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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efforts to Explain and Control the Prolonged Thermophilic Period in Two-phase Olive Oil Mill Sludge Composting (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: composting ; crude oil ; olive mill wastewater ; olive oil mills ; olive tree branches ; olive tree leaves ; sludge ; woodchips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper was to evaluate the use of different bulking agents in different ratios as a means to control, optimise and eventually reduce the duration of the thermophilic period in two-phase olive oil mill sludge (OOMS) composting. The bulking agents used were: (i) olive tree leaves (OTL), (ii) olive tree shredded branches (OTB) and (iii) woodchips (WDC). The selection of these materials was based on their abundance and availability on the island of Crete, the southernmost point of Greece. The ratios studied were: Pile 1, OOMS:OTL in 1:1 v/v; Pile 2, OOMS:WDC in 1:1.5 v/v; Pile 3, OOMS:OTL in 1:2 v/v; Pile 4, OOMS:OTL:OTB in 1:1:1 v/v; and Pile 5, OOMS:OTL:OTB in 1:1:2 v/v. The composting system used was that of windrows with the volume of each pile approximately 20–25 m3. The experiments took place over two consecutive years. A composting turner was used and turnings were performed at one and two week intervals. In each pile a variety of physiochemical parameters were monitored. Temperature remained high in all five trials. Piles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 temperatures recorded values of above 50 °C for 106, 158, 160, 175 and 183 days, respectively. Volumes were reduced by approximately 67%, 62%, 63%, 80% and 84%, respectively. Temperature remained high, mainly due to the presence in large amounts of oily substances which during their complete oxidation release important amounts of energy and aid the cometabolism of more stable molecules such as lignin. This process is better described as the slow “burning” of a “fuel” mixture in an “engine” than composting. This approach is based on the extensive similarities of this process to that of crude oil sludge or similar waste composting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-7566-4
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioremediation by Composting of Heavy Oil Refinery Sludge in Semiarid Conditions (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 251-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; composting ; ecotoxicity ; oil sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present work attempts to ascertain the efficacy of low cost technology (in our case, composting) as a bioremediation technique for reducing the hydrocarbon content of oil refinery sludge with a large total hydrocarbon content (250–300 g kg−1), in semiarid conditions. The oil sludge was produced in a refinery sited in SE Spain The composting system designed, which involved open air piles turned periodically over a period of 3 months, proved to be inexpensive and reliable. The influence on hydrocarbon biodegradation of adding a bulking agent (wood shavings) and inoculation of the composting piles with pig slurry (a liquid organic fertiliser which adds nutrients and microbial biomass to the pile) was also studied. The most difficult part during the composting process was maintaining a suitable level of humidity in the piles. The most effective treatment was the one in which the bulking agent was added, where the initial hydrocarbon content was reduced by 60% in 3 months, compared with the 32% reduction achieved without the bulking agent. The introduction of the organic fertiliser did not significantly improve the degree of hydrocarbon degradation (56% hydrocarbon degraded). The composting process undoubtedly led to the biodegradation of toxic compounds, as was demonstrated by ecotoxicity tests using luminescent bacteria and tests on plants in Petri dishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-5020-2
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissolution of phosphate rock during the composting of poultry manure: an incubation experiment (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 93-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: composting ; dissolution ; incubation ; 32P labelled francolite ; poultry manure ; phosphate rocks ; zeolite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Dissolution of phosphate rocks (PRs) during composting with poultry manure was examined using a radioactive32P labelled synthetic francolite and North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) through laboratory incubation experiments. Francolite or NCPR was mixed with different poultry manure composts at a rate equivalent to 5 mg P g−1 and the dissolution was measured after 60 and 120 days incubation by a sequential phosphorus (P) fractionation procedure. The use of32P labelled francolite showed that in manure systems, PR dissolution can be measured more accurately from the increases in NaOH extractable P (ΔNaOH-P) than from the decreases in HCl extractable P (ΔHCl-P) in the PR treated manure over the control. The dissolution measurements showed that approximately 8 to 20% of francolite and 27% of NCPR dissolved during incubation with poultry manure composts in the presence of various amendments. Addition of elemental sulphur (S°) to the compost enhanced the dissolution of PRs. The results provide no evidence for the beneficial effect of protons (H+), produced during the nitrification of NH 4 + in manure composts, on PR dissolution. The low level of dissolution of PR in poultry manure composts was attributed mainly to the high concentration (4.8 × 10−2 mol L−1) of calcium (Ca2+) in manure solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750093
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellulose acetate biodegradability upon exposure to simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactor environments (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 1 (1993), S. 143-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: solid waste ; composting ; methanogenesis ; degradation ; cellulose acetate ; biodegradability ; anaerobic bioreactor ; biodegradation testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Cellulose acetate (CA) films with degree of substitution (d.s.) values of 1.7 and 2.5 were exposed to biologically active in-laboratory composting test vessels maintained at approximately 53 °C. The CA 1.7- and 2.5-d.s. films (thickness values of ∼0.5–1.0 and 2.0 mil, respectively) had completely disappeared by the end of 7- and 18-day exposure time periods in the biologically active bioreactors, respectively. The relatively small CA film weight loss observed in the poisoned control test vessels allows the conclusion that CA film erosion during the composting exposures resulted, at least in part, from biologically mediated processes. Under strictly anaerobic conditions, an active methanogenic inoculum was developed by acclimation of a sewage sludge to a synthetic municipal solid waste (SMSW) mixture at 42°C. The CA 1.7-d.s. film samples (0.5- to 1.0-mil thickness) were exposed in anaerobic serum bottles containing a 25% solids loading of SMSW in which methanogenic activity was rapidly established after introducing of the developed inoculum. For exposures of 30 days only small visually distinguishable fragments of the CA 1.7-d.s. films were recovered. In contrast, exposure of the CA 1.7-d.s. film to a poisoned control test vessel resulted in negligible weight loss. Therefore, degradation of the CA 1.7-d.s. films upon exposure to the anaerobic bioreactors was due, at least in part, to biologically mediated processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01418207
