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  • 2000-2004
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  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (2,443)
  • 1985-1989  (1,301)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 389-393 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: crystal structure ; differential thermal analysis ; nitrogen oxides ; phase transitions ; twinning ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mixtures of N2O3 and N2O4 have been prepared from measured volumes of NO and O2. Phase relationships in the system N2O3/N2O4, which depend on the composition of the samples and on the temperature, were studied by the Guinier technique and differential thermal analysis. Single crystals of phases A and B of N2O3 were grown in situ on a diffractometer and studied at temperatures between -107 and -170°C by X-ray diffraction. The structure analysis of A-N2O3 (tetragonal, space group I41/a, T = -170°C, a = 1625.57 (16), c = 880.49(13) pm, Z = 32, R1 = 0.051 for 1030 unique reflections) is hampered by twinning and additional disorder of one of two crystallographically independent molecules. B-N2O3 is nicely ordered with one molecule in the asymmetric unit (orthorhombic, space group P212121, T = -160°C, a = 506.86(4), b = 647.96(5), c = 863.26(6) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.023 for 1352 unique reflections). The most interesting features of the N2O3 molecule are its planarity and the extraordinarily long N—N bond (189.0(1) pm).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: cobalt compounds ; cyclopentadienyl ligands ; metallocenes ; peralkylations ; rhodium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The acidity of methyl protons in the 18-electron cationic complexes [MCp*Cp]1PF6- and [MCp2*]+PF6- (M = Co or Rh, Cp = η5-C5H5, Cp* = η5- C5Me5) has been used for novel syntheses of starburst organometallic complexes. [CoCp*Cp]+PF6- was deprotonated at -30 °C with Si2Me6NK (1 equiv) in THF to give the fulvene complex [CoICp(η4-C5Me4CH2)]. This was not stable at 20°C, but was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR at -30 °C. The complexes [MCp*Cp]+PF6- (M = Co or Rh) reacted with excess base (KOH or tBuOK) and alkyl halides (RX = CH3I, C2H5I, CH2=CHCH2Br, or PhCH2Br) to give decasubstituted complexes (i.e., two hydrogens of each methyl group are replaced by two R groups). Distinct endo and exo alkyl groups are observed in the new complexes by NMR at room temperature. Coalescence occurs at higher temperatures; this indicates that the bulky alkyl groups are rotating. The calculated activation parameters (ΔG≠) are 71.3±0.8, 70.3±0.8, and 81.0±0.8 kJmol-1 for [Co(C5iPr5)Cp]+PF6-, [Rh(C5iPr5)-Cp]+PF6- (in C6D5NO2), and [Co{C5-(CHEt2)5}Cp]+PF6 (in o-C6H4Cl2), respectively. The single directionality of these ligands is confirmed by the X-ray crystal structure of [Co(C5iPr5)Cp]+PF6. This structure clearly shows the “paddle wheel” conformation adopted in the C5iPr5 ligand, due to steric hindrance between adjacent isopropyl groups and the staggered conformation of the two rings. The relative E° values measured by cyclic voltammetry show that the electron-donating properties of the new C5(CHR2)5 ligand are between those of C5H5 and C5Me5- With the decamethylcobalticinium salt [CoCp2*]+PF6-, the permethylation reactions with base and CH3 I did not go to completion, even under forcing conditions and with repeated reaction (the maximum number of methyl groups introduced was 14). On the other hand, [RhCp2*]+PF6-, in which the distance between rings is larger than in the Co analogue, reacted with excess KOH and CH3I to give [Rh(C5iPr5)2]+PF6 in 55% yield; only one diastereoisomer was detected by NMR (ΔG≠ = 85.5±0.8 kJ mol-1 in C6D5NO2). The C5iPr5 sandwich complexes are extremely robust, even at the 19-electron (CoII) stage. The 20-electron K+ salt of the CoI anion was regiospecifically protonated by H2O at the Cp ligand to give [Co(C5iPr5)(η4-C5H6)] and was decomplexed at 190°C to K+(C5iPr5)-.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 449-453 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: computer chemistry ; databases indexing ; reaction organization ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A logical system is presented to describe organic reactions. It is based on the net structural change in a reaction, rather than on substructure searching. This system rigorously provides a place for any reaction. It is very simple to use by hand, but, since it is also numerical, it provides a basis for organizing and retrieving reactions in a database by computer. The effectiveness of a program, COGNOS, written to implement and test the system on a large database, lends confidence in this logic for organizing reactions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric ; syntheses ; enzyme inhibitors ; squalestatins ; total syntheses ; zaragozic acids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel synthetic approach to the construction of the zaragozic acids, which was used for the asymmetric synthesis of zaragozic acid A/squalestatin S1 (1), is described. Fragment 5, representing the tricarboxylic acid core portion, is assembled in three key steps: 1) Stille coupling to establish the carbon framework; 2) enantioselective dihydroxylation to introduce the absolute stereochemistry; and 3) diastereoselective dihydroxylation to complete the required carbon-oxygen connectivity. The convergency of this synthesis is demonstrated by the dithiane addition of a variety of C 1 side chains (e.g., 78) to advanced intermediate 5. A multi-event acid-catalyzed rearrangement yielded the zaragozic acid core 86, which was converted to an intermediate obtained from degradation of zaragozic acid A. A second-generation synthesis of the core of the zaragozic acids is also described. When aldehyde 90 was used instead of 5, both the yield and diastereoselectivity of the dithiane addition reaction were improved, although the degree of convergency was slightly lower.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 107
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: amino alcohols ; asymmetric syntheses ; chiral auxiliaries ; enantiomeric resolution ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optically active tert-leucinol is an important building block in asymmetric synthesis. However, the (R) enantiomer particularly has so far remained difficult to obtain, mainly because of the laborious synthesis of the precursor amino acid, (R)-tert-leucine. Here we present a new, classical resolution of racemic tert-leucinol, which allows straightforward preparation of each, but especially the (R) enantiomer, in good yields and high optical purities. The feasibility of the synthesis of useful derivatives is demonstrated by transformation into the corresponding (R)-4-tert-butyl-2-oxazolidinone.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 108
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: aniline ; aromatization ; hydrogen transfer ; mechanistic studies ; radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nitro-, nitroso- and azobenzene are reduced almost quantitatively to aniline when heated to 230-300°C with 9,10-dihydroanthracene (DHA), xanthene or tetralin. From the effect of polar substituents and polar solvents on the reactivity and from the isotope effect kH/kD ≍ 2.4 (280°C), a hydrogen-atom transfer from the H donor to the acceptor (retrodisproportionation) is proposed as the rate-determining step. The lower reactivity of xanthene compared with 9,10-dihydroanthracene eliminates the possibility of a rate-determining hydride transfer. The observation of an intense ESR signal of 9-xanthyl radicals during the reaction in diphenyl ether and the typical products support the proposed homolytic mechanism.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 568-572 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: allylic substrates ; amidinomycin ; asymmetric syntheses ; carbanucleosides ; palladium catalysts ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The amino acid derivative in the title represents an important building block for the synthesis of a number of biologically important targets such as the antiviral carbanucleosides and amidinomycin. By using asymmetric palladium-catalyzed desymmetrization of meso-2-ene-1,4-diols, cis-1,4-dibenzoyloxy-2-cyclopentene can be converted to the enantiomerically pure title compound in only four steps. Chemoselective ester reduction allows entry into the domain of carbanucleosides, whereas double-bond reduction provides the precursor for amidinomycin. In an ancillary study, a facile diastereoselective cis-hydroxylation provides aminocyclopentitols, compounds that have proven to be potent glycosidase inhibitors.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: gas-phase chemistry ; mass spectrometry ; periodic trends ; peroxides ; transition-metal ions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bimolecular gas-phase reactions of d-block transition-metal cations M+ with dimethyl peroxide were screened by means of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. The rich chemistry can be classified into four types of reactions: i) Oxygen-atom transfer to generate MO+, ii) elimination of radicals, mostly CH3O·, iii) intramolecular redox reaction of dimethyl peroxide to form CH3OH, CH2O and CO, and iv) charge transfer from the metal cation to produce CH3OOCH3+. Some general trends became apparent from this study. For example, the “early” transition metals almost exclusively induce oxygen transfer to generate MO+, in line with the notoriously high oxophilicities of these metals, and electron transfer is only observed for Zn+ and Hg+. Both the radical loss and the disproportionation reaction emerge from a rovibrationally highly excited insertion intermediate (CH3O)2M+, and for the first-row metals the branching ratio of the competing processes seems to be affected by the M+—OR bond strengths as well as the electronic groundstate configurations of M+. For the 4d and 5d cations Ru+—Ag+ and Pt+—Au+, respectively, products resulting from intramolecular redox reactions dominate; this probably reflects the higher propensity of these metal ions to facilitate β-hydrogen atom shifts.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: copper compounds ; exchange coupling ; heterometallic compounds ; lanthanide compounds ; magnetic properties ; structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and structural characterisation of three copper-lanthanoid complexes are reported. The compounds, of general formula [Cu3M(chp)8(NO3)(S)] [M = Gd, S = H2O in 2; M = Dy, S = H2O in 3; M = Er, S = (H2O)0.5(MeOH)0.5 in 4; chp = anion of 6-chloro-2-pyridone], are made by reaction of [Cu2(chp)4] (1) with the hydrated lanthanoid nitrate salt in methanol. Structural studies reveal the three copper atoms lie in an approximate hemisphere about a central lanthanoid atom. Magnetic studies on 2 and two further Cu-Gd complexes show ferromagnetic coupling between the 3d and 4f metals. Consideration of these results along with magnetic data previously reported for Cu-Gd compounds leads to a correlation between the magnitude of this exchange coupling and the exponential of the Cu…Gd distance. This is the first magneto-structural correlation reported for mixed d-block/f-block metal complexes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 113
