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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (128)
  • 1930-1934
  • 1880-1889
  • 1978  (128)
  • Ultrastructure  (128)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 405-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hyla arborea ; Reflectance spectrophotometry ; Ultrastructure ; Color change ; Chromatophores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die strukturellen Veränderungen der Chromatophoren beim Farbwechsel von Hyla arborea wurden mit Hilfe von Elektronenmikroskopie und Reflexions-Mikrospektrophotometrie untersucht. Während des Wechsels von einer hellgrünen zu einer dunkelgrünen Farbe breiten sich die Melanosomen aus, bis sie schließlich die Iridophoren und teilweise auch die Xanthophoren umhüllen; die becherförmigen Iridophoren werden zylinderoder kegelförmig. Gleichzeitig verändern die Purintäfelchen ihre Orientierung parallel zur Oberseite der Zelle und sind unregelmäßiger ausgerichtet; die linsenförmigen Xanthophoren werden plattenförmig. Der Wechsel von grüner zu grauer Färbung scheint stets über Schwarzgrün oder Dunkelolivgrün zu gehen. Die Xanthophoren keilen sich dann zwischen die Iridophoren ein und liegen in der grauen Haut oft unterhalb der letzteren; die Pterinosomen sammeln sich in der Peripherie der Zelle, während sich die Carotenoidvesikel um den Kern herum häufen. Die Iridophoren in der grauen Haut sind fast kugelförmig mit Purintäfelchen in konzentrischen Schichten. Eine hellgraue Färbung geht aus einer dunkelgrauen durch Aggregation der Melanosomen hervor. Die Chromatophorenwerte (“chromatophore values”), die Nielsen und Dyck (1978) für Hyla cinerea definierten, sind auch für Hyla arborea verwendbar; die Annahmen, die diesen Werten zugrunde liegen, werden jetzt ultrastrukturell gestützt.
    Notes: Summary The structural changes in the chromatophores of Hyla arborea related to changes in skin color were studied by electron microscopy and reflectance microspectrophotometry. During a change from a light to a darker green color, the melanosomes of the melanophores disperse and finally surround the iridophores and partly the xanthophores. The iridophores change from cup-shape to a cylindrical or conical shape with a simultaneous change in the orientation of the platelets from being parallel to the upper surface of the iridophores to being more irregular. The xanthophores change from lens-shape to plate-shape. The color change from green to grey seems always to go through a transitional black-green or dark olive green to dark grey. During this change the xanthophores migrate down between the iridophores, and in grey skins they are sometimes found beneath them. The pterinosomes gather in the periphery of the cell, while the carotenoid vesicles aggregate around the nucleus. The iridophores in grey skin are almost ball-shaped with concentric layers of platelets. A lighter grey color arises from a darker grey by an aggregation of melanosomes. The chromatophore values previously defined for Hyla cinerea are applicable in Hyla arborea, and the ultrastructural studies support the assumptions previously made to explain these values.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tegmental reticular nucleus (Bechterew) ; Serotonin neurons ; Reticular formation ; Ultrastructure ; Synaptic organization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of the tegmental reticular nucleus of von Bechterew (TRN) has been analyzed in Nissl and Golgi material, by fluorescence histochemistry, and by electron microscopy. In the albino rat, the TRN situated in the ventral paramedian midbrain and pontine reticular formation, contains two principal types of neurons. The first is a population of large multipolar neurons (40–80 μm diameter) with abundant Nissl substance and 4–7 smooth dendrites which may extend up to 500 μm in length. The second is medium-sized fusiform neurons (14–40 μm diameter) with less Nissl substance and two primary dendrites that originate from each pole of the soma and have a more closely ramifying dendritic field. Fluorescence histochemistry demonstrates that serotonin neurons constitute one component of the medium-sized neuron group. A third neuronal type, infrequently encountered at the outer margins of the nucleus, corresponds to the large, multipolar isodendritic neurons (soma diameter 40–80 μm) of the pontine reticular formation. Ultrastructural analysis of the TRN also demonstrates large and medium sized neurons which are present, together with numerous large dendritic trunks, between bundles of myelinated axons traversing the TRN in both rostrocaudal and transverse planes. This distinctive arrangement produces the appearance of “gray islands” between myelinated axon bundles. Within these areas, abundant synaptic terminals occupy a large proportion of the available terminal space on the surface of dendrites and perikarya, particularly of the large type of neuron. Two types of synaptic terminals are encountered; S-type synapses contain lucent spherical synaptic vesicles and F-type synapses contain flattened lucent vesicles. In addition there is a small number of synaptic terminals with scattered 100–120 nm diameter dense core vesicles in a population of smaller pleomorphic vesicles. These account for no more than 10% of the synaptic terminal population.