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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of fixation prevention and “Dissociation” learning with chlordiazepoxide (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 12 (1968), S. 384-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Tranquilizing Agents ; Chlordiazepoxide ; Frustration ; Animal Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This experiment investigated the possibility that chlordiazepoxide (CDP) has unique properties that account for state dependent learning, and prevention of conflict-induced behavior fixations. One group of rats were given a discrimination problem on a Lashley jumping stand, but on even days all responses were punished. Another group were treated the same way except than on even days all responses were rewarded. Each of these groups were subdivided, half of the Ss were given CDP on even days, the other half no drug. The results showed that punishment on even days for the response to be learned disrupted learning more than reward for responses that were to be avoided. CDP practically eliminated these disruptive effects and aided learning for the punishment group, but led to a slower rate of learning for the reward group. These findings confirmed the hypothesis that CDP attenuates the effects of negative incentives, and that this property accounts for the drug's cue value in discrimination learning and for its fixation prevention characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401344
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of DDT or Parathion on condition avoidance response of offspring from DDT or Parathion treated mothers (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 12 (1968), S. 424-427 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Central Nervous System ; Psychopharmacology ; DDT ; Parathion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The offspring of female mice treated with 2.5 mg/kg DDT during the second or third trimester of pregnancy showed a delayed acquisition of the conditioned avoidance response. If DDT was given in the first trimester, or if 3 mg/kg of Parathion was given during the pregnancy, no effect on the conditioned avoidance response of the off-spring was seen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401347
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increase of “antianxiety” activity and tolerance of behavioral depression during chronic administration of oxazepam (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 74-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Benzodiazepines ; Psychopharmacology ; Antianxiety ; Drug Tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Oxazepam has two opposing actions on behavior: a responsedecreasing or depressant action and a response-increasing or disinhibitory action. The course of the two actions in chronic dosing was determined in rats in a test in which punished and unpunished schedules of reinforcement were alternated. The depressant action (measured by a decrease in the rate of unpunished behavior) was observed to undergo tolerance after 3–4 doses, while the disinhibitory action (measured by an increase in the rate of punished behavior) failed to show tolerance and even increased throughout the chronic series. The selective tolerance of the depressant action is probably due to neuronal adaptation, but changes in metabolism also may be involved. The increase in the rate of punished behavior is attributed, at least in part, to a progressive unmasking of the disinhibitory action as tolerance to the depressive action develops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401620
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of monoamine oxidase inhibitors and reserpine: an EEG, gross behavioral and biochemical analysis (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 12 (1968), S. 400-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Electrophysiology ; Arousal ; Animal Behavior ; Brain Biogenic Amines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied the interactions of reserpine and the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, nialamide and isocarboxazid, in rabbits. EEG recordings were made from animals with acute and chronically implanted electrodes. Gross behavioral observations were made in freely moving rabbits and brain amine concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin were also determined. Emphasis was placed on observing drug effects over periods of time ranging up to 13 days. Rabbits given isocarboxazid or nialamide alone exhibit a phenomenon rarely seen in the control animals, namely partial activation, an EEG pattern in which slow waves of high amplitude are maintained in the cortex while fast activity appears in subcortical structures. This effect was also observed in rabbits treated with nialamide and reserpine in combination. By appropriate dosage schedules in which reserpine was administered to animals pretreated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors it was possible to maintain extended periods of frank arousal or EEG activation over a period of several days. The absolute concentrations of brain amines bore little or no relationship to the EEG effects observed, however, increased ratios of serotonin to norepinephrine were observed in conjunction with EEG activation and signs of behavioral excitement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401345
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuroleptic action of quaternary chlorpromazine and related drugs injected into various brain areas in rats (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 12 (1968), S. 428-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Ganglia, Basal ; Psychopharmacology ; Chlorpromazine ; Amphetamine ; Dopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In rats micro-injections in corpus striatum of quaternary chlorpromazine and related drugs give rise to highly characteristic neuroleptic effects: antagonism of amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviour and development of catalepsy. There is no effect of injections in hippocampus or septum. Dopaminergic mechanisms in corpus striatum seem to play a central role in neuroleptic action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401348
