if the drawing is carried out in certain organic liquids, the lengthening is realized through thousands of simultaneous necks which permit the fiber to be penetrated by a dye dissolved in the liquid. The stress-strain curves for the drawing in liquid show an important decrease in the force at the time the multiple necking are produced. This decrease is the result of an increase in the mobility of the macromolecular chains through the penetration of the organic liquid to the level of the shoulder of the necks. A morphological study has been carried out through the observation of cuts by optical microscopy, along with a utilization of the techniques of x-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. It was found that the liquid penetrates t̰he fiber to the level of the necking via a rupture of the interchain bonds which takes place during the change of structural following the drawing. The bonds are maintained ruptured as long as the liquid is not squeezed out by the aligning of the chains; they reform later to produce a new highly crystalline structure.
    Additional Material: 36 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110609
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  • 184
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    Macrostructure and environment-influenced surface layer in epoxy polymers (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 949-952 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several epoxy polymers were shown to be two-phase systems; roughly spherical floccules arranged in layers in an interstitial fluid resembling the starting materials. The size of the floccules was found to be dependent on the initial rate of cure of a given polymer. The density, hardness, glass transition temperature, etching rate, and dielectric strength were related to the floccule size. The surface layer in the epoxy polymers and in several thermoplastic polymers was found to be different from the bulk material. The properties of the surface layer are dependent on the surface energy of the mold material and on the atmospheric environment. A gradient in properties was found to extend from the polymer surface several hundred microns into the bulk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110614
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  • 185
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    Delayed yielding of epoxy resin under tension, compression, and flexure. I. Behavior under constant strain rate (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 963-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Series of loading tests were carried out on epoxy resin specimens, at varying constant strain rates, under tension, compression, and flexure. The stress-strain relationship revealed a distinct yielding stage followed shortly by a post-yielding region of decreasing load. In all cases, results indicate linearity between yield stress and log strain rate, in accordance with Eyring's theory of viscous flow. For specimens unloaded close to the yield point, photoelastic observations revealed a residual pattern parallel to the theoretical principal shear stresses. These results, supported by additional data from other works, indicate a viscoplastic deviatoric stress-biased diffusional mechanism as the dominant factor in the yielding of an amorphous crosslinked epoxy system.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110616
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  • 186
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    A generalized equation of state for polymers (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1001-1008 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple, generalized equation of state has been developed that describes the pressure-volume-temperature behavior of both addition and condensation polymers. Use of the equation requires only that the polymer's glass temperature and density at 25°C. and one atmosphere be known. The equation applies to both amorphous and crystalline polymers for pressures up to 10,000 atm. It also appears to hold for copolymers. Polymer glass temperatures can also be estimated with the equation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110619
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  • 187
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    Radiation-induced changes in the index of refraction, density, and dielectric constant of poly(methyl methacrylate)Presented in part at the meeting of the American Physical Society, Durham, N. C., March, 1966. (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1065-1078 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of commercially prepared poly(methyl methacrylate) (Lucite) were irradiated with 13-M.e.v. electrons in the dose range 0-11 Mrad, and the induced changes in the index of refraction, density, and dielectric constant were observed. An attempt is made to interrelate the observed changes theoretically.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110706
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  • 188
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    Radiation-induced solid-state polymerization in binary systems. V. Polymerization in binary systems containing long chain compounds (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1101-1116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Radiation-induced solid-state polymerization in binary systems containing long-chain compounds has been investigated. Butyl stearate-methyl methacrylate and stearyl alcohol-methyl methacrylate systems have been studied in detail. In these systems insource polymerization does not occur but a remarkable post-polymerization takes place on warming after irradiation at low temperature. The limiting conversion characteristics of this post-polymerization depend greatly on the nature and the concentration of the long-chain compounds. The post-polymerization is observed to be more marked in the butyl stearate-methyl methacrylate system than in the stearyl alcohol-methyl methacrylate system, and it increases with increasing concentration of the long-chain component. An optimum warming rate and warming temperature exists for the maximum saturated conversion. Irradiation in air causes some decrease of conversion compared to irradiation in vacuo. The possible mechanism is that monomer diffuses into the crystals of the long-chain compound after melting at the eutectic temperature. The polymerization may be initiated by trapped radicals of the long-chain compound and carried out in the crystal of the long-chain compound with a smaller possibility of termination. In binary systems containing long-chain compounds, lowering of the melting point is slight, and the eutectic composition exists at the richer composition of monomer, so almost all the long-chain substance remains as excess crystals, which are suitable for holding trapped radicals. The crystal lattices of long-chain compounds may be softer than those of compounds of small molecular size. This fact is favorable for monomer diffusion. This explains why such a post-polymerization takes place only in systems containing long-chain molecules.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110709
