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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979
  • 1960-1964  (267)
  • 1962  (267)
  • Chemical Engineering  (267)
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Years
  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979
  • 1960-1964  (267)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 42-47 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method for measuring isothermal rates of heterogeneously catalyzed gas reactions is described. The method involves a differential reactor incorporated in a recycling system and affords ease of control, accuracy, and many rate measurements in one run.The results for the reaction system investigated show that four reactions are important: the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene, the reaction of ethanol to form diethyl ether, the dehydration of diethyl ether to ethylene, and the reaction of diethyl ether to form ethanol.It is also shown that the rate controlling steps are the monomolecular surface reactions for the two dehydrations and for the formation of ethanol from diethyl ether, and the bimolecular surface reaction for the formation of diethyl ether from ethanol.The values and the temperature dependence of all pertinent rate and adsorption constants are determined and reported, and they are shown to correlate very well the data up to 80% conversion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 70-78 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of mass transfer with rapid, homogeneous, irreversible reactions between dilute species with equal difusivities are carried out with a device which reduces the system of mass transfer-reaction equations to the equations for mass transfer in the absence of reaction.A relationship which gives the rate of transfer into stagnant, laminar, or turbulent reacting systems is developed. Under some conditions the reaction increases the transfer rates by a constant factor, while under other conditions the reaction increases the individual or over-all mass transfer coefficients by a constant factor.Calculations of concentration profiles, conversion, etc. are carried out for the Graetz problem with a homogeneous reaction between a dilute species in the fluid and a dilute species diffusing from the tube wall. Reaction completion times for various stagnant elements in infinite media are given.Although the flux into a turbulent reacting fluid is related to the time average behavior in the absence of reaction, the time average concentrations depend also upon the relative intensity of the concentration fluctuations in the absence of reaction. This latter dependence is obtained from a relationship of Hawthorne, et al.Surfaces on which the time average composition is stoichiometric and the reactant concentrations are proportional to the relative intensity of the concentration fluctuations in the absence of reaction are obtained for turbulent flow in a tube with a homogeneous reaction between the fluid and wall. Distances for almost complete reaction are estimated.The time average conversion is related to the accomplished mixing for the case in which two dilute reactants are turbulently mixed. In a uniform, stoichiometric mixture the fractional conversion equals the accomplished mixing. Calculations are carried out for uniform, nonstoichiometric mixtures.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 79-86 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study forms part of a project aimed at obtaining a better understanding of the behavior of nonideal permselective membranes. The object here was to determine the applicability of the Nernst-Planck equations for studying the behavior of ions in aqueous solutions surrounding such a membrane during electrodialysis.Attention was confined to stagnant and laminar flow systems. The processes studied were transfer of hydrogen ions, silver ions, and mixtures of the two through the cation exchanging membrane Nepton CR-61. The bulk solution concentrations on either side of the membrane varied from 0.01 to 0.20 N, and in all cases the only anions present were nitrate ions. Limiting currents for solutions of silver nitrate were predictable within 15%, with much of the uncertainty resulting from the difficulty in defining the limiting current. For mixtures of silver nitrate and nitric acid the limiting currents were predictable within the range of experimental accuracy but were found to be quite sensitive to small changes in the operating conditions. This sensitivity results from the very high relative mobility of the hydrogen ions. The relative transport of the two cations was primarily a function of relative concentration, relative diffusivities, current density, and ion exchange equilibria and was predictable with an accuracy limited only by the uncertainty of the ionic diffusivities and the ion exchange equilibria.The diffusivities of the cations in the membrane relative to the diffusivity of nitrate ion were estimated to be about ten times lower than in solution. This was explained by assuming that the cations tended to concentrate about the anionic fixed charges of the membrane thereby portially screening their effectiveness and reducing the mobility of the cations. In mixtures, the membrane diffusivity of the silver ions relative to the hydrogen ions was lower (by a factor of 1.4 to 3.6) than the relative diffusivity in solution. This indicated that silver ions were more easily concentrated about the fixed charges and thereby screened them from both the anions and hydrogen ions.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady state diffusion of gases through capillaries or through the pores of a solid when the total pressure in the system is constant is considered. It is shown that the ratio of the molar diffusion rate of the lighter gas to that of the heavier gas must be equal to the square root of the ratio of the molecular weight of the heavier to the lighter.From simple momentum transfer considerations a diffusion equation is derived to describe the diffusion rate as the nature of the process changes from ordinary mutual diffusion to Knudsen diffusion. This equation is shown to give good agreement with experimental measurements of diffusion rates in porous solids. A structural parameter of the porous solid, the diffusion ratio, is calculated from the experimental results and compared with the experimental value of the same ratio found from electrical resistance ratios and from flow measurements.