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  • 2010-2014  (24)
  • 1950-1954  (9,223)
  • Chemistry  (9,223)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (1,304)
  • ddc:510  (24)
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Year
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Convexity is an important property in nonlinear optimization since it allows to apply efficient local methods for finding global solutions. We propose to apply symbolic methods to prove or disprove convexity of rational functions over a polyhedral domain. Our algorithms reduce convexity questions to real quantifier elimination problems. Our methods are implemented and publicly available in the open source computer algebra system REDUCE. Our long term goal is to integrate REDUCE as a workhorse'' for symbolic computations into a numerical solver.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Applications which need exclusive access to a shared resource in distributed systems require a fault-tolerant and scalable mechanism to coordinate this exclusive access. Examples of such applications include distributed file systems and master/slave data replication. We present Flease, an algorithm for decentralized and fault-tolerant lease coordination in distributed systems. Our algorithm allows the processes competing for a resource to coordinate exclusive access through leases among themselves without a central component. The resulting system easily scales with an increasing number of nodes and resources. We prove that Flease ensures exclusive access, i.e. guarantees that there is at most one valid lease at any time.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: We propose an efficient column generation method to minimize the probability of delay propagations along aircraft rotations. In this way, delay resistant schedules can be constructed. Computational results for large-scale real-world problems demonstrate substantial punctuality improvements. The method can be generalized to crew and integrated scheduling problems.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: In optimal control problems with nonlinear time-dependent 3D PDEs, full 4D discretizations are usually prohibitive due to the storage requirement. For this reason gradient and quasi-Newton methods working on the reduced functional are often employed. The computation of the reduced gradient requires one solve of the state equation forward in time, and one backward solve of the adjoint equation. The state enters into the adjoint equation, again requiring the storage of a full 4D data set. We propose a lossy compression algorithm using an inexact but cheap predictor for the state data, with additional entropy coding of prediction errors. As the data is used inside a discretized, iterative algorithm, lossy coding maintaining an error bound is sufficient.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-03-11
    Description: Bovine fertility is the subject of extensive research in animal sciences, especially because fertility of dairy cows has declined during the last decades. The regulation of estrus is controlled by the complex interplay of various organs and hormones. Mathematical modeling of the bovine estrous cycle could help in understanding the dynamics of this complex biological system. In this paper we present a mathematical model of the bovine estrous cycle that includes the processes of follicle and corpus luteum development and the key hormones that interact to control these processes. Focus in this paper is on development of the model, but also some simulation results are presented, showing that a set of equations and parameters is obtained that describes the system consistent with empirical knowledge. Even though the majority of the mechanisms that are included are only known qualitatively as stimulatory or inhibitory effects, the model surprisingly well features quantitative observations made in reality. This model of the bovine estrous cycle could be used as a basis for more elaborate models with the ability to study effects of external manipulations and genetic differences.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-03-14
    Description: Learning during search allows solvers for discrete optimization problems to remember parts of the search that they have already performed and avoid revisiting redundant parts. Learning approaches pioneered by the SAT and CP communities have been successfully incorporated into the SCIP constraint integer programming platform. In this paper we show that performing a heuristic constraint programming search during root node processing of a binary program can rapidly learn useful nogoods, bound changes, primal solutions, and branching statistics that improve the remaining IP search.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: We propose a novel integer programming approach to transfer minimization for line planning problems in public transit. The idea is to incorporate penalties for transfers that are induced by “connection capacities” into the construction of the passenger paths. We show that such penalties can be dealt with by a combination of shortest and constrained shortest path algorithms such that the pricing problem for passenger paths can be solved efficiently. Connection capacity penalties (under)estimate the true transfer times. This error is, however, not a problem in practice. We show in a computational comparison with two standard models on a real-world scenario that our approach can be used to minimize passenger travel and transfer times for large-scale line planning problems with accurate results.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-06-09