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 533-545 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpus allatum ; Insects ; Ovariectomy ; Ultrastructure ; Cytophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the corpora allata of 29 Leucophaea ovariectomized in the nymphal stage and maintained up to an adult age of 28 months was examined. In general, the subcellular morphology of these glands has much in common with that of normal female controls examined at the height of their activity. In addition, the most “typical”of the gonadectomy cases show certain distinctive features that are either absent or much less prominent in unoperated controls. Of primary interest is the striking abundance of smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum observed in many but not all of the castrates. Since this organelle is implicated in the biosynthesis of juvenile hormone, the factor normally responsible for yolk deposition, its increase, together with certain additional ultrastructural features, is indicative of an exceptionally high rate of hormone production. An explanation for the putative hyperactivity displayed to various degrees by the experimental animals may well be the constancy of the demand on their corpora allata, since removal of the ovaries abolishes the afferent signals in response to which, in the intact female, the brain turns off these glands during the long periods of gestation. That the synthetic effort may eventually level off, even in the absence of regular inhibitory stimuli, is suggested by the corpora allata of those castrates, the ultrastructure of which reflects moderate activity or possibly further regression
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 59-79 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eyes ; Arthropod vision ; Deep-sea crustaceans ; Ultrastructure ; Thysanopoda tricuspidata (Euphausiacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The compound eyes of the mesopelagic euphausiid Thysanopoda tricuspidata were investigated by light-, scanning-, and transmission electron microscopy. The eyes are spherical and have a diameter that corresponds to 1/6 of the carapace length. The hexagonal facets have strongly curved outer surfaces. Although there are four crystalline cone cells, only two participate in the formation of the cone, which is 90–120 μm long and appears to have a radial gradient of refractive index. The clear zone, separating dioptric structures and retinula, is only 90–120 μm wide. In it lie the very large oval nuclei of the seven retinula cells. Directly in front of the 70 μm long and 15 μm thick rhabdom a lens-like structure of 12 μm diameter is developed. This structure, known in only a very few arthropods, seems to be present in all species of Euphausiacea studied to date. It is believed that the rhabdom lens improves near-field vision and absolute light sensitivity. Rod-shaped pigment grains and mitochondria of the tubular type are found in the plasma of retinula cells. The position of the proximal screening pigment as well as the microvillar organization in the rhadbdom are indicative of light-adapted material. The orthogonal alignment of rhabdovilli suggests polarization sensitivity. Behind each rhabdom there is a cup-shaped homogeneous structure of unknown, but possibly optical function. Finally, the structure and the function of the euphysiid eye are reviewed and the functional implications of individual components are discussed.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 111-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epidermis ; Skin ; Ultrastructure ; Rana ; Metamorphosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organisation of the ventral epidermis organisation was followed throughout ontogenesis in Rana ridibunda. Epidermis of tadpoles with 2–3 limbs was organised into two layers: a stratum germinativum consisting of elongated columnar cells, and an outer stratum corneum consisting of two types of cuboid cells. Two types of cells can be distinguished; they are a light (clear) cell and a dark (dense) cell. In the 4-legged tadpoles the stratum corneum cells start to flatten and a replacement layer appeared underneath. A well-defined stratum germinativum is found and within it, epidermal glands. Moulting took place for the first time in tadpoles just before metamorphosis, and a well-organised stratum granulosum was formed still containing the two main types of epidermal glands. The flask cells appear in the juveniles for the first time, greatly increasing in numbers in the adult epidermis.