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 137-138 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 143-143 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 161-163 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an empirical method for the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium data of a binary system at various pressures on the basis of equilibrium data near atmospheric pressure. The proposed method is tested for six hydrocarbon systems and one aqueous system. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental technique is described for estimating the coalescence frequency of droplets in an agitated liquid-liquid system. Results are presented for dilute aqueous dispersions in toluene. Quantitative estimates of the coalescence frequency are based upon a simple model proposed to describe the coalescence process. The coalescence frequency is shown to increase markedly with increase in impeller speed and to a lesser extent with increase in the dispersed-phase volume.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 248-252 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a preliminary to detailed kinetic analysis of ion-exclusion operations a study of the rate of absorption of glycerol from dilute aqueous solution has been made in small fixed beds of ion exchange resin. The resin used was Amberlite IR-120 (hydrogen form) ranging in size from 0.210 to 1.190 mm., as determined by dry screening. Solution flow rates were varied from 0.45 to 22.20 ml./(sq.cm.min.).Analysis of this problem has shown that the operation of such a process may be described by a simple linear rate equation and the usual transient column material balance relations. It was found that experimental breakthrough data could be well matched with curves predicted by such analysis. Furthermore, three characteristic regions of operation are apparent in which different rate controlling processes may be operating.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 266-271 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Turbulent flow friction factors were determined for flocculated suspensions of thoria, kaolin, and titania in tubes 1/8- to 1-in. diameter. The non-Newtonian laminar flow data were arbitrarily fitted with the Bingham plastic model. With this model the range of yield stress values was 0.018 to 1.39 lb.f/sq. ft., with a maximum ratio of coefficient of rigidity to viscosity of suspending medium of 11.1. The volume fraction solids were varied from 0.042 to 0.23.Two types of behavior were observed depending on the value of the yield stress. For yield values less than 0.5 lb.f/sq. ft. the turbulent friction factors were always less than those for Newtonian fluids but tended to approach the Newtonian values as the Reynolds number was increased. For yield values greater than 0.5 lb.f/sq. ft. the friction factors were again less than those for New-tonian fluids but tended to diverge from the Newtonian values as the Reynolds number was increased. Both sets of data were correlated with the Blasius relation with the coefficient and exponent given in terms of the laminar flow properties und the volume fraction solids.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 280-281 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 217-221 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusion rates were measured at atmospheric pressure and room temperature for helium and nitrogen in pelleted silver catalysts. Pellets were prepared from three silver salts giving different micropore characteristics. The data showed that the diffusion was of the bulk type and that the micropores had no effect, indicating that mass transfer was predominantly in the macropore region. For each kind of material data were obtained for five pellet densities corresponding to macropore volume fractions from 0 up to 0.7.Effective diffusivities and labyrinth factors ψ were evaluated and found to increase with macropore porosity. The linear relationship between ψ and void fraction proposed by Buckingham for diffusion through soils fitted the data at high void fractions. A generalized form of the Maxwell equation containing three constants was derived. A single-constant form of this expression agreed reasonably well with the measured results over the entire range of macropore volume fraction.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 239-244 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Γ-ray attenuation method was applied to determine the axial fluidizing bulk density profile for an air-solid aggregative fluidized bed. Except for beds fluidized at very high air velocities two distinct density zones were noted. The density of the bed in the lower portion of the column was relatively constant for a particular set of operating conditions and did not vary with bed height. The density in the top portion of the bed fell rapidly with bed height.The average density of the lower zone was correlated as a function of the operating variables. The density in the top zone was represented by a one-tail normal distribution curve. A somewhat better correlation was obtained by a two-parameter equation at high air velocities. The effects of operational variables, such as air velocity, static bed height, particle size, and particle-size distribution on these correlations were investigated.Friction-factor correlations based on two different definitions of bed height were also obtained.