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: chelate ligands ; coordination ; hydrogen bonds ; ligand fields ; polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 1- and 2-D coordination polymers [Mn{HB(C2H2N3)3}2(H2O)2].4H2O (11) and [Ni{H2B(CHN4)2}2-(NH3)2] (13), respectively, and the chelate complex [Ni{H2B(C2H2N3)2}2(H2O)2] · 2H2O (12) were synthesized and structurally characterized. The compounds contain ambidentate poly(azolyl)borato ligands (azolyl = triazolyl or tetrazolyl), which can chelate or bridge metal centers. The metal-ligand structures in 11-13 differ from the known coordination modes of the poly(azolyl)borates towards other metal centers. We describe how a change in the metal and/or the conditions of crystallization affects the ligand-field stabilization energy and favors one type of nitrogen donor atom over the other for the poly(triazolyl)borato ligands. The crystal structures of 11 and 12 contain additional water of crystallization; this leads to hydrogen-bonded solvent substructures. In the case of the bis(triazolyl)borato ligands. The crystal structures of 11 and 12 contain additional water of crystallization; this leads to hydrogen-bonded solvent substructures. In the case of the bis(tetrazolyl)borato ligand the water substructure is shown to function as a “reinforcing bar” that symmetrizes the metal-ligand grid sheet.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 114
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: exchange coupling ; ferromagnetic properties ; ligand design ; magnetic properties ; multimetallic complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An approach is suggested for using ligands to control exchange coupling in multinuclear ions. The idea arose from structural, EPR, and magnetic studies of [PPh4]3 (Scheme 1). Ferromagnetic coupling has been found between the CoII and each CoIII in 3 with J = -22 ± 5 cm-1 (JS1 · S2). It is suggested that dominant antiferromagnetic superexchange is absent because of the strong σ-donor capacity of the tetradentate ligand [k4-PAC*]4- (Fig. 1). The ligand interacts at CoIII primarily with a single d orbital; it is thus best able to participate in superexchange. The interaction makes the unique d orbital strongly σ-antibonding and empty for each d6, S = 1, CoIII ion in 3, that is, unavailable for antiferromagnetic coupling, but available for ferromagnetic pathways by a Goodenough-Kanamori mechanism. By corollary, when any [k4-PAC*]4--type ligand with any magnetic ion Ma in the tetradentate site binds any magnetic ion Mb in the bidentate site, ferromagnetic coupling should be favored provided Ma is not a d9 ion.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: biphenyls ; bipyridinium salts ; conformation ; semiempirical calculations ; structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Oxidation of substituted N-aminopyridinium compounds yields bipyridinium salts. After anion exchange Br- → CIO4-, it was possible to grow single crystals from the 4,4′-di(tert-butyl) derivative. The structure determined at 100 K shows a dihedral angle of 84° between the molecular halves connected by a shortened N—N bond of 143 pm in length. This result is contrary to that expected from the isoelectronic correspondence 〉C—C〈↔〉N—N〈, which would suggest planarity, as has been observed experimentally both in solid biphenyl, and in tetraalkylhydrazine dications and radical cations. Lattice packing analysis, however, reveals the presence of hydrogen bonds C(H)…O between the phenyl rings and the perchlorate anions. AM 1 enthalpy hypersurface calculations for the isoelectronic series H5C5X-YC5H5 (X-Y = C—C, +N—C, +N—N+, -B—N+, B—C, and B—B-) predict single-minimum potentials for both the dication 〉N—N〈 as well as the dianion 〉B—B〈 with the molecular halves twisted perpendicular to each other. In detailed model calculations, counteracting effects of π electron density delocalization vs. H/H repulsion of the ortho ring hydrogens adjacent to the central bond seem to dictate the delicate balance of the biphenyl twisting. For further experimental confirmation, the structure of the isosteric molecule 4,4′-di(tert-butyl)biphenyl has been determined: in contrast to the unsubstituted π hydrocarbon with a latticeenforced dihedral angle of 0°, close to the calculated value, the two molecular halves are twisted by 40° - as in biphenyl in the gas phase.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 116
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: chelate ligands ; dioxygen activation ; EPR spectroscopy ; redox systems ; SQUID ; zeolites ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Intrazeolitic transition metals, such as Ni2+ and Co2+, were chelated by open or closed, tetra- or pentadentate polyamine ligands. Their coordination and redox chemistry was studied by IR-Raman, EPR, diffuse reflectance, and magnetic techniques. For pseudo-octahedral complexes with tetradentate ligands, the presence of the zeolite favors cis coordination over the trans form. This is explained by the very low tendency of the zeolite surface to bind as a monodentate ligand to a planar metal complex. However, if trans complexes are formed (as with Ni2+), the axial positions on the complex are available for ligand exchange. Such intracrystalline complex syntheses result in the formation of new redox solids. For example, [CoII-(cyclam)]2+-NaY (cyclam = 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane) is a reversible, high-affinity (p1/2〈1 mbar) and high-capacity (〉90 μmol g-1) dioxygen-sorbing material.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 118
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: chiral mesophases ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; liquid crystals ; phthalocyanines ; supramolecular chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure and physical properties of optically active, metal-free 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octa (S-3,7-dimethyloctoxy)phthalocyanine ((S)-Pc(8,2)) are reported and compared with those of the phthalocyanine with (R,S) side chains (mixture of 43 stereoisomers). Unlike the latter compound, (S)-Pc(8,2) lacks a crystalline phase. A freshly prepared sample is in a distorted mesophase and reorganizes irreversibly to a more ordered phase above 65 °C. X-ray diffraction and circular dichroism studies indicate that the molecules are stacked in columns which have a hexagonal arrangement and a left-handed helical superstructure, that is, a novel chiral Dh* mesophase. Solid state NMR measurements reveal that the phthalocyanine units in the columns begin to vibrate laterally when the temperature is increased. At 111 °C (Dh* → Dr transition) they start to rotate around their columnar axes and at the same time the side chains become liquidlike. Energy migration is very efficient in the chiral Dh* phase and also in the frozen mesophase below 3 °C, as follows from luminescence spectroscopy. Intracolumnar charge transport, studied by the time-resolved microwave conductivity technique, turns out to be slower in the helically distorted columns than in linear columns. (S)-Pc(8,2) forms a very stable bilayer at the air-water interface, which can be transferred to give a high quality Langmuir-Blodgett film. The fact that this phthalocyanine is mesogenic at room temperature is thought to be responsible for this behavior.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 119
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 199-203 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: benzyl ligands ; catalysis ; chromium compounds ; ferromagnetic coupling ; polymerization ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of [{Cp*Cr(μ-Cl)}2] with benzyllithium yielded [{Cp*Cr-(μ-Bz)}2] (1), a CrII alkyl complex with bridging benzyl groups and a Cr—Cr bond, which rearranged at room temperature to [Cp*Cr(η1-Bz)(μ-η3:η6-Bz)CrCp*] (2), a mixed valent (CrI/CrIII) complex with a benzyl ligand coordinating as an η6-arene ligand to one chromium and as an η3-allyl ligand to the other one. Upon heating, 2 reductively eliminated bibenzyl and yielded [(Cp*Cr)2(μ-η6:η6-Bz-Bz)] (3), in which two 17-electron sandwich complexes are linked by an ethano bridge. The crystal structures of 2 and 3 have been determined. Magnetic susceptibility and saturation magnetization measurements showed 2 to be ferromagnetically coupled (ground state S = 2, J = + 23(1) cm-1). Of the three isomers, only 2 catalyzed the polymerization of ethylene, presumably because it contains a CrIII alkyl.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electronic structure ; frontier orbitals ; metalloporphyrins ; radical cations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of magnesium and zinc tetraarylporphyrins and their porphyrinoxidized derivatives were studied by UV/Vis, ESR, and resonance Raman spectroscopy at various temperatures. The series included tetra(meta-dichlorophenyl)porphyrinatozinc (5), tetra(ortho-dichlorophenyl)porphyrinatozinc (6), tetra(ortho-difluorophenyl)porphyrinatozinc and -magnesium (9 and 10), and tetra(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrinatozinc and -magnesium (7 and 8). The radical cations (3a-10a) were isolated by chemical one-electron oxidation of their neutral precursors (3-10). Despite the structural similarity of all these radicals, their electronic ground state varied within the series. The position of the chloro groups was found to play a key role. While the radical cation of the meta-dichloro-substituted derivative 5a exhibited A2u spectroscopic features, the ortho-dichlorophenyl derivative (6a) showed A1u spectral features. Radicals of the fluoro-substituted porphyrins, especially that of 10, were found to have state-admixed (A1u/A2u) electronic structures, and the relative contributions of the two states was found to vary with temperature and to depend on the axial ligand. The results indicate that the fluoro-substituted porphyrins are primarily A2u at low temperature, even though their room temperature spectroscopic features resemble those of A1u cations. The elucidation of factors that affect the electronic structures of the radicals in the present series is helpful in providing a greater understanding of the spin-spin interactions in the intermediates of heme-dependant enzymatic reactions and their synthetic analogues.