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stabilisation of ‘Green tides’ Ulva by a method of composting with a view to pollution limitation (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 5 (1993), S. 183-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: seaweed ; Ulva ; drift macroalga ; composting ; pollution abatement ; ‘green tides’
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 85 000 m3 of Ulva sp. is harvested each year in Brittany (France) during a 3–4-month season. Spreading is often impossible and the alga does not keep for more than a few days. Storage results in objectionable odours and release of a liquified fraction. Such pollution can be suppressed by composting the alga with the lowest possible quantity of ligno-cellulosic substrates. This results in the stabilisation of the seaweed, and its use can thereby be delayed. This system of processing the seaweed decreases the cost of treatment by composting and the product can be used either as a substrate for later composting or as an organic enhancing and fertilising agent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00004015
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of microbiology in waste management (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 362-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Microbiology ; aerobic processes ; anaerobic processes ; waste disposal ; landfills ; landfill topsoil ; biogas ; biomethanization ; percolating waters ; tetrachloroethylene, anaerobic biodegradation ; vinyl chloride, anaerobic production ; incineration ; biofilter ; composting ; Aspergillus fumigatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Until a hundred years ago, the waste products from human activities were returned into the environment and underwent the biosphere's natural elimination processes without there being any long-term charge on the environment. During the last century, the increase in the amount of refuse has been accompanied by a decrease in its quality, mainly due to the production and dispersal of heavy metals and xenobiotic compounds. Both useful and noxious microbial processes have been underestimated in applied research in the field of waste management which, until now, has dealt mainly with artificial technologies. This paper presents some examples of microbiological processes occurring in waste treatment, particularly dumping, waste incineration, composting and biomethanization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923430
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of methods of measurement of nitrogen in poultry and animal manures (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 24 (1990), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonia volatilization ; animal manures ; composting ; forms of nitrogen ; Kjeldahl nitrogen ; poultry ; total nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Kjeldahl nitrogen (N), total N and forms of inorganic N (ammoniacal (NH4)-N, nitrate (NO3)-N and nitrite (NO2)-N) were measured in a range of animal manures. The manures include fresh samples of poultry manure, sheep manure, horse manure, dairy slurry and pig slurry and composted poultry manure. Kjeldahl N was measured by standard micro-Kjeldahl digestion. For total N measurements, NO3-N and NO2-N were recovered during Kjeldahl digestion by pretreatments with various oxidizing and reducing agents. Inorganic forms of N were measured by extraction with 2M KCl solution. Kjeldahl digestion alone allowed measurement only of organic N and NH4-N. Amongst various modifications to the Kjeldahl, pretreatment with either acidified (H2SO4) Zn-CrK(SO4)2 or acidified (H2SO4) reduced Fe achieved complete recovery of NO3-N. Nitrite N was only recovered by first oxidising the NO 2 - to NO 3 - with KMnO4 followed by reduction to NH4-N with acidified (H2SO4) reduced Fe. More than 95% of the total N in fresh animal manure was present as organic N and NH4-N which were recovered by the standard Kjeldahl digestion. In the case of fresh manures there was no difference between the amount of total N measured by the Kjeldahl digestion and its modified methods. However composting of poultry manure or drying of poultry manure, pig slurry and dairy slurry resulted in an increase in NO3-N which was not recovered during Kjeldahl digestion alone. Under these conditions the total N could be measured by pretreating the samples with KMnO4 and reduced Fe prior to Kjeldahl digestion. Drying of animal manures caused a decrease in organic N and NH4-N, especially in poultry, pig and dairy manures. There was a slight increase in NO3-N; but most of the decrease in N content with drying was attributed to the volatilization loss of ammonia (NH3). Amongst various drying methods examined air drying caused maximum loss of N as NH3 whereas freeze drying caused minimum loss of N. This suggests that fresh animal manures can be freeze dried for analysis of N which causes minimum loss of N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01073582
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    European bioconversion projects and realizations for macroalgal biomass : Saint-Cast-Le-Guildo (France) experiment (1990)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 204-205 (1990), S. 301-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: digester ; composting ; Europe ; methanization ; phycocolloid extraction ; residues ; seaweed ; stranded macroalgae ; Ulva
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Proliferation of macroalgae is a world-wide problem with 50,000 m3 of drift Ulva harvested per year in Brittany and about 1.0 to 1.2 million tons growing in the Venice lagoon. This biomass may be treated by bioconversion (aerobic or anaerobic fermentation) to give useful products (gas, fertilizers or others) and to remove a source of environmental pollution. Such a treatment also may be applied to cultivated or harvested seaweds and to seaweed industry residues. Studies of seaweed methanization showed Laminaria an especially good substrate and Ulva a possible substrate. Research led to a defined way of treating drift algae, encompassing natural hydrolysis and pressing with methanization of the juices. The most advanced full-scale realization for algal biomass utilization is the C.A.T.-Quatre-Vaulx composting plant in Saint-Cast-Le-Guildo (Brittany, France). It produced from seaweed, wood and animal dung a biological quality compost that is competitive with the traditional market products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040249
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