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 277-278 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 284-284 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 284-287 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 346-350 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusivities in slurries and in non-Newtonian solutions are predicted by means of an extension of the general Eyring rate theory. The fluid is considered as consisting of a number of discrete regions, each with its own contribution to the overall diffusion process. This model overcomes the unrealistic effects of fluid viscosity predicted by the conventional (empirical) equations. Whereas diffusivities predicted by means of prior art correlations were as much as 230 times lower than the experimental values in the systems, the maximum error in diffusivities predicted with the equations developed in this work was about 40%.Experimental data are provided on two kinds of fluids: slurries and a polymer solution. Both were highly non-Newtonian (flow behavior indexes as low at 0.15). Benzoic acid and β napthol were employed as the diffusing solutes. The principal limitation of the experimental data is that only aqueous systems were investigated.Much further experimental work will be required to provide a truly adequate test of the theory and to evaluate the several unknown parameters in sufficient detail to enable highly accurate predictions. Additionally the model used suggests a possible mechanism for increasing diffusion rates in these systems which is worthy of exploration. It may also be applied to an analysis and prediction of diffusion rates in viscous Newtonian fluids, for which no adequate method is presently available.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 357-358 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Frost-Kalkwarf vapor-pressure equation has been modified to include as variables the reduced temperature and pressure of the substance. The resulting relationship was found to contain a universal constant δ = 0.1832 and three other constants α, β, and γ, which are characteristic of the substance. Relationships between α, β, and γ were found to exist, and thus a vapor-pressure equation was produced which contains only one characteristic contant β and which is capable of predicting vapor pressures of pure substances up to the critical point.This vapor-pressure relationship has been applied to hydrocarbons of all types, including normal paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, diolefins, acetylenes, naphthenes, and aromatics. In these calculations values of β were estimated from the molecular structure of the hydrocarbons. For hydrocarbons the approach developed in this study was found to reproduce experimental vapor pressures with an average deviation of 2.7% for 456 experimental points representing fifty four hydrocarbons.This study indicates that if reliable vapor-pressure data, however meager, are available for a hydrocarbon, these data can be used to obtain constants which enable the prediction of the critical temperature and the critical pressure of the substance.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 407-415 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 421-422 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 428-430 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 437-444 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The model particles were prepared by oxidation of carbonyl iron spheres, followed by fractionation into cuts of very narrow size. A two-wavelength radiation pyrometer was developed for measuring the temperature of the particles in flight, and special probes were designed for determining gas velocity and degree of reduction at different levels of the reactor.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 455-460 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method of calculating the van Laar constants for binary vapor-liquid systems. The basis of the method is the van Arkel modification of the van Laar (Scatchard-Hildebrand) equations which utilize the concept of internal pressure. A generalized method of predicting the apparent internal pressure was developed and described. The experimental van Laar constants and those calculated by the proposed method are compared for twelve polar-nonpolar binary systems.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 26
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 467-471 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ryan and Johnson's treatment of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow is extended to include the heated flow of pseudoplastic liquids in smooth tubes. A limitation is pointed out for the case of Bingham plastic fluids.The theoretical results of the present investigation are compared with experimental data obtained for a large number of pseudoplastic fluids having widely variant rheological properties. It is found that the theoretically predicted flow rates corresponding to the inception of turbulence agree with the observed values to within ±6.7%. The theoretical critical wall shear stresses agree within ±3.87% with experiment.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 494-497 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The adsorption of methane from mixtures of methane and hydrogen on fixed beds of activated carbon at -115°F. and 1 atm. has been studied. Inlet gas concentrations of 5.69, 7.58, and 10.65 mole % methane in hydrogen were employed over a gas flow rate range of from 3.24 to 16.3 std. cu. ft./hr. Activated carbon in sizes of 4 × 6 and 6 × 16 mesh and as 1/8- and 3/16-in. pellets were employed as adsorbent.The external diffusion of adsorbate to the surface can be correlated by the usual mass transfer expressions for packed beds, although coefficients obtained in this work are lower than those reported for other systems in the literature.A new equation is presented for internal particle diffusion.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 359-361 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The radial variation of void fraction within a packed bed of uniform spheres has been found to vary from unity at the wall to about 38% in the interior of large beds. The voidage distribution takes the form of a damped oscillatory wave with the oscillations damped out at about 4½ to 5 sphere diameters from the container wall. The distribution function is essentially independent of whether the container wall is concave or convex.Continuous surfaces within the bed are responsible for local voidage variations similar to those at the container wall.An improved experimental technique is described in detail. The results presented are for a number of cases with D/d varying from 2.6 to infinity, and for boundary walls which are concave and convex.