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  • 106
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 123-144 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pigment cells, extracutaneous ; Melanocytes ; Guanocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Plaice (Teleost)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The extracutaneous pigment cell system of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) was examined by light and electron microscopy in selected regions, including two cutaneous regions for comparison. The extracutaneous pigmentation consists of guanocytes and melanocytes with differing distributions within the body. The eyeless side lacks melanocytes. The pigment cells are differentiated as very flat elements with long processes. They display an affinity for loose connective tissue at boundary layers such as the peritoneal epithelium, organ capsules or blood vessels, to which they are parallelly arranged at a very constant distance. In some locations guanocytes are intimately associated with melanocytes forming “reduced chromatophore units”. Extracutaneous pigment cells are poor in mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, microfilaments, caveolae intracellulares, ribosomes and glycogen granules, all of which are more abundant in cutaneous pigment cells and pigment cells of the eye. In extracutaneous guanocytes the crystals are loosely arranged parallel to the cell surface, in cutaneous guanocytes perpendicular. Cells with rod-like vesicular cisternae are described as “guanoblasts”. No single pigment cell was found exhibiting different types of pigment granules. The varying colors of extracutaneous pigmentation arise from varying combinations of guanocytes and melanocytes in addition to the color of the tissue itself.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial gland ; Birds ; Follicular cell types ; Ultrastructure ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultimobranchial gland of the laying chicken consists of groups of C cells interspersed among a collection of intercommunicating follicles and ducts of variable size and shape. The epithelium lining this system ranges from squamous to columnar and includes stratified squamous and pseudostratified columnar elements. Four cell types are distinguished in this epithelium: F, mucous, C, and basal cells. F cells show microvilli and microfilaments. Pinocytotic activity and images of fusion of coated vesicles with the plasma membrane are evident. The rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and the Golgi complex are moderately developed. Dense bodies are encountered apically in some cells. Mucous cells possess microvilli and secretory material in the typical form of partially fused droplets. C cells contain secretory granules and are invariably separated from the follicular lumen by other cell types. The smaller, pyramidal basal cells contain filaments, RER, small Golgi complexes, free ribosomes and hemidesmosomes. The lumina contain flocculent or granular material, cellular debris and desquamated cells. Morphological evidence demonstrates that features of the pharyngeal epithelium are retained and that the majority of the cell types, with the exception of C cells, are presumably nonendocrine.
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  • 108
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 461-469 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Cold ; Ultrastructure ; Mouse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural changes in pinealocytes were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively in mice exposed to low temperatures at 0° C or 5° C for 30 or 60 min. A quantitative estimation of the granulated vesicles of about 100 nm diameter in pinealocytes demonstrated that the number of these vesicles per pinealocyte in mice exposed to cold at 0° C or 5° C increased remarkably as compared with that of the controls. This finding indicates that cold stimuli may activate the formation of the granulated vesicles in pinealocytes. In mice exposed to cold at 0° C for 60 min, granulated vesicles were often found in groups close to the plasma membrane of the pinealocyte cell bodies or processes, indicating the release of the vesicle content into the extracellular spaces. Additionally, the pinealocytes of the mice exposed to cold at 0° C for 60 min were characterized by the frequent occurrence of lysosome-like bodies and filaments. The development of these structures in response to severe cold may represent a depressed functional state of pinealocytes.
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  • 109
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 535-545 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Troglobytic fish, Typhlichthyes subterraneous ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ of the blind, cave-dwelling fish, Typhlichthyes subterraneous, was examined with both light and electron microscopes. Like the eyes, the pineal in this troglobytic species was found to be regressed. Two cell types, photoreceptor and supportive cells, were described in the pineal epithelium. Although ganglion cells were not identified, small, unmyelinated nerve fibers were present. The photoreceptor cells had degenerated outer segments. Accordingly, it was suggested that the pineal in this species is not likely to function in photoreception. However, the presence of well developed Golgi bodies, clear and dense-cored vesicles, variable amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum and glycogen particles indicated that both cell types are metabolically active and may play a role in secretion.
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  • 110
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    Cell & tissue research 195 (1978), S. 547-556 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ, rat ; Ultrastructure ; Organ culture ; Gonadotropic hormones ; LH-RH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The influence of gonadotropic hormones on the ultrastructure of rat pinealocytes in short-term organ culture was studied. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), as well as pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG), caused a marked activation of pinealocytes. An hypothesis is discussed implying the presence of a feedback mechanism between the pineal organ and the hypothalamo-hypophysial system.
