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  • 1990-1994  (8)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1920-1924
  • 1890-1899
  • 1991  (8)
  • genetic engineering
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The coming revolution of biotechnology: A critique of Buttel (1991)
    Springer
    Sociological forum 6 (1991), S. 551-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7861
    Keywords: agriculture ; capitalism ; development ; world economy ; Third World ; genetic engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology
    Notes: Abstract Frederick Buttel was one of the pioneers in studying the social impacts of biotechnology, claiming originally that it will involve profound changes in social structure. Recently Buttel turned around his argument proposing that, rather than revolutionary, biotechnology is more a “substitutionist” technological form to be applied to declining sectors of the economy than an “epoch-making” technology. This paper provides both external and internal critiques of Buttel's new position based on the concept of the “third technological revolution,” looking at the impact of new technologies as a global and interrelated phenomenon, and not on an individual case-by-case basis. The concluding section suggests the necessity of bringing into the analysis those living in the Third World: 60% of this population lives from agriculture and will be affected by the deployment of agricultural biotechnologies, whether through “substitutionism” or through totally new products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01114476
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular biology of rickettsiae (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 7 (1991), S. 207-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Rickettsia ; Intracellular parasite ; genetic engineering ; molecular biology ; rickettsial genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our understanding of the biology of the rickettsiae, organisms that are the archetype of the obligate intracytoplasmic bacterial parasites, remains muddy and fragmentary. For example although we all appreciate that the rickettsiae can exploit their unique environment, the host cell cytoplasm, but are unable to grow axenically, the basis of this fact is still one of microbiology's central mysteries. It is unfortunate, but true, that because of the inherent difficulty of working within this system, progress on the answers to such questions will be slow and laborious. However, with the application of molecular biological methods, that is, the powerful modern approaches of genetics and biochemistry, the rickettsiology community has the realistic prospect that this field is far from being at a stand-still and that significant increases in our comprehension of the fundamental problems of rickettsial biology are occurring and will continue to occur at ever accelerating rates. Some examples, both in terms of scientific conclusions and technical approaches, of the progress made in recent years and expectations for the near future will be presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145668
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Normal and lysine-containing zeins are unstable in transgenic tobacco seeds (1991)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 16 (1991), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: storage protein ; genetic engineering ; transgenic plants ; zeins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chimeric genes composed of the β-phaseolin promoter, an α-zein coding sequence and its modified versions containing lysine codons, and a β-zein polyadenylation signal were inserted into the genome of tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. α-Zein mRNA levels in the transgenic tobacco seeds 20 days after self-pollination varied between 1.0% and 2.5% of the total mRNA population. At 25 days after pollination the 19 kDa α-zein was immunologically detected with a polyclonal antiserum in protein extracts from the seeds of transgenic plants. The transgenic plant with the highest level of zein gene expression had an α-zein content that was approximately 0.003% of the total seed protein. The amount of α-zein in other transgenic plants varied between 1 × 10−4% and 1 × 10−5% of the total seed protein. The differences in the amounts of mRNA and protein did not correlate with the lysine substitutions introduced into the α-zein protein. Polysomes translating α-zein mRNA isolated from tobacco seeds contained fewer ribosomes than those from maize endosperm, but this did not appear to be the cause of the inefficient protein synthesis. In vivo labelling and immunoprecipitation indicated that newly synthesized α-zein was degraded in tobacco seeds with a half-life of less than 1 hour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00017922
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 4 (1991), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agricultural bioethics ; bovine somatotropin ; ownership of germ plasm ; genetic engineering ; animal rights ; intellectual property rights
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01980306