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 261-265 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: crystal structure ; fluorides ; hexafluorobromate(V) ; hexafluoroselenate(IV) ; naked fluoride ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,1,3,3,5,5-Hexamethylpiperidinium fluoride (pip+F-) and 1,2-dimethylpropyltrimethylammonium fluoride have been prepared. They dissolve in fluorohydrocarbons (CH2F2, CF3-CHF-CF3, CHF3) even at very low temperatures. The nature of these solutions is indicated by the crystal structure of the adduct pip+F-·4CH2F2, which shows (C)H…F bridging. The high fluoride activity is exemplified by the previously unknown reaction between SeF5- and F- to yield SeF62-. The salt pip+BrF6- is obtained by a metathesis reaction of Cs+BrF6- with pip+F-. The distortion of the SeF62- structure from octahedral symmetry is intermediate between IF6- (strongly distorted) and BrF6- (octahedral). The electron-pair repulsion model is checked against these results.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 122
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric catalysis ; aziridines ; chiral ligands ; palladium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The chiral palladium π-allyl intermediate for the catalytic asymmetric synthesis shown in Scheme 1 has been isolated as the PF-6 salt. MM 2 calculations have been performed and the structure of the palladium complex in solution has also been investigated by means of NMR spectroscopy. Both the computational and spectroscopic results suggest that in the complex the bidentate bis(aziridine) ligand adopts a conformation that forces the π-allyl moiety out of the normally preferred square-planar geometry. This nicely explains the very high enantioselectivity observed in the title reaction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 123
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: catenanes ; cyclodextrins ; macrocycles ; orientational isomerism ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel synthetic approach is described for the construction of catenanes in aqueous solution from a partially methylated cyclodextrin (CD)-namely, heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl-β-cyclodextrin) (DM-β-CD)-and a range of substrate molecules that contain a hydrophobic central core in the form of a 4,4′-disubstituted biphenyl unit (usually bitolyl) carrying two hydrophilic polyether side chains terminated by primary amine functions. In water, the amphiphilic catenane precursors form 1:1 complexes with β-CD and DM-β-CD and 2:1 (guest: host) complexes with the larger γ-CD. Macrocyclizations of the biphenyl-containing substrates with aromatic diacid chlorides in aqueous solution and in the presence of DM-β-CD under Schotten-Baumann conditions afforded-in low yields-a range of [2]- and [3]catenanes. When a consitutionally asymmetrical diamine was employed as the substrate, orientational isomers of a [2]catenane were obtained. A [3]catenene incorporating a macrocyclic tetralactam was found to exist as a mixture of head-to-head and head-to-tail isomers, which could be separated by high pressure liquid chromatography and identified unambiguously by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. One of the [2]catenanes afforded good single crystals from which the solid state structure was determined by X-ray crystallography. Other techniques which aided the characterization of these novel compounds included ultraviolet/visible and luminescence spectroscopy, dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Generally speaking, the catenated cyclodextrins are soluble in halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons as well as in hydroxylic solvents. The existence of these new compounds gives us a unique insight into the nature of the noncovalent bonding interactions that cyclodextrins employ in binding substrate molecules.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: bridging ligands ; coordination ; copper compounds ; exchange coupling ; magnetic properties ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Magnetic long-range exchange coupling between two unpaired electrons of two copper(II) ions in a square-pyramidal ligand environment (dx2-y2)1, which are rigidly separated by 〉 10 Å by an organic spacer ligand (e.g., a μ-dicarboxylato ligand) has been systematically studied. The following complexes have been synthesized: [{LCu(OH2)}2(μ-terephthalato)](ClO4)2 (I), [LCuII(OH2)(benzoato)](CIO4) (2), [{LCuII(NCS)}2(μ-terephthalato)]-2 CH3OH (3), [{LCuII(NCS)}2 (μ-4,4′-oxybisbenzoato)] · 3 CH3OH (4), [{LCuII(OH2)}2 (μ-tetrafluoroterephthalato)](CIO4)2 (5), [{LCuII(OH2)}2{LCuII}2 (μ-tetrafluorobenzoato)3](CIO4)2 · 6 H2O (6), [{LCuII(OH2)}2 (μ-biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)](CIO4)2 (7), [LCuII(μ-biphenyl-4,4′-dicarboxylato)]n (HZO)2n (8), [{LCuII(NCS)}2 (μ-biphenyl-4.4′-dicarboxylato)] (9), [{LCu(OH2)}2, (μ-trans,trans-2,4-hexadien1,6-dicarboxylato)] (CIO4)2 (10) (L = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane). Complexes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 have been characterized by X-ray crystallography; the structure of 1 has been described previously.[15] Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility data for all complexes have been measured over the range 2.0-298 K. In complexes 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 9 only very weak, if any, intermolecular antiferromagnetic or, in the case of 6, ferromagnetic coupling has been observed (|J|≤2cm-1; H= -2JS1 S2 S1 = S2 = 1/2). In contrast, in complexes 5 (2J=-80cm-1), 7(2J=-62cm-1), and 10 (2J = -100 cm-1) relatively strong intramolecular antiferromagnetic exchange coupling has been detected. The intramolecular Cu…Cu separation is 11.3Å in 5, 15.6 Å in 7, and approximately 12.0Å in 10. These data demonstrate that intramolecular antiferromagnetic exchange coupling of considerable magnitude is possible over distances 〉 15 Å, provided that the effective magnetic orbitals are favorably aligned.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 125
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 126
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: calixarenes ; cavitands ; molecular modeling ; resorcinarenes ; supramolecular chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Coupling reactions of calix[4]arenes and modified resorcin[4]arenes have been investigated. Reaction of mono(chloroacetamido)calix[4]arene 4 with tetrahydroxycavitand 9 gave the 1:1 coupled product 13 in 61% yield. Combination of upper-rim 1,3-difunctionalized calix[4]arene 5 with 9 afforded predominantly the 2:1 calix-resorcinarene 18 in 47% yield. Reaction of 1,2-difunctionalized calix[4]arene 6 with 9 gave five products, namely, endo 1:1 (19), exo 1:1 (20), endo-endo 2:1 (21), endo-exo 2:1 (22), and exo-exo 2:1 (23) in ratios that depend on the reaction conditions. The stereochemistry of the different products was determined with NOESY experiments. The structures of 21 a and 23 b were calculated by using molecular mechanics, which revealed that intramolecular hydrogen bonds are only present in the former. Reaction of 1,2-bis(chloroacetamido)calix[4]arene 26, which has two additional nitro groups at the remaining aromatic rings, with 9 yielded three different products, namely, endo 1:1 (28), endo-endo 2:1 (30), and endo-exo 2:1 (32) in ratios that depend on the reaction conditions. There is a preference for the endo orientation in the formation of the 1:1 coupled product, probably owing to an interaction of the nitro groups with the cavitand in the transition state. After conversion of the nitro groups in 28 into chloroacetamido moieties, reaction with Cs2CO3 in DMF under high-dilution conditions afforded holand 33 in 26% yield together with calix[4]arene-based carceplex 34 with an encapsulated DMF molecule (27% yield). Holand 33 was obtained in 33% yield by reaction of the tetrakis(chloroacetamide) endo-endo 2:1 isomer 31 with tetrahydroxycavitand 9. Holand 33 contains a cavity of nanosize dimensions. Molecular mechanics simulations indicate that holand 33 adopts a conformation with eight hydrogen bonds and a large, preorganized cavity with two entrances of smaller dimensions. Molecular dynamics simulations of holand 33 in both CHCl3 and THF showed that four solvent molecules can be accommodated in the cavity at well-defined positions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 127
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 128
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 183-192 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: adenine ; catalysis ; molecular recognition ; template effects ; transition states ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of receptors were prepared all containing two adenine binding sites linked by various spacers. Their ability to act as templates in the coupling of two adenine derivatives, an active ester and an amine, in CHCl3 was evaluated. The accelerations varied from none to 700-fold. Binding studies of the coupling product with these templates confirmed involvement of both binding sites. When the spacer was a 1,10-phenanthroline unit, an efficient hydrolysis reaction of the active ester was observed. Another series of receptors were prepared containing one adenine receptor and various polar functional groups. The molecules were evaluated as catalysts in the coupling of an adenine-derived active ester and n-butyl-amine. The orientation as well as the nature of the functional group greatly influenced the coupling rate. A carboxylate group was most effective, accelerating the intracomplex reaction 250-fold.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: dendrimers ; luminescence ; molecular devices ; ruthenium complexes ; redox systems ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Treelike (dendritic) structures made of RuII-polypyridine complexes have been prepared by the “complexes-as-metals and complexes-as-ligands” synthetic strategy. The key building blocks are RuII complexes of the 2,3-bis-(2-pyridyl)pyrazine(2,3-dpp) bridging ligand, where one of the two chelating sites can be protected by methylation. Dendrimers containing four, ten, and twenty-two metal ions have been obtained. These dendrimers exhibit strong absorption in the UV/Vis spectral region, a moderately strong red luminescence, and a great number of metal-based oxidation and ligand-based reduction processes. The nature of the terminal ligands determines in which subunits of the supramolecular array the HOMO and LUMO orbitals and the luminescent excited state are localized. The reported synthetic strategy is efficient, characterized by a full, step-by-step control of the growth process, and can be easily extended to building blocks containing other metals and/or ligands.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 130