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  • 29
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 365-368 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 378-382 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 478-481 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rate studies were carried out for the ortho-para hydrogen conversion at liquid nitrogen temperature with a multiple-impregnation nickel on aluminum oxide catalyst. Data were obtained at pressures up to 400 lb./sq. in. gauge over a range of flow rates for three catalysts of different pellet sizes.For the largest particle, ⅛-in. cylinders, diffusion resistances were significant. Effectiveness factors were evaluated and found to be somewhat less that 0.5 for this relatively active catalyst. After the diffusion resistances were accounted for, the surface rate was correlated on the basis of a mechanism supposing molecular hyddrogen to be adsorbed on the surface. Separate evaluation of the catalyst for the hydrogen-deuterium exchange reaction suggested that dissociation was not significant at liquid nitrogen temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 537-539 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The phase behavior of the methane-carbon dioxide system has been determined experimentally along the solid-liquid-vapor locus. Pressure-temperature measurements were made along this locus from the triple point of carbon dioxide to -284°F. Compositions of the vapor phase along the solid-liquid-vapor locus were determined with sampling techniques over a composition range of 0.1 to 12% carbon dioxide. Liquid-phase compositions were obtained from crystal-point determinations on eleven methane-carbon dioxide mixtures ranging from 0.16 to 20% carbon dioxide.With the pressure-temperature for the solid-liquid-vapor locus as the termination locus of the dew and bubble data of Donnelly and Katz (2), consistent liquid- and vapor-phase compositions were obtained over the remaining concentration range.Changes in the pressure-temperature relationship of the solid-liquid-vapor locus caused by using a methane stock containing 0.56 mole % nitrogen are also reported.
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  • 33
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 542-549 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 34
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 550-553 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The critical temperature of any multicomponent hydrocarbon system may be established solely from the normal boiling points of the pure constituents. Such mixtures may include normal paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, acetylenes, naphthenes, and aromatics and may contain an unlimited number of components.An expression has been developed for the prediction of the critical temperatures of mixtures and has been tested on fifty-five hydrocarbon systems containing from two to five components. For 208 binary mixtures the deviations from reported values were calculated, and the maximum deviations resulting from each system were averaged for the forty-one binary systems to produce an average maximum deviation of 0.91% based on degrees absolute. For twenty-eight multicomponent mixtures reported for nine ternary, two quaternary, and three quinary systems the average deviation was 1.03%.This method presents a simple and accurate means of establishing the critical temperature of any multicomponent hydrocarbon mixture as long as the ratio of the normal boiling points of the heaviest and lightest components present in the mixture does not exceed the prescribed limits.
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  • 35
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 562-562 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 36
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 563-566 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 37
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 576-576 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 38
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 39
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 581-586 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental kinetic data are most conveniently correlated by the integrated form of the differential rate equations which the reactions are presumed to obey. A new method of obtaining an approximate integral solution of the differential equations is described and applied to a set of three consecutive competitive reactions.The approximate integral solution is used to correlate experimental data on systems whose stoichiometry would indicate a consecutivecompetitive mechanism. The compositions of the reaction mixes are predicted with a standard error of estimate of less than 4% of the original concentration of the initiating reactant, in most cases less than 2%. The estimates of the rate constants, found by fitting the approximate solution to the data, are within experimental error of the values obtained by differentiation of the published results.
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  • 40
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 608-610 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 617-620 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Agitation and blending studies were made with solutions of Natrosol 250H, which were pseudoplastic fluids with nonconstant flow-behavior indexes. The published power number-Reynolds number correlation for pseudoplastic fluids having constant flow-behavior indexes is valid for Natrosol solutions. Published correlations for blend times in Newtonian fluids do not apply to Natrosol solutions; the blend times are ten to fifty times longer than with Newtonian fluids of the same apparent viscosity. Blend times are shortest in unbaffled vessels when a vortex is formed and correlate well with the vortex depths. Insertion of radial baffles always lengthened the blend time.