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  • 189
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    Preparation, glass transition temperature, and δ relaxation effect of poly(vinyl isonicotinate) (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1173-1177 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Poly(vinyl isonicotinate) was prepared by esterification of poly(vinyl alcohol) with isonicotinoyl chloride in pyridine solution. Poly(vinyl nicotinate) was also prepared. Density, refractive index, and glass transition of the polymers were determined. The low temperature dynamic mechanical properties of poly(vinyl isonicotinate) are characterized by a relaxation effect which is associated with thermally excited motions of the pyridine rings (δ relaxation). The strong displacement of such a phenomenon toward higher temperatures, with respect to poly(vinyl benzoate), is interpreted as due to the elevated polarity of the pyridine ring.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110714
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  • 190
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    ESR study of post-irradiation reactions of cellulose and acrylonitrile (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1139-1153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An ESR study of the free-radical mechanisms of the post-irradiation reactions of cotton cellulose with acrylonitrile is reported. The effects of atmosphere, moisture content, and solutions of acrylonitrile on the yield and stability of free-radical sites in irradiated cellulose were determined. On interaction of γ-radiation from a 60Co source with cotton cellulose, long-lived free-radical sites were found within the molecular lattice. Short-lived free-radical sites were apparently also formed on chain cleavage, gave strong singlet spectra, and were readily accessible to interaction with water. Other free-radical sites were formed within regions of the cellulosic fiber which were inaccessible to moisture or aqueous solutions even after contact times as long as three days. It was suggested that long-lived free-radical sites in cellulose I (containing regain moisture) resulted from dehydrogenation at C5, and in cellulose II (containing regain moisture) resulted from dehydrogenation at C5 and dehydrogenation of the OH group or dehydroxylation at C6. When irradiated cellulose was contacted with a solution of acrylonitrile (15%) in 75% aqueous zinc chloride, the initial rate of decrease in spin concentration was higher than the rate of decrease as the time of contact increased. The ESR spectrum of the reacted cellulose, observed at -100°C., as compared with the spectrum for the irradiated cellulose, had decreased in signal strength with increase in time of contact and changed from a three-line spectrum to an ill-defined spectrum. The free radical being observed was probably due to unreacted sites in the cellulose. The extent of the graft copolymerization reaction was directly related to the initial spin concentration in the irradiated cellulose.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110712
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  • 191
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    Preparation of adherent films of poly-p-xylylenes on aluminum by electrolysis (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1209-1215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The electrolysis of solutions of p-methylbenzyltrimethylammonium nitrate or, better, p-xylylenebis(trimethylammonium nitrate) or p-xylylenebis(triphenylphosphonium chloride or bromide) in a polar organic solvent with an aluminum cathode and a platinum anode results in the formation of adherent coatings of poly-p-xylylene on the cathode. The mechanism of this reaction involves the electrochemical generation of p-xylylene and its subsequent polymerization on the aluminum cathode. Competing reactions are formation of p-xylene and reduction of the solvent.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110718
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  • 192
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    Relation between impact strength and dynamic mechanical properties of plasticsProd. No. 1574 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1661-1665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple theory is developed which correlates the Izod impact strength of polymers with (G′100-G′300)2/G′100, where G′100 and G′300 are dynamic shear moduli at 100°K. and 300°K., respectively. The theory assumes the Maxwell element for the material and the fracture time smaller than the relaxation time. The theory is verified by experimental data for numerous polymers. Another approach which correlates the impact strength with the integrated loss factor from 0 to 300°K. is also proved valid.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110906
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  • 193
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    On the crystallite orientation in jute and mesta fibers under different moisture conditionsProd. No. 1613 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2021-2028 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Hermans' average angle of orientation, the angle at 40% intensity, and the Hermans' orientation factor have been studied in raw and delignified jute and mesta fibers under different moisture conditions. It is observed that the average orientation of micelles in these fibers improves on moisture absorption and further improves when the moist fiber is subjected to tension, and that the action of water is more pronounced in delignified jute fibers. The derangement of a fraction of the regions, contributing to the x-ray pattern of these fibers, and the releasing of internal stresses have been cited here as possible caused of the phenomenon.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111018
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  • 194
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    Reaction of α-cellulose with SbCl3-KOH-AsCl3Prod. No. 1637 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2467-2471 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: α-Cellulose dissolves in a mixture of SbCl3, KOH, and AsCl3. The resulting product as identified by PMR and infrared spectroscopy is α-D-glucose. This product is unexpected, and an explanation for its formation is suggested.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111206
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  • 195