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 131
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: benzene ; benzyne ; osmium clusters ; photochemistry ; polymer films ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The highly efficient photoinduced isomerisation of [Os3(CO)9(μ3-η2:η2:η2-C6H6)] (1) to the previously characterised μ3-benzyne complex [H2Os3(CO)9(μ3-η2:η1:η1-C6H4)] (2) is described. We find that for the more electron-rich clusters [Os3(CO)9-n(PPh3)n(μ3-η2:η2:η2-C6H6)] (n = 1 or 2) the efficiency of the photolytic process is improved. We suggest that photolysis generates a vacant site at osmium (mimicking the inherent coordinative unsaturation of a metal complex) and that this transformation offers a compelling model for the interconversion of associatively and dissociatively chemisorbed benzene. Moreover, we can fine-tune our molecular “work function” (really the separation of HOMO/LUMO energies) by protonation or by phosphine substitution for CO at the metal. Thus, the cation [HOs3(CO)9(μ3-η2:η2:η2-C6H6)]+ does not undergo internal metalation, while photoisomerisation of the electron-rich phosphine derivatives proceeds more readily than for 1. We find that these photolytic reactions are easily monitored by IR spectroscopy for samples suspended in polymethylmethacrylate films under ambient conditions. This method permits “matrix isolation” experiments under ideal conditions. Finally, we speculate that the mechanism of interconversion almost certainly involves the symmetric cleavage of a Os—Os bond (σ-σ* transition) to produce an extremely reactive diradical intermediate.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 132
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 133
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 134
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: allylic substrates ; carbon-carbon coupling ; catalysis ; copper compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The regioselectivity in the arenethiolatocopper(I)-catalyzed crosscoupling reaction of allylic substrates was studied. It was found that allylic acetates gave highly γ-selective reactions in Et2O at 0°C with slow addition of the Grignard reagent, whereas α-selective reactions were obtained in THF at -30°C with fast addition of the Grignard reagent. It is proposed that the formation of an intermediate in Et2O, in which the allylic acetate coordinates in a bidentate fashion the arenethiolatocopper(I) catalyst, dramatically increases the reactivity of the leaving group and results in excellent γ-selectivity. The remarkable observation that an allylic acetate can be made more reactive than an allylic chloride by using the arenethiolatocopper(I) catalyst 1a supports the theory of a bidentate coordination of the substrate to the catalyst through its double bond and acetate oxygen.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: crystal structure ; polynuclear ; complexes ; ruthenium compounds ; supramolecular chemistry ; terpyridines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bridging ligand bis{4′-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridinyl)}ether (1) can be prepared in 69% yield from the reaction of 4′-chloro-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (3) with 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin-4′(1′H)-one (2) in Me2NCHO in the presence of KOH. More conveniently, complexes of 1 can be prepared in situ by the reaction of 2 with a ruthenium(II) complex of 3 in the presence of K2CO3. This methodology has been developed for the synthesis of a range of mono-, di-, tri- and hexanuclear complexes with a variety of Xtpy (Xtpy = 4′-substituted 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) terminator ligands. The molecular structure of 1 (a = 9.623(2), b = 11.241(1), c = 11.828(1) Å; space group P1; α = 93.064(9), β = 107.072(14), γ = 99.088(14)°; Z = 2, R = 0.0450, Rw = 0.0577) has been determined. The generality of the methodology may ultimately be limited by the sensitivity of the ether-linkage in 1 to attack by nucleophiles.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: chemotaxonomy ; diterpene metabolites ; dolabellanes ; marine natural products ; oxetanes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 6,8-Dimethyl-2,7-dioxatricyclo[4.2.13,8]nonan-4β-ol (9aβ) has been prepared from readily accessible starting materials in eight steps (14% overall yield). The parent dioxatricyclic framework 11 was obtained from 1,5-dimethyl-8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-en-6α-ol (7) in six steps (28% yield with respect to 7). Based on the experimental introduction of the oxetane moiety in vitro, a biosynthetic pathway is proposed for dictyoxetane (1) from a known dolabellane metabolite.
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  • 137
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 138
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: chemical bonding ; electron localization ; scanning tunnelling microscopy ; surface structures ; tight-binding calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The advantage of computer graphics in the visualization of tight-binding calculations is highlighted in a model study of the reconstruction of the Si(100) surface. Three different surface models - the unreconstructed surface Si(100)-(1 × 1), and symmetric and asymmetric pairing of surface atoms Si(100)-(2 × 1) - are investigated on the basis of density of states (DOS), local (projected) density of states (LDOS) and crystal orbital-overlap population (COOP) analysis. For the visualization of the real-space properties of tight-binding calculations, two- and three-dimensional images of the total (TED) and partial electron densities (PED) are shown. The PED calculated near the Fermi level are compared to densities of HOMOs and LUMOs in molecular systems and used to analyse constant current mode STM images, obtained by applying bias voltages of different sign. They show excellent agreement with STM experiments. The electron-localization function (ELF) has been shown to describe chemical bonds in molecules and solids surprisingly well. Here, the ELF is calculated for surfaces. In order to visualize the shape of the “dangling” surface bonds and bonds connecting surface atoms, two- and three-dimensional representations of the ELF are discussed. Using the reconstruction of the Si(100) surface as an example, we show that combining methods for extracting information from quantum mechanical calculations, such as PED, TED and ELF, leads to a more comprehensive description of the electronic surface structure. With the help of computer graphics, chemical concepts routinely used for describing local properties of molecules can be transferred very effectively to extended systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 139
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 140
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electron transfer ; iron-sulfur proteins ; NMR spectroscopy ; proteins ; solution structures ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the 1H NMR spectrum of the oxidized form of the high-potential iron-sulfur protein (HiPIPI) from Ectothiorhodospira halophila, 91% of the total proton resonances and 100% of the residues have been assigned. The standard COSY, NOESY, and TOCSY sequences have been optimized for the paramagnetism of the molecule. Extensive assignment of the 15N NMR spectrum has been obtained through HMQC spectra. With 1437 dipolar connectivities, of which about 10% involved fast-relaxing protons, a family of 18 structures was generated with an RMSD of 0.65 Å by using the programs developed by Wüthrich. The family of structures was further refined by various calculation steps; the final RMSD was 0.48 Å. The structures appear to be very similar but not equal to the structures of the reduced protein. Despite the similarity in structure, significant variations in the chemical shifts are observed. A similar behavior was observed for the homologous protein from Chromatium vinosum. It is concluded that NMR is a sensitive tool to monitor differences between oxidized and reduced proteins; however, the detailed structural variations should be evaluated with caution at the present level of resolution, which roughly corresponds to a resolution of 2.5 Å in an X-ray structure.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 141
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 634-636 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: carbasugars ; cyclitols ; enzyme inhibitors ; salbostain ; total syntheses ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The total synthesis of trehalase inhibitor salbostatin (1), recently discovered as a novel metabolite of Streptomyces albus species, has been achieved starting from the major product (58 % yield) from the coupling of the amine di-O-isopropylidene-α-valienamine and the electrophile 1,5 : 2,3-dianhydro-D-mannitol in 2-propanol. Deprotection with aqueous acetic acid and subsequent purification on a column of acidic resin afforded 1, which showed inhibitory activity (IC50 = 8.3 μML-1) against silkworm trehalase.