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 635-639 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 663-667 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 44
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 599-604 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 45
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 681-685 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 46
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 702-703 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 47
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 692-719 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical values are presented for the transient and steady state temperature field, velocity field, and local heat transfer coefficient within an infinitely long, horizontal cylinder with vertical halves of the wall at different uniform temperatures. Despite the many idealizations in the theoretical model the solution agrees reasonably well with previous experimental data for the steady state. The steady state solutions encompass a greater range of NGr and NPr than the experimental data, and the asymptotic solution for large NGr is found to be a reasonable approximation for a wide range of NPr and NGr, permitting generalization of the numerical results. The transient motion is found to be quite complex, and the local heat transfer coefficients are found to decrease to a minimum and then go through a maximum before attaining a steady value.
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  • 48
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 712-714 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 719-719 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 50
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 685-689 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was established that chlorine reacts with both water and hydroxyl ions. At a short reaction time when the pH was less than 3 the reversible reaction of chlorine and water controlled the absorption rate. From pH 3 to 10.5 the forward reaction predominated and yielded an apparent first-order rate constant of 20.9 sec.-1 at 25°C. Between pH 10.5 and 12.5 the reaction of chlorine with hydroxyl ions occurred simultaneously with the chlorine-water reaction. Above pH 12.5 the second-order reaction between chlorine and hydroxyl ions became controlling and the reaction-rate constant was evaluated to be in the order of 106 liters/(mole)(sec.) at 25°C.These ionic reactions of chlorine were further interpreted through the collision and transition state theories. Certain important quantities with regard to the reaction characteristics were derived from the experimental data.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 703-704 
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 708-710 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 53
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 714-720 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 54
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 146-146 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 55
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 171-175 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments were conducted on the absorption of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions of monoethanolamine in a very short wetted-wall column.When the absorption was effected from pure carbon dioxide streams, the results conformed to a theoretical relation for absorption combined with very fast second-order reaction. This is in accordance with expectations based on the probable mechanism and rate of the reaction. The data indicate that there is no appreciable effect of nonequilibrium at the interface for this particular reaction system over the range of exposure times studied.When mixed gas streams were used, it was necessary to resort to empiricism to correlate the data, although the correlating expression arose from theoretical considerations.
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  • 56
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 201-204 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rates of decomposition of ethane and ethylene were measured at temperatures between 1,250° and 2,800°K. and pressures between 0.25 and 2.0 atm. by exposing the gases to high temperature during the interval between the arrival of a compression wave and a reflected rarefaction wave in a shock tube. As contrasted with cracking at lower temperatures the ethane apparently reacted to hydrogen, ethylene, and acetylene and the ethylere to hydrogen and acetylene with negligible side reactions or polymerization. The over-all decomposition rates at high temperature fall off sharply from those extrapolated from low temperature, indicating a change in mechanism. Additions of air, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and chlorine in amounts up to 17% did not effect the rate constants significantly.
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  • 57
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 221-228 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Thermal conductivities of ten gases and selected binary and ternary mixtures of them were measured in a concentric silver cylinder cell over the temperature range from 100° to 540°C. The gases were helium, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, methyl ether, and methyl formate.Correlations based upon empirical equations derived from kinetic theory have been developed for the thermal conductivity of gas mixtures. For mixtures of polyatomic molecules the energy transport is considered in two parts, that is one portion transferred by collision and the other by diffusion. When compared with the experimental data for 226 binary mixtures over temperatures from 0° to 774°C., the conductivity equation proposed in this work shows an average deviation of 2.1%.