    Description: The aim of this paper is to devise an adaptive timestep control in the contact--stabilized Newmark method (CONTACX) for dynamical contact problems between two viscoelastic bodies in the framework of Signorini's condition. In order to construct a comparative scheme of higher order accuracy, we extend extrapolation techniques. This approach demands a subtle theoretical investigation of an asymptotic error expansion of the contact--stabilized Newmark scheme. On the basis of theoretical insight and numerical observations, we suggest an error estimator and a timestep selection which also cover the presence of contact. Finally, we give a numerical example.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: Railway scheduling is based on the principle of the construction of a conflict-free timetable. This leads to a strict definition of capacity: in contrast with road transportation, it can be said in advance whether a given railway infrastructure can accommodate - at least in theory - a certain set of train requests. Consequently, auctions for railway capacity are modeled as auctions of discrete goods -- the train slots. We present estimates for the efficiency gain that may be generated by slot auctioning in comparison with list price allocation. We introduce a new class of allocation and auction problems, the feasible assignment problem, that is a proper generalization of the well-known combinatorial auction problem. The feasible assignment class was designed to cover the needs for an auction mechanism for railway slot auctions, but is of interest in its own right. As a practical instance to state and solve the railway slot allocation problem, we present an integer programming formulation, briefly the ACP, which turns out to be an instance of the feasible assignment problem and whose dual problem yields prices that can be applied to define a useful activity rule for the linearized version of the Ausubel Milgrom Proxy auction. We perform a simulation aiming to measure the impact on efficiency and convergence rate.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: This paper presents concepts and implementation of the finite element toolbox Kaskade 7, a flexible C++ code for solving elliptic and parabolic PDE systems. Issues such as problem formulation, assembly and adaptivity are discussed at the example of optimal control problems. Trajectory compression for parabolic optimization problems is considered as a case study.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: In this paper a bottom-up approach of automatic simplification of a railway network is presented. Starting from a very detailed, microscopic level, as it is used in railway simulation, the network is transformed by an algorithm to a less detailed level (macroscopic network), that is sufficient for long-term planning and optimization. In addition running and headway times are rounded to a pre-chosen time discretization by a special cumulative method, which we will present and analyse in this paper. After the transformation we fill the network with given train requests to compute an optimal slot allocation. Then the optimized schedule is re-transformed into the microscopic level and can be simulated without any conflicts occuring between the slots. The algorithm is used to transform the network of the very dense Simplon corridor between Swiss and Italy. With our aggregation it is possible for the first time to generate a profit maximal and conflict free timetable for the corridor across a day by a simultaneously optimization run.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: In solving large polynomial algebraic systems that are too big for standard Gröbner basis techniques one way to make progress is to introduce case distinctions. This divide and conquer technique can be beneficial if the algorithms and computer programs know how to take advantage of inequalities. A further hurdle is the form of the resulting general solutions which often have unnecessarily many branches. In this paper we discuss a procedure to merge solutions by dropping inequalities which are associated with them and, if necessary, by re-parametrizing solutions. In the appendix the usefulness of the procedure is demonstrated in the classification of quadratic Hamiltonians with a Lie-Poisson bracket $e(3)$. This application required the solution of algebraic systems with over 200 unknowns, 450 equations and between 5000 and 9000 terms.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: In the paper arguments are given why the concept of static evaluation (SE) has the potential to be a useful extension to Monte Carlo tree search. A new concept of modeling SE through a dynamical system is introduced and strengths and weaknesses are discussed. The general suitability of this approach is demonstrated. A Remark: Among users of the Internet Go server KGS the abbreviation SE is used for 'Score Estimator'. Although different from 'Static Evaluation' a score estimator is easily obtained from static evaluation by adding up probabilities of chains to be alive at the end of the game or points to be owned by White or Black