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  • 142
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 421-432 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: grid generation ; locally analytic ; elliptic equations ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: One technique for obtaining grids for irregular geometries is to solve sets of elliptic partial differential equations. The solution of the partial differential equations yields a grid which discretizes the physical solution domain and also a transformation for the irregular physical domain to a regular computational domain. Expressing the governing equation of interest in the computational domain requires the derivatives of the physical to computational domain transformation, i.e., the metrics. These metrics are typically determined by numerical differentiation, which is a potential source of error. The locally analytic method uses the analytic solution of the locally linearized equation to develop numerical stencils. Thus, the locally analytic method allows numerical differentiation with no loss of accuracy. In this paper, the locally analytic method is applied to the solution of the Poisson and Brackbill-Saltzman equations. Comparison with an exact solution shows the locally analytic method to be more accurate than the finite difference method, both in solving the partial differential equation and evaluating the metrics. However, it is more computationally expensive.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 143
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 509-522 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Laplace transform ; finite element ; viscoelastic beam ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The quasi-static and dynamic responses of a linear viscoelastic beam are solved numerically by using the hybrid Laplace transform/finite element method. In the analysis, the Timoshenko beam theory, which includes the transverse shear and rotatory inertia effect and conventional beam theory, are used to solve this problem. The temperature field is assumed to be constant and homogeneous and that the relaxation modulus has the form of the Prony series. In the hybrid method, the Laplace transform with respect to time is applied to the coupled equations and the finite element model is developed by applying Hamilton's variational principle without any integral transformation. The numerical results of quasi-static and dynamic responses for the models of Maxwell fluid and three parameter solid types are presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 144
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 145
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 685-716 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: hourglass and locking control ; large strains ; thermomechanical coupling ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a class of ‘assumed strain’ mixed finite element methods based on the Hu-Washizu variational principle is presented. Special care is taken to avoid hourglass modes and shear locking as well as volumetric locking. An unified framework for the 4-node quadrilateral solid and thermal as well as thermomechanical coupling elements with uniform reduced integration (URI) and selective numerical integration (SI) schemes is developed. The approach is simply implemented by a small change of the standard technique and is applicable to arbitrary non-linear constitutive laws including isotropic and anisotropic material behaviours. The implementation of the proposed SI elements is straightforward, while the development of the proposed URI elements requires ‘anti-hourglass stresses’ which are evaluated by classical constitutive equations. Several numerical examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the suggested formulation, including static/dynamic mechanical problems, heat conduction and thermomechanical problems.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 717-734 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite elements ; arbitrary Lagrange-Euler ; free surfaces ; surface tension ; contact angles ; multiphase flow ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The arbitrary Lagrange-Euler (ALE) kinematic description has been implemented in a 3-D transient finite element program so as to simulate multiple fluid flows with surfaces and interfaces of general shapes.The description of fluid interfaces includes continuity of velocity and a discontinuous tangential and normal stress appropriate for fluids of variable interfacial tension.The formulation is particularly relevant to the description of low and intermediate Reynolds number flow dominated by interfacial tension.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 147
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 667-683 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Navier-Stokes ; pseudospectral element method ; multi-grid method ; domain decomposition ; Schwarz Alternating Procedure (SAP) ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new multi-grid (two-grid) pseudospectral element method has been carried out for solution of incompressible flow in terms of primitive variable formulation. The main objective of the proposed method is to apply the multi-grid technique solving the incompressible flow problems associated with three commonly encountered multi-grid environments. In domain decomposition terminology, it includes (I) partially overlapped subdomains, each of which has same types of grids; (II) partially overlapped subdomains, each of which has different types of grids; (III) local adaptive subdomains fully overlapped with the original computational domain (composite grids).The approach for flow problems, complex geometry or not, is to first divide the computational domain into a number of subdomains with the inter-overlapping area (partially or fully overlapped). In categories I and II, the fine-grid or coarse-grid subdomains can be defined by their representation, while in category III the fine-grid or coarse-grid subdomains are defined as usual. Next, implement the Schwarz Alternating Procedure (SAP) to exchange the data among subdomains, where the coarse-grid correction is used to remove the high frequency error that occurs when the data interpolation from the fine-grid subdomain to the coarse-grid subdomain is conducted. The strategy behind the coarse-grid correction is to adopt the operator of the divergence of velocity field, which intrinsically links the pressure equation, into this process. The solution of each subdomain can be efficiently solved by the direct (or iterative) eigenfunction expansion technique or preconditioned method with the least storage requirement, i.e. O(N2) in 2-D.Numerical results of (i) driven cavity flow (Re = 100,400) with Cartesian grids (category I) in each subdomain, (ii) driven cavity flow (Re = 3200) with local adaptive grids (category III) in each subdomain, and (iii) flow over a cylinder (Re = 250) with ‘O’ grids in one subdomain and Cartesian grids in another (category II) will be presented in the paper to account for the versatility of the proposed multi-grid method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 735-754 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: inverse problem ; contact conductance determination ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The conjugate gradient method using two search step sizes is used to solve the inverse problem of simultaneously estimating the periodic thermal contact conductance, hc(t), and the heat transfer coefficient of the exhaust gases, hg(t), between the exhaust valve and seat in an internal combustion engine. The importance of the determination of hc(t) and hg(t) lie in that they are the critical factors for designing the cooling system and the insulation of the exhaust valve.The inverse analysis is based on the temperature measurements taken from the sensors placed in both the valve and seat regions during the transient process of operation. In this study two unknown timewise-varying functions hc(t) and hg(t) are to be estimated at the same time, thus two search step sizes with each one corresponding to each unknown function are derived. The results show that the CPU time for the inverse solutions using two search step sizes are greatly reduced than using just one search step size1 for the determination of two unknowns, besides, it also shows that the inverse solutions are reliable even when the measurement errors are considered.The advantage of the conjugate gradient method is that no a priori information is needed on the variation of the unknown quantities, since the solution automatically determines the functional form over the domain specified. The successful development of the present technique can be applied to any kind of two-dimensional periodic contact problems, such as the determination of a two-dimensional contact conductance problem2 and the temperature or heat flux behaviour on the inside wall of internal combustion engines3.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 775-795 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: computational mechanics ; finite element method ; a posteriori error estimation ; finite elasticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Methods for a posteriori error estimation for finite element solutions are well established and widely used in engineering practice for linear boundary value problems. In contrast here we are concerned with finite elasticity and error estimation and adaptivity in this context. In the paper a brief outline of continuum theory of finite elasticity is first given. Using the residuals in the equilibrium conditions the discretization error of the finite element solution is estimated both locally and globally. The proposed error estimator is physically interpreted in the energy sense. We then present and discuss the convergence behaviour of the discretization error in uniformly and adaptively refined finite element sequences.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 755-773 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: staggering ; numerical simulation ; bounded dispersion ; cost ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a cost-effectiveness analysis of explicit Finite Difference (FD) methods for the numerical integration of the wave equation. Formal notions of computational cost (expressed in floating point operations) and numerical dispersion error are introduced. Restricting the analysis to leapfrog timemarching, for sake of simplicity, various spatial discrete differentiators are examined. For each scheme, by minimizing the cost at a given error threshold, a cost-effective operating poin (time sampling rate and number of gridpoints per shortest wavelength) is obtained, which is remarkably different from the stability limit. Different schemes, each operated at its cost-effective point, are then compared. High-order dispersion-bounded operators, in the sense of Holberg,1 are found to be competitive with the Pseudo-spectral (PS) method.New optimal schemes improving over the Holberg's spatial differentiators are introduced together with accurate expansions of the convolutional weights is terms of the design error threshold. It is also shown that the composition of two distinct Holberg's operators of consecutive orders, with opposite phase properties, minimizes dispersion and yields cost-effective schemes.Numerical experiments illustrate the suitability of the new methods for large-scale wave-equation seismic modelling.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 797-808 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: bounding-surface ; plasticity ; non-linear ; space structures ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method for the non-linear analysis of space structures subjected to static and cyclic loading. A bounding-surface kinematic hardening plasticity model is used to simulate the hardening and hysteritic material behaviour. The model is used in conjunction with the lumped plasticity assumption coupled with the concept of a yield surface in force space. A hardening coefficient matrix which is a function of the plastic strain and the elastic stiffness matrix is introduced while the vectorial nature of the material memory parameters is maintained. This provides a smooth transition from the elastic to the plastic regime which simulates the hysteresis loops quite accurately. An updated Lagrangian formulation is used together with a predictor/corrector solution method. Several examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 809-821 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: moment method ; non-linear electromagnetics ; scattering ; dielectrics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we explore the possibility of applying the moment method to determine the electromagnetic field distributions inside three-dimensional bounded non-linear dielectric objects of arbitrary shapes. The moment method has usually been employed to solve linear scattering problems. We start with an integral equation formulation, and derive a non-linear system of algebraic equations that allows us to obtain an approximate solution for the harmonic vector components of the electric field. Preliminary results of some numerical simulations are reported.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 823-839 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: numerical algorithms ; path following technique ; non-linear equations ; non-linear finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general and robust solution procedure for non-linear finite element equations with limit points is developed. At each equilibrium iteration the magnitude of the load is adjusted such that the residual force is orthogonal to the current displacement increment from the last equilibrium state. The method implements the physical condition that the orthogonal residual force will neither increase nor decrease the magnitude of the current displacement increment vector. The orthogonality condition is formulated directly in terms of conjugate variables and therefore does not contain any scaling parameters. Passage of load and displacement limit points is discussed as well as the relation to line search, minimum residual, and are-length methods. The method is illustrated by two examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 841-860 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: constitutive modelling ; large strain ; creep ; elastoplasticity ; damage ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A three-dimensional fully coupled creep elastoplastic damage model at finite strain for isotropic non-linear material is developed. The model is based on the thermodynamics of an irreversible process and the internal state variable theory. A hyperelastic form of stress-strain constitutive relation in conjunction with the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and inelastic parts is employed. The pressure-dependent plasticity with strain hardening and the damage model with two damage internal variables are particularly considered. The rounding of stress-strain curves appearing in cycling loading is reproduced by introduction of the creep mechanism into the model. A numerical integration procedure for the coupled constitutive equations with three hierarchical phases is proposed. A consistent tangent matrix with consideration of the fully coupled effects at finite strain is derived. Numerical examples are tested to demonstrate the capability and performance of the present model at large strain.