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  • 58
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 262-266 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Power data for dispersion of air in liquids by means of a six-bladed flat blade turbine are presented in the form of a logarithmic plot of actual power consumed against a function of speed, impeller diameter, gas flow rate, and impeller power characteristics. The data are those of Michel (7), Bimbenet (2), Sachs (12), and Oyama and Endoh (10).Turbines of from 3- to 8-in. diameter were run in tanks of from 6.5- to 18-in. diameter, with the D/T never exceeding 0.47. The fluids tested covered a density range of 0.8 to 1.65 g./ml. and a viscosity range of 0.9 to 100 centipoises.Data are also presented on dispersion of air in a 50% by volume batch of carbon tetrachloride in water and dispersion of air in a suspension of Alundum particles in water, and compared with data on water in a similar system.The qualitative effect of a surface active agent is demonstrated in a comparison of data for a 0.1% by weight mixture of Pluronic L-62 in water with data for pure water with the same apparatus.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 272-272 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 274-276 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 281-283 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 62
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 288-288 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 63
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  • 64
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 176-183 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The general attributes of the hydrate process for demineralizing sea water are discussed, and it is shown that the economics of the process depend on the properties of the hydrating agent used. Eight new hydrates are reported, and the thermodynamic properties of three hydrate systems are presented in some detail: methyl bromide Freon 21, and Freon 31.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 193-200 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data on the vapor phase photochlorination of chloroform in flow reactors are interpreted on the basis of reaction mechanisms presented in the literature. In order to estimate the rates of light absorption it is also necessary to interpret the rate data obtained for the uranyl sulfateoxalic acid reaction.The chlorination results are represented quite well by a mechanism in which the most important termination step is a termolecular reaction between trichloromethyl radicals and chlorine. Deviations from this model are observed as the flow of reactants becomes turbulent and as the light intensity increases. The observed decrease in reaction rate under such conditions is attributed to the increased significance of a second termination step, the unimolecular deactivation of chlorine radicals at the reactor wall.
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 209-213 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental unit has been designed and constructed for the study of critical phenomena in multicomponent systems. This unit has been built to utilize a new visual PV̇T cell capable of operating at temperatures up to 300°F. and pressures to 10,000 lb./sq. in. abs. This cell is of the liquid piston type with mercury as the pressurizing fluid and affords unobstructed visual observation of its contents. The dependability of the unit has been tested on two mixtures of ethane and n-butane. Phase equilibria data were obtained, which in turn were used to establish the critical temperture and pressure.Critical temperatures and pressures have been determined for six different compositions of the methane-ethane-n-butane system. These mixtures consisted of two series, each of three compositions differing only in methane content. The data obtained from them, in conjunction with previously reported critical values for the binaries of this system, have been utilized to generate the complete critical locus for the ternary system. The results for the six mixtures of this study have been compared with critical values predicted by methods available in the literature.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 66-69 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis is given of the role of physical and chemical forces in determining the selectivity of a solvent for different hydrocarbons. The physical contribution to selectivity depends on the polar energy density of the solvent and on the difference in size of the hydrocarbons to be separated; this effect is well-demonstrated by solvent selectivity data for paraffins where no chemical forces are important. The chemical contribution depends on the ability of the solvent to form acid-base complexes with the hydrocarbon. Chemical forces leading to complex formation can be detected by measurements on the heat of mixing, the volume change of mixing, and on the ultraviolet absorption of solvent-hydrocarbon mixtures; some illustrations of such measurements are presented. Finally an equation is proposed for correlating selectivity data in extractive distillation, and its applicability is demonstrated with activity coefficient data for saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in various polar solvents.
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  • 68
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 298-302 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theory is outlined relative to the effect of pressure on permeabilities and thermal conductivities of gases in porous solids in the slip flow and free-molecule flow regions, and experimental results are reported for several freeze-dried food materials. Mean pore diameters for the porous materials calculated from permeability data were about 100 μ and were in agreement with microscopic observations. Thermal conductivities followed the predicted behavior of a constant value at high pressures, with a gradual decrease to another constant value at very low pressures. The results show that the usual operating pressure range of freeze-dryers (0.1 to 1.0 mm. Hg) corresponds to the transition region between slip flow and free-molecule flow.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 317-321 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equilibrium flow of a general fluid through a long, straight, cylindrical tube is examined, and equations are derived for determining the three pertinent material functions, the shear stress component, the difference between the radial and angular normal stress components, and the difference between the axial and angular normal stress components. These equations are expressed in terms of quantities which are measurable. Experimental data are obtained for a polymer solution, and the material functions are calculated.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 373-378 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The minimum transport velocity (defined as the mean-stream velocity required to prevent the accumulation of a layer of stationary or sliding particles on the bottom of a horizontal conduit) vas determined in a 1-in. pipe for an aqueous suspension of glass beads using glass beads having mean diameters of 78 and 310 μ.The results of the present study were combined with prior pneumatic- and hydraulic-transport data for air and water suspensions to give a unique minimum-transport relation, valid for particles larger than the thickness of the laminar sublayer, that is for particles which are immersed in the buffer layer or which extend into the turbulent core when resting on the pipe wall. The correlation showed that the ratio of particle settling velocity to friction velocity at the minimum transport condition was a function of particle Reynolds number, pipe Reynolds number, and the relative density ratio of particle to fluid. The results of the correlation suggest that a single mechanism is responsible for the initiation of particle transport throughout the range of conditions covered. This mechanism may be identified with Bernoulli forces due to instantaneous velocity differences accompanying turbulent fluctuations and largely confined to the buffer layer.