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  • 111
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    Cell & tissue research 190 (1978), S. 27-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney tubules (proximal) ; Teleost (Pleuronectes platessa) ; Lanthanum ; Microinjections ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A new method combining electron microscopy with microdissection was used to study the segmental variation along the tubule of a marine flounder. Two different nephron types were present. One type had long tubules with the glomeruli located close to the kidney surface. The other type had shorter and more coiled tubules with the glomeruli located close to the terminal end of the same nephron. Five different segments were present: (1) neck segment, (2) first proximal segment, (3) second proximal segment, (4) third proximal segment, and (5) collecting tubule. The third proximal segment was not present in all tubules. An extensive system of infoldings from the plasma membrane was present in all segments, except the neck segment and the collecting tubule. Tight junctions impermeable to lanthanum were present in all segments. The collecting duct cells also had extensive infoldings from the plasma membrane and tight junctions impermeable to lanthanum were also present here.
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  • 112
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 267-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Paraventricular nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Brattleboro rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothalamo-posthypophysial complex of the homozygous Brattleboro rat is characterized by a hyperactivity of its neurons. The neurosecretory fibers, especially in the neurohypophysis, show numerous signs of autophagy and tubular proliferation of the axoplasmic reticulum. These structural alterations, as well as the nematosomes or nucleolus-like bodies encountered in the perikarya, may be related to the chronic hyperactivity of the neurons. They can be reduced by administration of exogenous vasopressin. The numerous liposomes in the pituicytes are paralleled in the neuronal perikarya by a great number of lysosomes. Small dense core vesicles observed in the neurosecretory endings and perikarya may indicate a secretory product distinct from oxytocin and vasopressin. In the homozygous Brattleboro rat, endings of the aminergic type are more numerous than in the normal rat. With respect to the role they may play in the secretory processes, their increase might be secondary to the vasopressin deficiency.
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  • 113
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 343-356 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Amphibia ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural and morphometric investigations were performed on the lung of the European salamander, Salamandra salamandra L. Folds of first and second order are covered with a ciliated epithelium containing goblet cells. The respiratory surface of the lung is lined by a single type of cell which, in amphibians, combines features of type I and type II alveolar cells of the mammalian lung. In the salamander the respiratory and ciliated epithelial cells as well as goblet cells possess electron dense and lucent vesicles in their cytoplasm as well as lamellar bodies. A small amount of surfactant, composed most probably of phospholipids and mucopolysaccharides, was observed covering the entire inner surface of the lung. Morphometric methods were used to determine the dimensions of the perinuclear region of pneumocytes, the thickness of the air-blood barrier and lung wall, and also the diameter of capillaries. The thickness of the respiratory air-blood barrier was found to be considerably higher than that of the corresponding barrier in mammals.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Programmed cell death ; Motor neurons ; Neuro-glial interaction ; Ultrastructure ; Manduca (Lepidoptera)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural aspects of the natural degeneration of a group of six motor neurons in the fourth abdominal ganglion of Manduca sexta are described. These motor neurons innervate intersegmental muscles that degenerate and disappear immediately after adult eclosion. The first detectable changes in the cell bodies appear 12 h after eclosion and include disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the size and number of lamellar bodies. At 32 h the nuclear membranes rupture, and the membranous and granular cytoorganelles segregate in different parts of the cell. At that stage the surrounding glial cells participate in the digestion of material from the degenerating neurons. From 72 h onward the remaining neuronal structures become disrupted, and are finally transformed into a single, large lamellar body (residual body) within the glial profile. The degeneration pattern differs significantly from that of embryonic vertebrate neurons.