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 881-881 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 861-879 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: wet snow accretion ; rotating sleeves ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is the purpose of this paper to construct a mathematical/computational model for the accretion of snow on rotating snow sleeves attached to conductor rods, and to consider some of the limitations in the use of the assumption of perfect cylindrical-sleeve growth, as currently employed to provide estimates of snow-loading intensity.For purposes of illustration, three rotating snow accretion regimes are considered, in which the direction of the airflow is always taken as perpendicular to the axis of the conductor rod. Firstly, a horizontal conductor rod is free to rotate and is initially bare. Rotation of the system (conductor rod and accreted snow) is initiated by snow torque, due to eccentric snow loading on the windward side of the conductor, and is driven by aerodynamic torque generated by the windflow past the evolving, rotating, asymmetrical sleeve growth. Secondly, a vertical conductor rod is free to rotate and the bare rod is given an initial small angular velocity; the rotation of the accreting system is then driven by aerodynamic torque alone. Thirdly, a horizontal rod is fixed and is initially covered by an annulus of snow, supported by a thin layer of (unfrozen) water existing between the conductor and the snow sleeve. In this case, the rotation of the snow sleeve is due to the combined snow and aerodynamic torques and is now retarded by the viscous torque due to the rotating thin film of water.Asymptotic solutions obtained for small accretion time supplement numerical results derived from the computational models. Numerical results on these rotating non-periodic snow accretion regimes are presented as a function of the wind speed, snow precipitation rate and diameter of the conductor rod.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 883-884 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 885-886 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 887-903 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: plates ; foundation ; boundary elements ; boundary integrals ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper introduces an efficient boundary element approach for the analysis of thin plates, with arbitrary shapes and boundary conditions, resting on an elastic Winkler foundation. Boundary integral equations with three degrees-of-freedom per node are derived without unknown corner terms. A fundamental solution based upon newly defined modified Kelvin functions is formulated and it leads to a simple solution to the problem of divergent integrals. Reduction of domain loading terms for cases of distributed and concentrated loading is also provided. Case studies, including plates with free-edge conditions, are demonstrated, and the boundary element results are compared with corresponding analytical solutions. The presented formulations provide a very accurate boundary element solution for plates with different shapes and boundary conditions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 927-942 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: quasi-conforming FEM ; geometrical non-linearity ; degenerated solid shell element ; plates ; shells ; pitch test ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a geometrically non-linear quasi-conforming nine-node quadrilateral degenerated solid shell element has been constructed from generalization of a linear quasi-conforming nine-node quadrilateral degenerated solid shell element,10 based upon the non-linear quasi-conforming finite element method. First, the geometrical description and displacement model of the nine-node quadrilateral degenerated solid shell element is given. Then, the non-linear quasi-conforming finite element method is discussed and assumed strains and weighed functions are given. Last, analysis of numerical examples for a clamped square plate, a circular arch, a spherical shell, two cylindrical shells, the patch test and a simply supported square plate is carried out. The results are compared with exact and other finite element solutions. The results indicate that the shell element in the paper is accurate and efficient.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 955-968 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: bubble functions ; elasticity ; finite strips ; I-sections ; non-linear analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite strip displacement functions for post-local buckling are augmented with so-called bubble functions, which are extra modes associated with internal or nodeless degrees of freedom. A non-linear finite strip method of analysis including bubble functions is described for the post-local buckling of geometrically imperfect plate assemblies. It is shown that the use of bubble functions improves significantly the convergence of the method. The non-linear finite strip method is then used to study channel and I-section members in compression and bending.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 989-1000 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: mesh partitioning ; aspect ratio ; implicit solution ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Optimal domain decomposition methods have emerged as powerful iterative algorithms for parallel implicit computations. Their key preprocessing step is mesh partitioning, where research has focused so far on the automatic generation of load-balanced subdomains with minimum interface nodes. In this paper, we emphasize the importance of the subdomain aspect ratio as a mesh partitioning factor, and highlight its impact on the convergence rate of an optimal domain decomposition based iterative method. We also present a fast optimization algorithm for improving the aspect ratio of existing mesh partitions, and illustrate it with several examples from fluid dynamics and structural mechanics applications. For a stiffened shell problem decomposed by the optimal Recursive Spectral Bisection scheme and solved by the FETI method, this optimization algorithm is shown to improve the solution time by a factor equal to 1·54 and to restore numerical scalability.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3365-3381 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: non-linear elasticity ; finite elements ; solution algorithms ; three-dimensional membranes ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The treatment of finite hyperelasticity set on the spatial configuration is described. The fully consistent linearization of the corresponding field equations is carried out in detail. It provides the basis of the exact Newton-Raphson procedure for solution of the associated boundary value problem. A membrane formulation is presented in which the incompressibility constraint usually employed in the description of rubber-like materials is satisfied trivially. The excellent performance of the proposed framework is demonstrated by means of 3-D membrane finite element simulations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3433-3452 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: quadrilateral finite element ; drilling d.o.f ; hybrid stress model ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A scheme of boundary displacements with drilling degrees of freedom for plane elements is presented. The scheme is free from zero displacement modes and allows the development of hybrid finite elements with vertex and mid-side nodes, each node including a drilling degree of freedom besides the translational ones. Four quadrilateral isoparametric hybrid stress elements are implemented, and numerical results for some current test problems are given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1431-1473 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: conserving algorithms ; non-linear dynamics ; non-linear rods ; dissipative algorithms ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The long-term dynamic response of non-linear geometrically exact rods under-going finite extension, shear and bending, accompanied by large overall motions, is addressed in detail. The central objective is the design of unconditionally stable time-stepping algorithms which exactly preserve fundamental constants of the motion such as the total linear momentum, the total angular momentum and, for the Hamiltonian case, the total energy. This objective is accomplished in two steps. First, a class of algorithms is introduced which conserves linear and angular momentum. This result holds independently of the definition of the algorithmic stress resultants. Second, an algorithmic counterpart of the elastic constitutive equations is developed such that the law of conservation of total energy is exactly preserved. Conventional schemes exhibiting no numerical dissipation, symplectic algorithms in particular, are shown to lead to unstable solutions when the high frequencies are not resolved. Compared to conventional schemes there is little, if any, additional computational cost involved in the proposed class of energy-momentum methods. The excellent performance of the new algorithm in comparison to other standard schemes is demonstrated in several numerical simulations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1593-1594 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 1579-1592 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: novel element ; inhomogeneities ; complex potentials ; Laurent series ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This study is concerned with the development and implementation of a novel finite element which is capable of treating the problem of interacting circular inhomogeneities in heterogeneous solids. The general form of the element, which is constructed from a cell containing a single circular inhomogeneity in a surrounding matrix, is derived explicitly using the complex potentials of Muskhelishvili and the Laurent series expansion method. The strength of the proposed eight-noded plane element is demonstrated by its ability to treat arbitrarily and periodically located multiple inhomogeneities under general loading conditions using a limited number of elements. Assessment of the accuracy and efficiency of the devised element is obtained by comparing its performance against existing analytical and traditional finite element attempts. The current element enables the determination of the local and effective elastic properties of composite materials with relative ease.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3831-3853 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: domain decomposition ; dynamics ; nonlinear ; parallel processing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present a new efficient and scalable domain decomposition method for solving implicitly linear and non-linear time-dependent problems in computational mechanics. The method is derived by adding a coarse problem to the recently proposed transient FETI substructuring algorithm in order to propagate the error globally and accelerate convergence. It is proved that in the limit for large time steps, the new method converges toward the FETI algorithm for time-independent problems. Computational results confirm that the optimal convergence properties of the time-independent FETI method are preserved in the time-dependent case. We employ an iterative scheme for solving efficiently the coarse problem on massively parallel processors, and demonstrate the effective scalability of the new transient FETI method with the large-scale finite element dynamic analysis on the Paragon XP/S and IBM SP2 systems of several diffraction grating finite element structural models. We also show that this new domain decomposition method outperforms the popular direct skyline solver. The coarse problem presented herein is applicable and beneficial to a large class of Lagrange multiplier based substructuring algorithms for time-dependent problems, including the fictitious domain decomposition method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3889-3908 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: hp-methods ; parallel computing ; hyperbolic equations ; adaptive methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a parallel algorithm based on discontinuous hp-finite element approximations of linear, scalar, hyperbolic conservation laws. The paper focuses on the development of an effective parallel adaptive strategy for such problems. Numerical experiments suggest that these techniques are highly parallelizable and exponentially convergent, thereby yielding efficiency many times superior to conventional schemes for hyperbolic problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3855-3887 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Adaptive two-step methods ; periodicity ; dispersion ; dissipation ; P-stability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Adaptive two-step direct integration methods are constructed for the integration of second-order semidiscrete evolution equations possessing oscillatory solutions. The methods are based on a class of adaptive multistep methods for a semilinear test model whose frequency is known. They are constructed following the notion of diagonally implicit RK-methods by using efficient rational approximations to cos v, v ≥ 0. Our interest is centered on the dispersion (or phase errors) of the dominant components in the numerical oscillations when these methods are applied to a linear homogeneous test model. Two-step methods which have high order of dispersion (up to 12), whereas the algebraic order is relatively low (2 or 4), are derived. Applications of these methods to linear as well as non-linear test models and to semidiscretized hyperbolic equations reveal a good behaviour with regard to error propagation when they are compared with other conventional methods.