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Linear Poisson brackets on e(3) typical of rigid body dynamics are considered. All quadratic Hamiltonians of Kowalevski type having additional first integral of fourth degree are found. Quantum analogs of these Hamiltonians are listed.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: A classification problem is proposed for supersymmetric %scaling\/-\/in\-va\-ri\-ant evolutionary PDE that satisfy the assumptions of nonlinearity, nondegeneracy, and homogeneity. Four classes of nonlinear coupled boson\/-\/fermion systems are discovered under the weighting assumption $|f|=|b|=|D_t|=\oh$. The syntax of the \Reduce\ package \SsTools, which was used for intermediate computations, and the applicability of its procedures to the calculus of super\/-\/PDE are described.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: We consider the problem of constructing Gardner's deformations for the $N{=}2$ supersymmetric $a{=}4$--\/Korteweg\/--\/de Vries equation; such deformations yield recurrence relations between the super\/-\/Hamiltonians of the hierarchy. We prove the non\/-\/existence %P.~Mathieu's Open problem on constructing for of supersymmetry\/-\/invariant %Gardner's deformations that %solutions, retract to Gardner's formulas for the KdV equation %whenever it is assumed that, under the %respective component reduction. % in the $N{=}2$ super\/-\/field. the solutions . At the same time, we propose a two\/-\/step scheme for the recursive production of the integrals of motion for the $N{=}2$,\ $a{=}4$--\/SKdV. First, we find a new Gardner's deformation of the Kaup\/--\/Boussinesq equation, which is contained in the bosonic limit of the super\/-\/%$N{=}2$,\ $a{=}4$--\/SKdV hierarchy. This yields the recurrence relation between the Hamiltonians of the limit, whence we determine the bosonic super\/- /Hamiltonians of the full $N{=}2$, $a{=}4$--\/SKdV hierarchy.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: We provide an introduction into the mathematics of and with paths. Not on the shortest, but hopefully on an entertaining path!
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: Wir stellen in dieser Arbeit ein mathematisches Optimierungsmodell zur Bestimmung eines optimalen Linienplans vor, das sowohl die Fahrzeiten und die Anzahl der Umstiege berücksichtigt als auch die Kosten des Liniennetzes. Dieses Modell deckt wichtige praktische Anforderungen ab, die in einem gemeinsamen Projekt mit den Verkehrsbetrieben in Potsdam (ViP) formuliert wurden. In diesem Projekt wurde der Linienplan 2010 für Potsdam entwickelt. Unsere Berechnungen zeigen, dass die mathematische Optimierung in nichts einer "Handplanung" des Liniennetzes nachsteht. Im Gegenteil, mit Hilfe des Optimierungsprogramms ist es möglich, durch Veränderung der Parameter mehrere verschiedene Szenarien zu berechnen, miteinander zu vergleichen und Aussagen über minimale Kosten und Fahrzeiten zu machen.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: The paper gathers evidence showing different dimensions of the game of Go: the continuous and discrete nature of the game and different types of relations between state variables happening on ultra local, local, regional, and global scales. Based on these observations a new continuous local model for describing a board position is introduced. This includes the identification of the basic variables describing a board position and the formulation and solution of a dynamical system for their computation. To be usable as a static evaluation function for a game playing program at least group-wide (regional)aspects will have to be incorporated.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: The track allocation problem, also known as train routing problem or train timetabling problem, is to find a conflict-free set of train routes of maximum value in a railway network. Although it can be modeled as a standard path packing problem, instances of sizes relevant for real-world railway applications could not be solved up to now. We propose a rapid branching column generation approach that integrates the solution of the LP relaxation of a path coupling formulation of the problem with a special rounding heuristic. The approach is based on and exploits special properties of the bundle method for the approximate solution of convex piecewise linear functions. Computational results for difficult instances of the benchmark library TTPLIB are reported.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2020-08-05