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parametric studies of ethanol production form xylose and other sugars by recombinant Escherichia coliFlorida Agricultural Experiment Station Publication Number R-01082. (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 38 (1991), S. 296-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: ethanol ; genetic engineering ; Escherichia coli ; lignocellulose ; xylose ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The conversion of xylose to ethanol by recombinant Escherichia coli has been investigated in pH-controlled batch fermentations. Chemical and environmental parameters were varied to determine tolerance and to define optimal conditions. Relatively high concentrations of ethanol (56 g/L) were produced from xylose with excellent efficiencies. Volumetric productivities of up to 1.4 g ethanol/L h were obtained. Productivities, yields, and final ethanol concentrations achieved from xylose with recombinant E. coli exceeded the reported values with other organisms. In addition to xylose, all other sugar constituents of biomass (glucose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose) were efficiently converted to ethanol by recombinant E. coli. Unusually low inocula equivalent to 0.033 mg of dry cell weight/L were adequate for batch fermentations. The addition of small amounts of calcium, magnesium, and ferrous ions stimulated fermentation. The inhibitory effects of toxic compounds (salts, furfural, and acetate) which are present in hemicellulose hydrolysates were also examined.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260380311
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of cell culture conditions for production of biologically active proteins (1991)
    Springer
    Cytotechnology 5 (1991), S. 17-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0778
    Keywords: genetic engineering ; Namalwa cells ; perfusion culture ; scaling-up ; serum-free medium ; stable production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the basic technology of cell culture conditions for production of useful substances such as cytokines, and related proteins produced by Namalwa cells. Namalwa cells (Klein, 1972), human B lymphoblastoid cells, were used for large scale production of alpha-interferon (Klein, 1979). Namalwa KJM-1, a subline of Namalwa cells, adapted to serum- and albumin-free medium, can grow at a high density above 1 × 107 cells/ml in suspension mode by the use of a perfusion culture system, Biofermenter™, containing a cone-type cell-sedimentation column as cell separator (Sato, 1983). Several kinds of cytokine cDNA can be introduced and expressed in Namalwa KJM-1 cells (Miyaji, 1990a,b,c). Some of these were produced in large quantities by use of a gene amplification method with dhfr (Miyaji, 1990c), even though the Namalwa KJM-1 cells contained endogenous dhfr genes. For stable production of the target protein, Namalwa KJM-1 cells are very useful host cells, because they have no effective endogenous protease activity in the conditioned medium. Using Biofermenter with micro-silicone fibers and a dialysis system, the specific productivity of the target proteins was not depressed at a high cell density.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00573878
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain grafts and Parkinson's disease (1991)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 45 (1991), S. 261-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: tissue transplantation ; catecholamines ; dopamine ; L-DOPA ; genetic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: In animal models, grafts derived from several different tissues, principally fetal substantia nigra and adrenal medulla from young adults, have been found to be effective in alleviating some of the manifestations of lesions of the substantia nigra. It has been suggested that these grafts function by diffusely secreting dopamine, by exerting trophic effects on the host brain, or by producing a new innervation of the host corpus striatum. Evidence for each of these modes of action is briefly reviewed. Several brain tissue transplantation techniques have been described. Each of these techniques has significant limitations in animal models. The significance of these limitations for human application is described, and possibilities for improving the efficacy of brain tissue transplantation in animal models and for human application are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240450307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The construction of high efficiency human bone marrow tissue ex vivo (1991)
    New York, N.Y. : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Biochemistry 45 (1991), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0730-2312
    Keywords: hematopoiesis ; stem cell ; perfusion ; hematopoietic growth factor ; genetic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: The successful ex vivo reconstruction of human bone marrow is an extraordinarily important basic scientific and clinical goal. Fundamentally, the system is the paradigm of a complex interactive tissue, in which the proliferation and regulated differentiation of one parenchymal cell type (the hematopoietic stem cell) is governed by the surrounding stromal cells. Understanding and reproducing the molecular interactions between bone marrow stromal cells and stem cells in tissue culture models is therefore the critical step in successful bone marrow tissue culture. Clinically, successful reconstruction of human bone marrow would permit the controlled production of mature blood cells for transfusion therapy, and immature bone marrow stem cells for bone marrow transplantation. In approaching the bone marrow culture system, we recognize the critical role that hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) play in hematopoiesis. Since stromal cells in traditional human bone marrow cultures produce little HGFs, we have begun by asking whether local supplementation of hematopoietic growth factors via genetically engineered stromal cells might augment hematopoiesis in liquid cultures. The results indicate that locally produced GM-CSF and IL-3 do augment hematopoiesis for several weeks in culture. In combination with geometric and dynamic approaches to reconstructing physiological bone marrow microenvironments, we believe that this approach has promise for reconstructing human bone marrow ex vivo, thereby permitting its application to a variety of basic and clinical problems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcb.240450308
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