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 2301-2302 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 2325-2345 
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    Keywords: postbuckling ; plates ; perturbation methods ; FEM ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The present paper extends the finite element perturbation approach already presented for pin-jointed and framed structures15 to rectangular thin plates. Koiter's asymptotic strategy2 is coupled with a High-Continuity finite element discretization of the plate.22 The consistency of the discrete model is discussed from the kinematical and numerical points of view and several numerical tests are reported. It appears that use of the HC elements makes the perturbation algorithm insensitive to the locking phenomenon occurring in the evaluation of the postbuckling behaviour. It also allows the use of very fine discretization meshes at low computational cost.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4123-4155 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Petrov-Galerkin methods ; weighting parameters ; optimization ; spectral averaged phase errors ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Fourier analysis of the linear and quadratic N + 1 and N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin finite element methods applied to the one-dimensional transient convective-diffusion equation is performed. The results show that a priori optimization of the N + 1 method is not possible because dissipative errors are introduced as dispersive errors are reduced (any optimization is subjective). However, a priori optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is possible because the reduction of dispersion errors can be accomplished without the addition of artificial dissipation.The Spectrally Weighted Average Phase Error Method (SWAPEM) for the optimization of the N + 2 Petrov-Galerkin method is introduced, in which the N + 2 weighting parameter is chosen at each time step to minimize the integral over wave number of the phase error of Fourier modes, weighted by the frequency content of the global solution at the previous time step (obtained via FFT). The method is dynamic, and general in that the dependence of the weighting parameter on the solution waveform is accounted for. Optimal values predicted by the method are in excellent agreement with those suggested by the numerical experimentation of others. Simulations of the pure convective transport of a Gaussian plume and a triangle wave are discussed to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4157-4169 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: BEM ; crack ; thermoelasticity ; transient ; TSSIF ; mixed mode ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A time domain boundary-only element method is used for the analysis of fractured planar bodies, subjected to thermal shock type loads. The uncoupled quasistatic thermoelasticity equations are solved without the need for domain discretization. The singular behaviour of the temperature and displacement fields, in the vicinity of the crack tip, is modelled by quarter-point elements. Transient thermal stress and heat flux intensity factors are evaluated from computed nodal values, using the well-known displacement and traction formulas. The accuracy of the method, the stability of the solution and the dependence on space-time discretization is investigated through comparison of present results with analytical and computational ones, taken from the literature. For mode I and mixed mode two-dimensional problems examined, the method proved to be a potent tool for fracture analysis in presence of severe thermal shock loads, even in the microcrack size range. Potent in the sense that, it is very stable and cost effective from the space-time discretization point of view.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 179
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4171-4191 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: non-linear computational mechanics ; arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian ; mesh adaptivity ; strain-softening ; localization ; damage mechanics ; wave propagation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Non-local models guaranty that finite element computations on strain softening materials remain sound up to failure from a theoretical and computational viewpoint. The non-locality prevents strain localization with zero global dissipation of energy, and consequently finite element calculations converge upon mesh refinements to non-zero width localization zones. One of the major drawbacks of these models is that the element size needed in order to capture the localization zone must be smaller than the internal length. Hence, the total number of degrees of freedom becomes rapidly prohibitive for most engineering applications and there is an obvious need for mesh adaptivity. This paper deals with the application of the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation, well known in hydrodynamics and fluid-structure interaction problems, to transient strain localization in a non-local damageable material. It is shown that the ALE formulation which is employed in large boundary motion problems can also be well suited for non-linear transient analysis of softening materials where localization bands appear. The remeshing strategy is based on the equidistribution of an indicator that quantifies the interelement jump of a selected state variable. Two well known one-dimensional examples illustrate the capabilities of this technique: the first one deals with localization due to a propagating wave in a bar, and the second one studies the wave propagation in a hollow sphere.
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  • 180
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4207-4235 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite-element method ; a posteriori error estimation ; pollution error ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In References 1 and 2 we showed that the error in the finite-element solution has two parts, the local error and the pollution error, and we studied the effect of the pollution error on the quality of the local error-indicators and the quality of the derivatives recovered by local post-processing. Here we show that it is possible to construct a posteriori estimates of the pollution error in any patch of elements by employing the local error-indicators over the mesh outside the patch. We also give an algorithm for the adaptive control of the pollution error in any patch of elements of interest.
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  • 181
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 4193-4205 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: finite strip ; laminated plates ; geometric nonlinearity ; imperfections ; shear deformation ; end shortening ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite strip method is developed to predict the geometrically non-linear response of rectangular laminated plates subjected to progressive end shortening whilst initial imperfection and/or applied pressure loading are also present. The development is an extension of earlier work concerned with perfect, unpressurized laminates which have simply supported loaded ends at which lateral in-plane expansion is either allowed freely or is prevented completely. The analysis is conducted in the contexts of classical plate theory and first-order shear deformation plate theory, in turn. A number of applications involving both isotropic plates and laminated plates is described.
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  • 182
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3071-3085 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: structural dynamics ; eigenvalue analysis ; nonproportional damping ; Arnoldi method ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents and discusses an Arnoldi-based eigensolution technique for evaluating the complex natural frequencies and mode shapes from frequency dependent quadratic eigenproblems associated with vibration analysis of damped structures. The new solution technique is used in conjunction with a mixed finite element modelling procedure which utilizes both the polynomial and frequency dependent displacement fields in formulating the system matrices. This modelling provides the ability to represent a frequency dependent damping matrix in vibration analysis of skeletal systems.The eigensolution methodology presented here is based upon the ability to evaluate a specific set of parametrized curves for the non-linear eigenvalue problem at given values of the parameter. Numerical examples illustrate that this method, used in conjunction with a secant interpolation, accurately evaluates the complex natural frequencies and modes of the quadratic non-linear eigenproblem and verifies that the new eigensolution technique coupled with the mixed finite element modelling procedure is more accurate than the conventional finite element models.
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  • 183
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3143-3166 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: moving load ; runway ; boundary element ; finite element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The transient response of a finite elastic plate, resting on an elastic half-space, and subjected to moving loads is considered here. Both the cases of an elastic foundation alone, as well as a finite sized elastic plate resting on an elastic foundation are considered. The numerical methods employed are: (1) the time-domain boundary element method for the elastic foundation and (2) a combination of the time-domain boundary element method for the soil and the semi-discrete finite element method for the finite sized elastic plate. Both constant as well as linear-time-interpolation schemes are included in the BEM. The integration is carried out analytically in time. The analytical solution for a moving point load on an infinite elastic plate resting on an elastic half-space is derived here. This is used as a benchmark against which the present numerical solution is compared with. The accuracy of the numerical method is also verified by comparing the solutions with some existing numerical results; the comparison with the solutions based on a Winkler foundation model reveals the limitations of the applicability of such a model, especially in the cases of high velocities of the moving load. This is because neither the inertia of the foundation, nor the behaviour of the foundation as a continuum, can be properly accounted for in Winkler's model. A parametric study is conducted, and the influences of velocity of the moving load, load distribution, etc. on the dynamic response of the soil/runway system are investigated. Furthermore, the present computational method is applied to the problem of a transport airplane taxiing on a concrete pavement resting on a typical soil. The responses of pavements are presented for different taxiing velocities.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3635-3652 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: stationary thermoelasticity ; thermally induced non-homogeneity ; pure boundary formulation ; crack ; problems ; initial plastic stresses ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we present the boundary integral formulation for inelastic stationary thermoelasticity including thermally induced non-homogeneity. Generally, the unique BEM formulation for crack problems is achieved by using the traction boundary integral equations which are now considered in a non-singular form. Both the two- and three-dimensional boundary value problems are analysed simultaneously. Numerical examples for 2-D problems are presented, in order to illustrate the suitability of this boundary element approach in the inelastic thermoelasticity.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3675-3694 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: machining ; finite elements ; remeshing ; thermo-mechanical coupling ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A Lagrangian finite element model of orthogonal high-speed machining is developed. Continuous remeshing and adaptive meshing are the principal tools which we employ for sidestepping the difficulties associated with deformation-induced element distortion, and for resolving fine-scale features in the solution. The model accounts for dynamic effects, heat conduction, mesh-on-mesh contact with friction, and full thermo-mechanical coupling. In addition, a fracture model has been implemented which allows for arbitrary crack initiation and propagation in the regime of shear localized chips. The model correctly exhibits the observed transition from continuous to segmented chips with increasing tool speed.