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  • 115
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 305-315 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Innervation ; Pancreatic islets ; Teleosts ; Axonal iontophoresis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the pancreatic islets of a teleost fish, Gillichthys mirabilis, was investigated with various techniques including axonal iontophoresis of cobalt, light microscopy, and electron microscopy. Two types of postganglionic neurons, the splanchnic and the vagus, innervate the islet parenchyma. The splanchnic fibers originate from the single coeliac ganglion, situated near the third spinal nerve on the right side, and pass caudally to the islet. Postganglionic vagal fibers reaching the islets arise from ganglion cells located at irregular intervals along the vagus nerve. Iontophoresis of cobaltous chloride revealed that both types of nerves send large numbers of fibers to the islet cells. Electron microscopy showed that the granules of the vagal fibers are polymorphic, large (130 mm diameter) and markedly electron dense, whereas the splanchnic granules are smaller (100 nm diameter) and less electron dense than those of the vagus. These granules do not correspond to those seen in postganglionic autonomic neurons of other vertebrates. Rather, they are more like classical neurosecretory granules. Although their chemical nature is unknown, the extent of islet innervation suggests that it must play an important regulatory role.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Leydig cells ; Seminal vesicle ; Pineal gland ; Golden hamster ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fine structural changes of testicular interstitial cells of Leydig and secretory cells of seminal vesicles were studied in golden hamsters under different functional states of the pineal gland. Experiments were performed in the reproductive season (summer months). In the hamsters blinded for 8 weeks the testes and the seminal vesicles were markedly atrophic, and the Leydig cells and the secretory cells of seminal vesicles were extremely involuted. By contrast, both types of cells in the pinealectomized or superior cervical ganglionectomized hamsters exhibited cytological features suggestive of an enhanced secretory activity. This study shows that functional activity of Leydig cells as well as secretory cells of seminal vesicles in the hamster may be depressed or augmented by stimulating or inhibiting the pineal antigonadal function, respectively, without performing hypophysectomy or hormonal administration.
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  • 117
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    Cell & tissue research 191 (1978), S. 389-404 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subfornical organ ; Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica ; Ultrastructure ; Scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The surface ultrastructure of the subfornical organ (SFO) was investigated in the Japanese quail. The SFO consists of a body and a stalk. The body of the SFO can be divided into rostral and caudal parts. On the rostral part, each ependymal cell possesses a short central solitary cilium; clustered cilia are also occasionally seen. Microvilli are abundant. On the caudal part, cells with a solitary cilium are fewer in number, and clustered cilia are rarely found. Microvilli are not as abundant as on the rostral part. In addition, large bulbous protrusions, tufts of small protrusions, deep funnel-shaped hollows, small pinocytotic invaginations and possible cerebrospinal fluid-contacting axons are sporadically observed on the surface of various regions of the body. Each ependymal cell of the stalk has a wide apical surface. A central solitary cilium, microvilli and other structures are observed more rarely on the stalk than on the body, while clustered cilia are not seen on the stalk. These structures are compared with those of the mammalian SFO and further discussed in relation to the possible dipsogenic receptor function for angiotensin II.
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  • 118
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 451-460 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endometrium ; Baboon ; Oral contraceptive ; Histochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Endometrium from a group of baboons treated with the oral contraceptive, Enovid E, was studied histologically, histochemically and ultrastructurally, and compared to endometrium from normally cycling animals. All endometria were obtained by transcervical uterine biopsy between 10 and 14 days of the treatment cycle or the normal menstrual cycle. Histologically, no discernible differences between the control and experimental endometria were apparent. While observable differences were not evident between the endometrial alkaline phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase activities of control and experimental animals, there was an increased acid phosphatase activity in the Enovid E-treated baboon endometrium. Ultra-structurally, the glandular cells of treated animals appeared to be more physiologically advanced than did those from the control endometria. These advances were evident from the prominent Golgi complex, increased development of the endoplasmic reticulum and increases in the size, number and complexity of mitochondria. The functional correlates of these morphological and histochemical observations are discussed and compared to human endometrial studies.
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  • 119
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 363-379 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal glands ; Birds ; Ultrastructure ; Corticosterone ; Zonation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Although interrenal tissue from the intact duck does not show a clear zonation when examined by light microscopy, the tissue does develop a well defined zonation following exposure to high and low levels of corticotropic stimulation. Under these conditions clear ultrastructural differences are seen between cells of the subcapsular zone (SCZ) and the inner zone (IZ). Based on these observations, the ultrastructure of tissue from intact birds was examined retrospectively and in addition, cell sizes and the relative volumes and areas of intracellular components were measured morphometrically. These analyses reveal morphological and quantitative differences between cells from the IZ and the SCZ. Cells of the IZ have small rounded nuclei, extensive smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mitochondria with tubular cristae, whereas cells from the SCZ contain pleomorphic nuclei, less SER and mitochondria with shelf-like cristae. The mean cell volume in the IZ is significantly less than that in the SCZ. In the SCZ cells the volume densities (volume per unit volume cytoplasm) of mitochondria and lipid droplets and the surface densities (area per unit volume cytoplasm) of the outer mitochondrial membranes are significantly greater than those in IZ cells. Conversely, in the cells of the IZ the volume densities of the nuclei and dense bodies and the surface density of the SER are greater than the corresponding values estimated for the cells of the SCZ. Although the mitochondria comprise a smaller fraction of the mean volume of IZ cells than SCZ cells, the total surface area of the cristae is approximately the same in the cells of both zones.