    Description: This paper presents a case study on a railway timetable optimization for the very dense Simplon corridor, a major railway connection in the Alps between Switzerland and Italy. Starting from a detailed microscopic network as it is used in railway simulation, the data is transformed by an automatic procedure to a less detailed macroscopic network, that is sufficient for the purpose of capacity planning and amenable to state-of-the-art integer programming optimization methods. In this way, the macroscopic railway network is saturated with trains. Finally, the corresponding timetable is re-transformed to the microscopic level in such a way that it can be operated without any conflicts among the slots. Using this integer programming based micro-macro aggregation-disaggregation approach, it becomes for the first time possible to generate a profit maximal and conflict free timetable for the complete Simplon corridor over an entire day by a simultaneous optimization of all trains requests. This also allows to to undertake a sensitivity analysis of various problem parameters.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2016-06-09
    Description: The thesis presents the analysis of a reduced model for modulation of internal gravity waves by deep convective clouds. The starting point for the derivation are conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy coupled with a bulk micro-physics model describing the evolution of mixing ratios of water vapor, cloud water and rain water. A reduced model for the identified scales of the regime is derived, using multi-scale asymptotics. The closure of the model employs conditional averaging over the horizontal scale of the convective clouds. The resulting reduced model is an extension of the anelastic equations, linearized around a constant background state, which are well-known from meteorology. The closure of the model is achieved purely by analytical means and involves no additional physically motivated assumptions. The essential new parameter arising from the coupling to a micro-physics model is the area fraction of saturated regions on the horizontal scale of the convective clouds. It turns out that this parameter is constant on the employed short timescale. Hence the clouds constitute a constant background, modulating the characteristics of propagation of internal waves. The model is then investigated by analytical as well as numerical means. Important results are, among others, that in the model moisture (i) inhibits propagation of internal waves by reducing the modulus of the group velocity, (ii) reduces the angle between the propagation direction of a wave-packet and the horizontal, (iii) causes critical layers and (iv) introduces a maximum horizontal wavelength beyond which waves are no longer propagating but become evanescent. The investigated examples of orographically generated gravity waves also feature a significant reduction of vertical momentum flux by moisture. The model is extended by assuming systematically small under-saturation, that is saturation at leading order. The closure is similar to the original case but requires additional assumptions. The saturated area fraction in the obtained model is no longer constant but now depends nonlinearly on vertical displacement and thus on vertical velocity.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2022-03-14
    Description: We propose a hybrid approach for solving the resource-constrained project scheduling problem which is an extremely hard to solve combinatorial optimization problem of practical relevance. Jobs have to be scheduled on (renewable) resources subject to precedence constraints such that the resource capacities are never exceeded and the latest completion time of all jobs is minimized. The problem has challenged researchers from different communities, such as integer programming (IP), constraint programming (CP), and satisfiability testing (SAT). Still, there are instances with 60 jobs which have not been solved for many years. The currently best known approach, lazyFD, is a hybrid between CP and SAT techniques. In this paper we propose an even stronger hybridization by integrating all the three areas, IP, CP, and SAT, into a single branch-and-bound scheme. We show that lower bounds from the linear relaxation of the IP formulation and conflict analysis are key ingredients for pruning the search tree. First computational experiments show very promising results. For five instances of the well-known PSPLIB we report an improvement of lower bounds. Our implementation is generic, thus it can be potentially applied to similar problems as well.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2023-11-03
    Description: In contrast to the well known meshbased methods like the finite element method, meshfree methods do not rely on a mesh. However besides their great applicability, meshfree methods are rather time consuming. Thus, it seems favorable to combine both methods, by using meshfree methods only in a small part of the domain, where a mesh is disadvantageous, and a meshbased method for the rest of the domain. We motivate, that this coupling between the two simulation techniques can be considered as saddle point problem and show the stability of this coupling. Thereby a novel transfer operator is introduced, which interacts in the transition zone, where both methods coexist.