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 416-418 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 423-425 
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 432-432 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 482-489 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new ideal K value is defined which does not depend on the Lewis and Randall ideal solution rule but is derived only from composition dependent pseudo criticals and the corresponding states principle. Properties of the liquid and vapor mixtures are evaluated from either experimentally measured properties of closely related pure substances or from generalized tables of thermodynamic properties. A derivation of an improved pseudocritical expression applicable to liquids which may be approximated by simple spherical molecules is presented. The derivation illustrates the assumptions involved and points the way for a possible extension of the technique to more complex molecules.There are some advantages to this approach. It does not require the troublesome extrapolation of liquid properties into regions where no liquid can exist, a fact which is characteristic of K value calculations from the ideal solution rule. It is especially useful for systems in which an equation of state is not available for all of the components present. It avoids the difficulties in defining combination rules for complicated equations of state. Even for systems including very complex or moderately polar molecules it provides a base for subsequent empirical modification. This base follows the correct isotherm of In K vs. In P up to the actual critical of the system without the difficulties associated with defining a convergence pressure or evaluating the extremely large activity coefficient corrections to the ideal solution rule in the critical region. For mixtures of simple molecules the calculated ideal K value is within about 10% of the experimental value in both the low pressure and in the critical region. The entire calculation may be expressed completely analytically for use on a digital computer and may be coupled with an equilibrium flash calculation so that the ideal K values may be determined from a given overall composition, temperature, and pressure.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One method of predicting vaporization equilibrium ratios for the components of a multicomponent mixture is through the use of standard state liquid fugacities, standard state vapor fugacities, liquid phase activity coefficients, and vapor phase activity coefficients. The relationship among these variables will be shown.It is the purpose of this paper to present a method for evaluating the fugacities of the components of a multicomponent liquid mixture which is in equilibrium with its vapors; to present a method for evaluating the standard state fugacities of hypothetical liquids and to disclose these values for methane and ethane up to a reduced temperature of 1.6 and values for propane up to a reduced temperature of 1.3; to present the coincident derived values of the vaporization equilibrium constants, Z factors, and solubility parameters; and to show correlations of these values.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 498-501 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Limiting velocities were determined by finding the composition at which the flame first spread into the unburned gases for a given velocity and turbulent intensity. These composition were represented by intersections of curves of flame widths at certain combustion chamber positions plotted vs. composition.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 403-406 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Adsorption isotherms on activated carbon were determined gravimetrically for normal C1 and C3-C6 paraffins and subsequently for methyl, ethyl, and n-propyl mercaptans, hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and carbon disulfide, at pressures up to 1 atm. and from -23° to 100°C. Orthobaric liquid densities at low temperatures of some of the sulfur gases were determined pycnometrically. The adsorption data on correlation by the method of Lewis, Gilliland, Chrtow, and Cadogan (1) gave two separate curves, one for the paraffins and one for the sulfur compounds. The results show the correlation to be useful for estimating the adsorptive capacity of chemically similar compounds from a minimum of experimental data.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 553-556 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 79
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 559-560 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 569-570 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 576-576 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 490-493 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 519-521 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that viscosity variations and temperature differences between the upper and lower walls can significantly increase or decrease the tendency toward instability. It was found that low Prandtl number fluids are most sensitive to gravitational field effects because they are characterized by a thicker thermal boundary layer.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 85
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 521-526 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Requirements for satisfactory calculation of high temperature transport properties are discussed, with special emphasis on the role of the intermolecular potential. The determination of appropriate pair potentials from scattering of high energy neutral beams is described, and potentials obtained from helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon, each scattered by its own gas, are tabulated. Similar potentials are given for helium scattered by argon, nitrogen, methane, monofluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, and tetrafluoromethane; neon by argon; argon by hydrogen and nitrogen; atomic hydrogen by helium and hydrogen; and atomic deuterium by deuterium gas. Average potentials derived from suitable combinations of these experimental potentials are given for the like-particle systems of nitrogen, methane, monofluoromethane, difluoromethane, trifluoromethane, and tetrafluoromethane.Results of calculations which use suitable and unsuitable potential functions are shown in tabulated form for the coefficient of viscosity, the coefficient of self-duffusion, and the isotopic reduced thermal diffusion ratio of argon and of nitrogen, and in graphical form for the coefficient of viscosity of xenon.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 540-542 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 557-558 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 561-561 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 565-575 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 690-692 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical values are presented for the transient velocity field, temperature field, and local heat transfer coefficient. These results were obtained by solving the partial differential equations describing the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy on an IBM-704 computer with finite difference methods in time-dependent form. The computed values for short times agree very well with the analytical solution for conduction only, and the limiting values for long time agree well with previous solutions for the steady state. The existence of a temporal minimum in the heat transfer coefficient is confirmed. The time required for the heat transfer coefficient to approach its steady state is shown to be less than previously predicted.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 704-708 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 92
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 710-712 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 718-719 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vol. 58, No. 38, 1962, $15.00 to nonmembers. Symposium Series books may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York 17, New York.