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sample selection by diagnosis in clinical drug evaluations (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 118-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Diagnosis ; Sampling Studies ; Statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Theoretical models for sample selection by diagnosis using one, one-out-of-two, two, two-out-of-three, and three concurring opinions are illustrated. These models are then applied to two categories, schizophrenia and depressive disorders, for an actual sample of patients diagnosed by multiple observers. The conclusion is reached that sample selection by a single opinion is not sufficiently reliable for research studies. The choice of alternative methods of selection depends on the needs of a particular study. Samples chosen on the basis of two-out-of-three concurring opinions provide the least total error. When erroneous inclusions are particularly undesirable, higher degrees of consensus—e.g. agreeing pairs or triplets—are necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404809
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of imipramine, physostigmine and amphetamine on the electrical activity of the brain in the cat (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 129-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Electroencephalography ; Psychopharmacology ; Imipramine ; Amphetamine ; Physostigmine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of the interaction of imipramine, physostigmine and d/l amphetamine in various intravenously administered dosages were studied on the cortical and subcortical electrical activity of cats. Imipramine was shown to cause a cortical synchronization, hippocampal desynchronization, rise in the threshold of electrocortical arousal and limbic convulsive activity which was potentiated by amphetamine. Imipramine increased the amount of physostigmine, but decreased the amount of amphetamine needed for cortical desynchronization. The possible significance of these findings for the neuropsychopharmacological action of imipramine is briefly discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404810
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influencing the human indoleamine metabolism by means of a chlorinated amphetamine derivative with antidepressive action (p-Chloro-N-Methylamphetamine) (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 145-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Indoleamine Metabolism ; Psychopharmacology ; Antidepressive Drugs ; Amphetamine Derivatives (Chlorinated) ; Depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary CMA (p-chloro-N-methylamphetamine) lowers the cerebral 5-HT concentration in test animals but has virtually no effect on the catecholamine concentrations. Moreover, this compound was found to behave in depressive patients like an antidepressive drug, not like a central stimulant of the amphetmine type. The study described was conducted in order to establish whether CMA influences the overall metabolism of indoleamines in man. Such an influence was clearly demonstrable. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CMA releases 5-HT from its depots. It has not been explained why a considerable proportion of the released 5-HT is excreted unchanged and why the increase in 5-HIAA excretion is so small: the overall activity of MAO was found not to be inhibited. No indications of abnormal 5-HT degradation were found at this time. Patients with vital depressions who improved on CMA medication showed a lower 5-HIAA excretion before treatment than did patients who were refractory to CMA treatment. This is consistent with earlier observations. The possible cause of this phenomenon is discussed. Among the various possibilities considered, an abnormal 5-HT metabolism is regarded as the most plausible. Pertinent investigations are being continued.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404812
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of amphetamine on the sleep-wakefulness cycle of developing kittens (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 161-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sleep-wakefulness Cycle ; Amphetamine ; Psychopharmacology ; Growing Animals ; Electrencephalography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The effects of amphetamine on the sleep-wakefulness cycle were studied in 48 kittens during the growth period of 1–28 days of age. Recordings of EEG, EMG of the posterior neck muscles and respiratory rhythms were made as well as observations of gross behavior. 2. Percent time of wakefulness was increased with amphetamine (0.3 mg/kg). This effect became more marked with age, i.e., being more significant after 16 to 18 days of age (P〈0.005) than before (P〈0.05). These increases in the intensity of the effect during growth may be related to the postnatal development of the structures responsible for wakefulness. 3. Percent time of “activated” sleep was diminished significantly at all ages including the newborns (P〈0.005). This lack of the influence of age suggests that the structures responsible for “activated” sleep are well developed at birth. 4. The increase of percent time of slow wave sleep was observed. This increase is regarded as a “passive” manifestation of time left available after a severe diminution of “activated” sleep time and relatively slight increase of wakefulness time during amphetamine medication.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00404813
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some observations suggesting preservation of skilled motor acts despite drug-induced stress (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 287-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Motion Pictures ; Motor Skills ; Eye Movements ; Psychopharmacology ; Psychological Tests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Measures of skilled motor performances, both of a task-oriented (tests of eye-hand coordination) and incidental (control of facial and ocular muscles) nature were recorded for a sample of 20 healthy young adults before and after single administrations of perphenazine, opipramol, imipramine and placebo at doselevels commonly supposed to produce mood or behavioral effects. It was anticipated that such performances would be sensitive even to slight changes in the subjects' physiological and psychological state; the aim was to test the power of tests of subtle skills in providing indices of slight to moderate behavioral effects. The performance measures remained surprisingly little affected by all drugs, despite their sensitivity to drug-independent improvement in performance throughout the experimental day, and despite evidences of drug-related effects, especially for imipramine and opipramol, in simple objective physiological measures, and for imipramine alone in subjective measures taken concurrently. There may be a class of skilled sensory-motor acts, particularly those related to well-learned daily activities, which, rather than being vulnerable to adverse effect, remain efficient even in the presence of signs of disturbance of bodily function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414340