    Keywords: ddc:510
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 289-296 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Vorversuche mit den reinen Pentoxyden Nb2O5 und Ta2O5 lieferten die bereit von BRAUER gefundenen Modifikationen T—Nb2O5, M—Nb2O5, H—Nb2O5 und T—Ta2O5 Außerdem ergab sich, daß Ta2O5 aus dem Schmelzfluß in einer weiteren  -  vermutlich in der von LAGERGREN und MAGNÉLI schon beobachteten  -  Modifikation kristallisiert.Die Pentoxyde Nb2O5 und Ta2O5 sind im festen Zustand miteinander mischbar. Die tantalreiche Mischphase besitzt das T-Gitter; die niobreiche Mischphase liegt in der MH-Form vor. Die Grenzzusammensetzung, bei der die T—MH-Umwandlung eintritt wurde für 900, 1050 und 1200°C bei 84, 67 und 61 Mol-% Nb2O5 gefunden. Ein heterogenes Gebiet, in dem beide Phasen nebeneinander vorliegen, kann nur klein sein. Die T—MH-Umwandlung ist bei entsprechender Variation der Zusammensetzung der Pentoxydphase reversibel durchführbar. Die Existenz einer instabilen, tantalreichen MH-Phase wurde nachgewiesen. Zwischen den Phasen T—Nb2O5, T—Ta2O5, MH—Nb2O und MH—Ta2O5 besteht Isodimorphie.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 301-319 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nach umfangreichen Untersuchungen über die Reproduzierbarkeit von Metallpotentialen gegenüber fremdionigen(2) Lösungen und die zu deren Erzielung erforderlichen Voraussetzungen wurden die Potentiale von Pt, Ag, Au, Hg, Cu und Graphit gegenüber wäßrigen Lösungen von HClO4 bzw. NaOH verschiedener Konzentrationen gemessen. Die Ergebnisse werden durch eine Potentialtheorie gedeutet, die als Primärvorgang die Adsorption von Lösungsmittelmolekeln an der Elektrodenoberfläche zugrunde legt, die dann weitere potentialbildende Sekundärvorgänge auslösen kann. Bei Vorliegen mehrerer potentialbildender Systeme entscheidet die Potentialstabilität über die Potentialbestimmung.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 327-330 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydroxylamin wird durch Kaliumnitrosodisulfonat unter Bildung von Distickstoffmonoxyd, Kaliumhydroxylamindisulfonat und Wasser glatt dehydriert.Kaliumhydroxylamindisulfonat läßt sich bromatometrisch bequem und genau bestimmen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Durch thermische Spaltung von Germaniumtetrachlorid im Abschreckrohr gelang es, ein Germaniummonochlorid der Formel (GeCl)x darzustellen. Sein Existenzbereich wurde ermittelt. Thermische Zersetzung dieses Monochlorids führt je nach Art der Reaktionsbedingungen neben Germaniumtetrachlorid zu kristallinem Germaniumdichlorid, höheren Germaniumchloriden und metallischem Germanium.  -  Es konnte ein Digermaniumhexachlorid der Formel Ge2Cl6 dargestellt werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 297-300 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es werden die vorläufigen Strukturuntersuchungsergebnisse der von uns aufgefundenen 2. Modifikation des Claudetits mitgeteilt. Der Claudetit II kristallisiert in den Raumgruppen C2(2) oder Cs(2). Die Gitterabmessungen sind: a1 = 7,99 Å; a2 = 4,57 Å; a3 = 9,11 Å; α2 = 78°19′; Z = 4 Formeleinheiten As2O3; ϱr = 4,02 g/cm3. An Hand von PATTERSON-, gemischten PATTERSON- und Fourier-Synthesen kann gezeigt werden, daß die Verknüpfung der Atome in beiden Claudetitmodifikationen ähnlich ist.