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    Dichroism of an ideally oriented polymer chainProd. No. 1647 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2507-2514 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Visible dichroism can be utilized as a measure of the degree of orientation of an amorphous region in a polymer. But the relations between dichroism and states of dyes in polymer must be elucidated before dichroism can be used more widely as a reliable means for study of amorphous orientation. To calculate the orientation factor for visible dichroism, it is necessary to decide the dichroism of an ideally oriented polymer chain. For this purpose, a single crystal of Congo Red was prepared and the dichroic spectrum of the crystal was measured. It was found that the dichroism of the Congo Red molecule itself is unity in a suitable wavelength region. As a result, a simple means for the treatment of dichroic spectra was given. The angle between the polymer chain axis and the principal axis of the absorbed dye molecule was discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111210
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  • 196
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    Change of orientation by thermal contraction of polyacrylonitrile fiberProd. No. 1650 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 2525-2531 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyacrylonitrile polymer powder was dissolved in 70% nitric acid and spun into isotropic filament through a glass nozzle of 0.5 mm. diameter in a coagulating bath of 30% nitric acid. Stretching was carried out in two stages: the first stretching was done in water at 20°C. followed by drying, and the second stretching was done in a boiling saturated solution of ammonium sulfate. The total stretching ratio was 23. These filaments were shrunk freely in water at 70-180°C. The change in orientation factors was traced by x-ray, infrared dichroism, visible dichroism, and sonic modulus methods. The relation between the reciprocal absolute temperature of thermal contraction and the logarithm of fiber length is a straight line which has two inflection points at 93 and 175°C. The orientation factors by x-ray and infrared dichroism remain unchanged up to 175°C. On the contrary, the orientation factors by visible dichroism and sonic modulus drop suddenly at about 90°C. This indicates the occurrence of relaxation of the amorphous chain at the glass transition temperature and shows the polymer is not perfect single-phase material. Orientation of crystalline and amorphous phases is stable from 100 to 170°C. in spite of considerable thermal contraction. The stability of orientation can be explained by the growth of a folded structure in the polymer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070111212
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  • 197
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    Foams produced from sulfur dioxide and various polymersProd. No. 1464 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 311-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A variety of polymers have been foamed with sulfur dioxide. Properties of the foams could be varied by choice of polymer to produce rigid, semirigid, flexible, rubbery, fibrous, self-extinguishing, and/or heat-resistant materials.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110212
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  • 198
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    Studies on melt spinning. II. Steady-state and transient solutions of fundamental equations compared with experimental resultsProd. No. 1455 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 251-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the part installment of the present paper, the authors formulated the dynamics of melt spinning by introducing a set of fundamental equations that consist of the equations of heat, force, and material balances. Some steady-state solutions were also given. Additional steady-state solutions corresponding to many different spinning conditions for polyester and polypropylene filament yarns consistently show good agreement with experimental results. These steady-state solutions that give filament cross-section A (x) and filament temperature t(x) as functions of position x are correlated with yarn qualities: yarn density and birefringence, crystallinity and molecular orientation, are correlated respectively with the speed of Polymer cooling at 100°C. and the maximum tensile stress (F/A)w acting on the filament. A transient solution of the fundamental equations computed on an IBM 1401 machine shows that the filament cross-section A at the take-up roll forms a large transient peak after a stepwise increase in the speed vy of cooling air. This agrees with experiments fairly well. The fundamental equations, therefore, clarify the dynamic relations between cooling air speed and yarn weight variations.
    Additional Material: 38 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110208
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  • 199
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    Dynamic properties of PBNA-natural rubber vulcanizatesProd. No. 1465 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 383-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some crystalline organic compounds containing a β-naphthyl group stiffen rubbers considerably. This paper discusses the dynamic behavior of these systems when subjected to oscillatory strain of increasing amplitude. Modulus-strain amplitude plots similar to that in carbon black-natural rubber systems are obtained. The implication of these results to reinforcement theory is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110306
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  • 200
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    Reversible gelation of acrylonitrile-vinyl acetate copolymer solutionsProd. No. 1473 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 439-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The reversible gelation of acrylonitrile-vinyl acetate copolymers in concentrated solutions has been studied with the use of various solvents. These concentrated solutions gel or become rigid with time, but they become fluid again when heated above a certain temperature called the gel melting point. A technique involving the use of mercury drops was developed to measure this transition. This temperature was evaluated as a function of solids level, water content in the solvent, and the amount of vinyl acetate in the copolymer, dimethylacetamide being used as the solvent. Four other solvents were used to obtain limited data. Gel melting was studied further by differential thermal analysis and shear modulus measurements. The results are discussed in terms of network formation and solubility. The x-ray diffraction results imply that the tie points of the gel are crystalline.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110311
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