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  • 94
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 59-63 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Viscosities available in the literature for the gaseous and liquid states of eleven substances have been correlated with reduced density by the use of dimensional analysis and the Abas-zade expression for the residual viscosity to produce a single generalized relationship which is presented both graphically and analytically. The substances are argon, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, ethane, propane, i-butane, n-butane, and n-pentane. The properties required for the calculation of viscosity with this relationship are the molecular weight, the critical constants, and the density of the substance at the temperature and pressure considered.Separate relationships were developed for hydrogen, ammonia, and water which do not follow the consistent behaviour of the other substances. Viscosity values for ethylene calculated with the generalized relationship compared favorably with the corresponding experimental values.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 86-92 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study has been made of the second virial coefficients of binary gas mixtures containing one or two polar components. Methods for calculating these coefficients are presented. The interaction coefficient Bij for a polar-polar interaction cannot be calculated with the Stockmayer potential with pure component parameters only; such calculations tend to underestimate the strong forces of attraction between dissimilar polar molecules. It is shown that the characteristic distance for the reduced dipole moment for two dissimilar polar molecules is less than the arithmetic average of the distance parameter of the similar molecules by an amount which can be related to the enthalpy of complex formation. When this corrected collision diameter is used in the Stockmayer potential, good results can be obtained for interaction coefficient Bij. In the case of a polar-nonpolar mixture the coefficient Bij depends on dispersion and on induction forces. Techniques are proposed for estimating these forces from pure component parameters, and it is shown that for accurate calculation of Bij it is necessary to correct for the displacement of the dipole from the center of the polar molecule. The paper concludes with some illustrations of how these ideas may be applied to typical chemical engineering problems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 96
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 101-102 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients are reported for particles of boric acid and benzoic acid dissolving in water in a 2-in. pipeline. For water velocities of 1 to 4 ft./sec. the coefficients are 1.2 to 2 times the values predicted for freely falling particles. The coefficients are slightly less than those obtained in agitated tanks at the same power per unit volume.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 97
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 431-432 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 103-108 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Results from an investigation of the fully developed turbulent wake of a circular cylinder are presented. The study was conducted in the liquid phase, in the controlled flow field of a water tunnel. A technique was developed for measuring the intensity of turbulence in water. The decay of turbulence intensity downstream from a series of fine-mesh wire screens was measured and compared with aerodynamic decay laws. Profiles of the turbulence intensity in the cylinder wake were also obtained. This paper is Part I of a study of liquid phase turbulent mass transfer in the wake of a cylinder. The mass transfer results are reported in Part II.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 99
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 138-144 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 8 1/2 by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost $3.50 to members, $15.00 to nonmembers for “Petrochemicals and Petroleum Refining,” No. 34. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York 17, New York.The A.I.Ch.E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes. Recently published volumes are abstracted below.
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  • 100
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    AIChE Journal 8 (1962), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article proposes an empirical method for predicting the vapor-liquid equilibrium data on binary hydrocarbon systems without any experimental data on the mixtures. The method was tested for twenty-six systems under atmospheric pressure and three isothermal systems. The predicted results are in excellent agreement with experimental data.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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