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  • 120
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    Cell & tissue research 192 (1978), S. 503-512 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Monkey (Cebus apella) ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The authors describe the ultrastructure of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in five adult male Cebus apella monkeys and communicate morphometric data of the macula densa. In comparison with several species of rodents examined before, the macula cells of the monkey contain many more mitochondria and possess a particularly thick basal membrane. The relative volume of the nuclei is slightly smaller than in rodents. The Goormaghtigh cells of the monkey resemble those of the other animals investigated. The epithelioid (or juxtaglomerular) cells do not contain secretory granules. This observation reminds one of the behavior of the epithelioid cells of guinea pigs.
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  • 121
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 35-40 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Planarian ; Scanning electron microscopy ; Epidermis ; Sense organs ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epidermis of D. tigrina was examined using the scanning electron microscope. Both dorsal and ventral surfaces are extremely irregular in contour, as well as being permeated by large numbers of pores. Cilia are restricted to the ventral surface, the auricles and that part of the dorsum adjacent to the auricles. Club-shaped receptors, as well as cilia, were seen in the auricles. The epidermis anteriad to the eyespots is indistinguishable from that covering the remainder of the dorsal surface. Light rays could not enter the eyespot through this rough epidermal surface without becoming diffracted in an irregular fashion. It was therefore concluded that visual image perception is not a function of the planarian eyespot.
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  • 122
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 125-137 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect-reproduction ; Ovary ; Oviduct ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lateral oviduct and calyx of nulliparous Aedes aegypti on a sucrose diet are both flattened sacs, lacking a well defined lumen. Both are formed of an inner epithelial and an outer muscular layer, each one cell thick. The lateral oviduct is surrounded by a circular muscle sheath which is continuous with the ovarian sheath. Each ovariolar sheath is continuous with the outer layer of the calyx. The structure of both the lateral oviduct and the calyx is greatly modified after the initial blood meal. A distinct lumen develops; there is an extensive development of the outer muscular layers, and the inner epithelial layers become invaginated forming deep crypts lined with extensive microvilli. The follicular stem, which joins the primary follicle to the calyx in each ovariole, is not hollow and does not mark the opening into the calyx through which the mature egg can pass. The eggs gain access to the oviductal system after the calyx extends around the follicular epithelium of the primary follicle, when breaks appear in the calyx wall opposed to the follicular epithelium, until the mature eggs, eventually lie in a highly distended thin-walled sac of calyx from which they have direct and easy access to the lateral oviduct. After oviposition, this sac contracts to occupy once more a compact axial position in the ovary. Remnants of the follicular epithelium, containing many lysosomes are attached to the calyx at this time.
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  • 123
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 433-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypophysectomy ; Interstitial gland ; Ultrastructure ; Innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the interstitial gland of the ovary was studied in hypophysectomized rats and in hypophysectomized rats after denervation of the ovary or stimulation of the ovarian plexus. Hypophysectomized rats were used to eliminate gonadotropic influences on interstitial cells. In hypophysectomized rats, there was a large amount of intercellular space and cells had irregularly shaped nuclei and a large nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Prominent cytoplasmic features included small mitochondria with an electron-dense matrix, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes and large osmiophilic lipid droplets. Interstitial cells from stimulated ovaries had reduced intercellular space and a reduced nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Mitochondria had tubular cristae; smooth endoplasmic reticulum-surrounded lipid droplets, and large polysomes were present. After section of the ovarian plexus, intercellular space was increased and filopodia were numerous. Cytoplasmic features included mitochondria with a dense matrix and indistinct cristae, large electronlucent lipid droplets, and variously sized multivesicular structures. These observations suggest that stimulation of the ovarian plexus in hypophysectomized rats causes regressed cells to assume the fine structural features of active steroidogenic cells. In contrast, interruption of the ovarian nerve supply causes a qualitative and quantitative increase in ultrastructural features characteristic of regressed steroidogenic cells. These responses of interstitial gland cells to denervation and stimulation provide morphological evidence for a functional role for the adrenergic nerves to this ovarian compartment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 124
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    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 463-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Ultrastructure ; Testicular involution ; Swan, Cygnus olor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the swan, Cygnus olor, spermatogenesis shows a pronounced seasonal cycle. During the long involution phase a transient invasion of macrophages into the seminiferous tubules regularly takes place at the height of regression prior to total rest. These macrophages are involved in the additional disposal of supernumerary and degenerating premature germ cells, at a time when the Sertoli cells are already filled with phagolysosomes.