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of cross-tolerance in rats among (−) Δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabis extract, mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 332-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cannabis ; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ; Mescaline ; Hallucinogens ; Psychopharmacology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using climbing rope and bar-pressing behavior methods, rats were rendered tolerant to Δ 9-THC, cannabis extract, mescaline and LSD-25. Cross-tolerance experiments showed that rats refractory to Δ 9-THC and cannabis extract were still sensitive to mescaline and LSD-25, and vice-versa. These results suggest that, in spite of the similarity of the clinical symptoms produced in man by the 3 drugs, Δ 9-THC may have its psychotomimetic effects produced by different mechanisms from those of LSD-25 and mescaline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414344
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cholinergic drugs on poor performance of rats in a shuttle-box (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 12 (1968), S. 371-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Cholinergic Blocking Drugs ; Animal Behavior ; Scopolamine ; Conditioned Reflex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Atropine or scopolamine improved conditioned avoidance behavior for most rats which performed poorly, in spite of extensive training, in a shuttle-box procedure. As previously reported, d-amphetamine also improved performance in many of these animals, but there was no particular relationship between a rat's responses to the cholinergic blocking agents and to d-amphetamine. The effect of any one of the 3 agents was, for the most part, reversible after the drug effect had dissipated. Physostigmine was quite potent in disrupting avoidance behavior in rats that performed well in the shuttle-box, even in animals that were overtrained. This impairment was antagonized by atropine or scopolamine, partly antagonized by d-amphetamine, and not antagonized by methyl atropine. Poor performers were found to be very sensitive to the disruptive effects of physostigmine, losing much of their escape behavior after relatively small doses. The results are interpreted as evidence for a central cholinergic system with inhibitory influences for modulating stimulus-response patterns. Under normal circumstances this inhibitory system probably functions in an integrated manner with the adrenergic mobilizing system for the central control of learned behavior. Centrally-active anticholinergic drugs of the muscarinic type appear to influence behavioral responses by inducing a response disinhibition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401343
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the effects of nicotine and physostigmine on a measure of activity in the rat (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 210-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Animal Behaviour ; Nicotine ; Physostigmine ; Motor Activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats of 3 strains were observed at regular intervals and their activity was recorded using four categories of behaviour-rearing, moving, grooming and immobile. Strain differences in control activity were found. Nicotine and physostigmine reduced the activity of the more active rats and increased that of the less active animals. Rearing behaviour was particularly susceptible to depression by both drugs. The similarity of effect of the two drugs supports the hypothesis that one of the actions of nicotine in the brain is the release of acetylcholine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401401
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug effects on motor coordination (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 12 (1968), S. 414-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Psychopharmacology ; Barbiturates ; Phenothiazines ; Animal Behavior ; Motor Coordination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The rotarod test of motor coordination in mice was modified by increasing the rotation speed every 30 sec until the animals fell off. This procedure yielded a stable, proficient level of performance within four brief trials; the approximately normal distribution of performance times provided an equivalent measure of either improvement or impairment caused by drugs and permitted the use of parametric statistical tests. A total of 240 mice were assigned to 20 different groups of 12 each, administered oral doses of placebo or different drugs, prior to trial 4. The use of a ratio score (performance time in trial 4 divided by the same animal's time in trial 3) provided a measure of drug-induced changes, controlling for individual differences among animals in over-all level of performance. Two phenothiazines (chlorpromazine and perphenazine) impaired performance at low doses, with a progressively greater decrement at increasing doses (4, 8, 16 mg/kg); 2 barbiturates (pentobarbital and amobarbital) showed an all-or-none effect, with no significant decrement at the lower doses (20 and 40 mg/kg) but almost complete incapacitation at the highest dose of 80 mg/kg. Performance superior to the placebo condition was found with the 2 lower doses of pentobarbital and with 3 d-amphet-amine doses (4, 8, 16 mg/kg). An analysis of individual differences gave evidence that the animals which were inferior in prior performance were more susceptible to both improvement and impairment of performance under the influence of drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401346
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