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  • 186
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 187
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3745-3774 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Helmholtz equation ; finite element method ; error analysis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When applying numerical methods for the computation of stationary waves from the Helmholtz equation, one obtains ‘numerical waves’ that are dispersive also in non-dispersive media. The numerical wave displays a phase velocity that depends on the parameter k of the Helmholtz equation. In dispersion analysis, the phase difference between the exact and the numerical solutions is investigated. In this paper, the authors' recent result on the phase difference for one-dimensional problems is numerically evaluated and discussed in the context of other work directed to this topic. It is then shown that previous error estimates in H1-norm are of nondispersive character but hold for medium or high wavenumber on extremely refined mesh only. On the other hand, recently proven error estimates for constant resolution contain a pollution term. With certain assumptions on the exact solution, this term is of the order of the phase difference. Thus a link is established between the results of dispersion analysis and the results of numerical analysis. Throughout the paper, the presentation and discussion of theoretical results is accompanied by numerical evaluation of several model problems. Special attention is given to the performance of the Galerkin method with a higher order of polynomial approximation p(h-p-version).
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3817-3830 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: conformal map ; grid generation ; high aspect ratio ; airfoil ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Conformal co-ordinate transformations are used to map rectangular computational domains onto arbitrary simply and doubly connected regions with smooth boundaries. The efficient numerical schemes of Wegmann involving the solution of the inverse boundary correspondence function problems associated with the mapping of the unit disc or circular annulus onto simply or doubly connected domains, respectively, are employed. The numerical implementation of these schemes is emphasized. Examples are generated for regions with elliptic inner and outer boundaries. Additional examples are used to demonstrate the accuracy and convergence of the schemes and their practical limitations. The techniques are found to converge well if holomorphic functions are used to describe the boundaries. The use of preconditioning maps is also discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3909-3910 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3911-3932 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: spurious mechanism ; spurious pressure ; hybrid element ; stabilization ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In two-dimensional penalty finite element analysis of incompressible materials, Q9/3P, the 9-node quadrilateral with three assumed quasi-pressure modes, is the most popular element not bothered by spurious pressure. In constructing the penalty matrix of Q9/3P, it is necessary to form a 3×18 matrix and a 3×3 symmetric matrix. The inverse of the symmetric matrix is then post- and pre-multiplied by the 3×18 matrix and its transpose, respectively. By employing a rank subtraction technique, a new and more efficient implementation scheme is devised for the penalty matrix. Same as the conventional Q9 element, when Q9/3P is fully integrated, it becomes expensive and too stiff. On the other hand, there are two spurious kinematic modes should the element be sub-integrated. In the proposed Q9/3P element, the two mechanisms will be annihilated by judiciously chosen higher-order assumed stress modes in conjunction with a modified Hellinger-Reissner functional. It will be demonstrated that the element is of good accuracy and high efficiency.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 2 (1995), S. 487-505 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: biharmonic equation ; rectangular finite elements ; preconditioning ; multilevel methods ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Recently, some new multilevel preconditioners for solving elliptic finite element discretizations by iterative methods have been proposed. They are based on appropriate splittings of the finite element spaces under consideration, and may be analyzed within the framework of additive Schwarz schemes. In this paper we discuss some multilevel methods for discretizations of the fourth-order biharmonic problem by rectangular elements and derive optimal estimates for the condition numbers of the preconditioned linear systems. For the Bogner-Fox-Schmit rectangle, the generalization of the Bramble-Pasciak-Xu method is discussed. As a byproduct, an optimal multilevel preconditioner for nonconforming discretizations by Adini elements is also derived.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 2 (1995), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Boundary value problem ; Boundary element method ; Preconditioning ; Iterative method ; Parallel algorithm ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The parallel version of precondition techniques is developed for matrices arising from the Galerkin boundary element method for two-dimensional domains with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Results were obtained for implementations on a transputer network as well as on an nCUBE-2 parallel computer showing that iterative solution methods are very well suited for a MIMD computer. A comparison of numerical results for iterative and direct solution methods is presented and underlines the superiority of iterative methods for large systems.
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  • 193
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 2 (1995), S. 335-346 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: multisplittings ; overlapping ; comparison results ; M-matrices ; waveform relaxation ; parallel algorithms ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: We show that certain multisplitting iterative methods based on overlapping blocks yield faster convergence than corresponding nonoverlapping block iterations, provided the coefficient matrix is an M-matrix. This result can be used to compare variants of the waveform relaxation algorithm for solving initial value problems. The methods under consideration use the same discretization technique, but are based on multisplittings with different overlaps. Numerical experiments on the Intel iPSC/860 hypercube are included.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 2 (1995), S. 317-334 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: envelope reduction ; eigenvalues of graphs ; Gibbs - King algorithm ; Gibbs - Poole - Stockmeyer algorithm ; Laplacian matrices ; reordering algorithms ; reverse Cuthill - McKee algorithm ; sparse matrices ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The problem of reordering a sparse symmetric matrix to reduce its envelope size is considered. A new spectral algorithm for computing an envelope-reducing reordering is obtained by associating a Laplacian matrix with the given matrix and then sorting the components of a specified eigenvector of the Laplacian. This Laplacian eigenvector solves a continuous relaxation of a discrete problem related to envelope minimization called the minimum 2-sum problem. The permutation vector computed by the spectral algorithm is a closest permutation vector to the specified Laplacian eigenvector. Numerical results show that the new reording algorithm usually computes smaller envelope sizes than those obtained from the current standards such as the Gibbs - Poole - Stockmeyer (GPS) algorithm or the reverse Cuthill - McKee (RCM) algorithm in SPARSPAK, in some cases reducing the envelope by more than a factor of two.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 2 (1995), S. 395-397 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 196
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 2 (1995), S. 347-361 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: finite elements ; multilevel methods ; optimal order preconditioners ; newest vertex mesh refinement ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: The application of some recently proposed algebraic multilevel methods for the solution of two-dimensional finite element problems on nonuniform meshes is studied. The locally refined meshes are created by the newest vertex mesh refinement method. After the introduction of this refinement technique it is shown that, by combining levels of refinement, a preconditioner of optimal order can be constructed for the case of local refinement along a line. Its relative condition number is accurately estimated. Numerical tests demonstrating the performance of the proposed preconditioners will be reported in a forthcoming paper.
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 198
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 2 (1995), S. 399-399 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
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  • 199
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 2 (1995), S. 431-445 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: order cone ; order unit ; K-monotone operator ; Barrier element ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: An abstract version of the well known Barrier Lemma is presented and some of its generalizations are shown for bounded linear and some unbounded densely defined linear monotone operators in some partially ordered Banach spaces. K-monotonicity of generally unbounded operators is characterized. Some applications of constructing error bounds for approximately solving equations governed by bounded linear operators are established.
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    Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications 2 (1995), S. 363-393 
    ISSN: 1070-5325
    Keywords: Peaceman - Rachford procedure ; domain decomposition ; nonconforming finite element spaces ; parallel processing ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: This paper presents a general method to associate the operator splitting for the Peaceman - Rachford procedure with a decomposition of the domain in problems arising from finite element discretization of partial differential equations. The algorithm is provably convergent without any symmetry requirement. Moreover, this method possesses the significant advantage of making the linear systems of the Peaceman - Rachford iteration block diagonal and therefore perfectly appropriate for parallel processing. Not only is sparsity not affected but a reduction of the bandwidth occurs. In fact, for appropriate choices of nonconforming finite element spaces, this method makes directly possible elementwise processing. This option remains available in general for higher-dimensional problems by applying the splitting algorithm recursively. Practical implementation requires nothing more than the standard finite element assembly procedure and some bookkeeping to relate a few different orderings of the nodes. In addition to all these attractive features, the method is rapidly convergent and remains highly competitive even when used on a serial machine.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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