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  • 125
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 193 (1978), S. 525-532 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear inclusions ; Neurons ; Development ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of intranuclear rodlets, microtubules, fibrillar lattices and membranous inclusions found in the developing cuneate nuclei of rats is described. Rodlets, ranging in diameter from 96–312 nm and in length from 1–2 μm, are made up of tightly packed straight filaments measuring 5–8 nm in diameter. Microtubules with a diameter of 26 nm are clustered together. Fibrillar lattices are made up of fibrils with a diameter of 9 nm arranged in layers or sets. Two to nine sets make up a lattice, with a maximum width of 68 nm, in which the adjacent sets are arranged at an angle to each other. Rodlets and fibrillar lattices occur in 6.8% of the neurons. Membranous inclusions, reported here for the first time in normal neurons, are of 2 types: small vesicles of 0.1–0.6 μm and large vacuoles measuring 1–2 μm. Both types are bounded by either a single or a double membrane and generally have an electron lucent content. Membranous inclusions occur in 25.3 % of the neurons. Changes in the frequency of occurrence of the various intranuclear inclusions in the course of postnatal development are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 126
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 194 (1978), S. 17-35 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Optic nerve ; Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Ultrastructure ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synapses of optic nerve afferents (optic synapses) in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) have been identified ultrastructurally. They are easily distinguished from other types of synapses. The optic boutons are characterized by the presence of large mitochondria with a swollen electron lucent matrix and an interconnected tubular system formed by their inner membrane. Other, more variable features include: 1) a scattered pattern of synaptic vesicles which are found throughout the entire presynaptic element with relatively little accumulation near the active zones; 2) the occurrence of dense core vesicles and glycogen granules; 3) the active zones, the majority of which is Gray-type I, but a minority can obviously be classified as Gray's type II; 4) the innervation of smaller peripheral dendrites and dendritic spines. Boutons of this kind are exclusively filled with anterogradely transported horseradish peroxidase injected into both eyes. Very few neuronal elements containing the typical mitochondria have been observed in the SCN on the 6th day post partum, increasingly more on the 9th and 12th day, but considerably higher numbers after opening of the eyes on the 17th and the following days. The location of normal and degenerating optic boutons was examined light- and electron microscopically. In the rostral third of the SCN there are relatively few optic synapses which are found close to the optic chiasma. In the middle portion of the SCN optic synapses increase in number; they are found not only in the ventral part of the nucleus but also in lateral regions. This becomes particularly obvious in the caudal third of the SCN.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 127
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tubule aggregations ; Granular endoplasmic reticulum ; Gastropoda ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Aggregations of cylindriform tubules closely packed in a hexagonal arrangement and associated with the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (RER) are described in cells of the digestive gland of a sacoglossan gastropod. Each tubule is approximately 61 nm in outer diameter and the central lumen is lined with a layer of finely granular material. The tubule wall is composed of approximately 22 dense subunits. Adjacent tubules are associated with a pair of indistinct granules. Membranes of the RER frequently join the aggregations. The lumen of a tubule may be continuous either with the intracisternal space of the RER or with the cytoplasmic matrix of the cell. It is suggested that the aggregations of tubules are elaborations of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 128
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Campaniform sensilla ; Mechanoreceptors ; Ultrastructure ; Compound eye ; Cricket
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the campaniform sensilla of the cricket eye was investigated by light and electron microscopy. Each sensillum is innervated by a single bipolar neuron. Its axon extends through the retina into a side-branch of the nervus tegumentarius. The dendrite extends through a cuticular channel to the surface of the cornea. The distal part of the dendrite, the sensory process, contains a tubular body and is attached to a cuticular cap which is obliquely inserted into the exocuticle between the corneal lenslets. Some particular structural features as well as the function of the campaniform sensillum of the cricket eye are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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