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 320-326 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurden Darstellungsmethode und Eigenschaften der Selenide und Telluride des Urans untersucht. USe (a = 5,739 kX) und UTe (a = 6,151 kX) besitzen NaCl-Struktur.Die Möglichkeit von Bildung von festen Lösungen der Uranmonochalkogenide mit Uranmonoverbindungen der Elemente der V. Gruppe wurde untersucht; die Gitterkonstanten der Mischkristallreihen U(As, Se) und U(Sb, Te) wurden festgestellt.U3Te4 ist kubisch, (Th3P4-Typ a0 = 9,378 kX), UTe2 tetragonal (a = 3,998 kX, c/a = 1,865), UOSe tetragonal (PbFCl-Typ, a = 3,893 kX, c/a = 1,789). Einige Synthesen des UOSe werden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 331-337 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurden Versuche zur Ermittlung der Konstitution des gelben Komplexes durchgeführt, der beim Zusammengießen von sauren Titansalzlösungen mit Wasserstoffperoxyd entsteht. Die Konzentration der TiO2--Ionen betrug stets 0,0005 Mole/1, die der Säure variierte von 0,1 bis 1,0 Mole/l. Das Molverhältnis [H2O2]/[TiO2+] wurde zwischen 0,1 und 8,0 geändert. Es wurden Extinktionsmessungen in verd. H2SO4, HCl, HNO3 und HClO4 ausgeführt und gefunden, daß Anionen an dem Aufbau des Komplexes in Lösung nicht beteiligt sind. Der Komplex ist positiv geladen, sein molarer Extinktionskoeffizient ist 594 für Licht von der Wellenlänge 436 mμ, die Komplexdissoziationskonstante wurde zu 5,4 · 10-5 bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 338-348 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Die Umsetzung zwischen SO3 und NH3 in nichtwäßrigem und in wäßrigem Medium wurde studiert. Es zeigte sich, daß der primäre Schritt der Reaktion nicht die Bildung der Amidosulfonsäure sein kann. Primär entsteht vielmehr Sulfimid, O2SNH. Sulfimid polymerisiert sich leicht zu einem Trimeren, einem Tetrameren oder einem kettenförmig gebauten höheren Polymeren; letzteres reagiert mit SO3 und H2SO4 zu Polysulfimidsulfonsäuren. Die Hydrolyse dieser Sulfonsäuren führt zu den gleichen Produkten, die man direkt bei der Reaktion von SO3 und NH3 in wäßriger Lösung erhält.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurden Elektrolytchrom-Präparate hergestellt. Von den in der Achatmühle gemahlenen Präparaten wurden die Suszeptibilitäten nach Gouy bestimmt. Die achatpulverkorrigierten Suszeptibilitäten, gegen den Oxydgehalt der Präparate aufgetragen, liegen auf einer Geraden. Die Extrapolation auf den Oxydgehalt Null ergibt den Wert \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \chi _\infty = + 2,65 \cdot 10^{ - 6}\; {\rm bzw}{\rm .}\chi _{{\rm Atom}} = + 138 \cdot 10^{ - 8} $$\end{document}.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 36
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 275 (1954), S. 21-31 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Es wurden die bei der Einwirkung von wäßrigem KF auf MoO3 und WO3 entstehenden Bodenkörper isoliert und untersucht. Im System MoO3—KF—H2O konnte die Existenz von fünf verschiedenen Verbindungen nachgewiesen werden: K3MoO3F3 (I), K2MoO3F2 · H2O (II), K3Mo4O13F · 3 H2O (III), K2MoO2F4 · H2O (IV) und K2Mo4O13 (V). Die durch Entwässern von (III) erhaltene Verbindung K3Mo4O13F ist instabil und nicht mit der im System K2Mo4O13/KF vorkommenden inkongruent schmelzenden Verbindung K3Mo4O13F identisch. (II) läßt sich entwässern; die wasserfreie Verbindung K2MoO3F2 ist instabil und zerfällt beim Schmelzen in (I) und MoO3. Im System WO3—KF—H2O konnte die Existenz nur einer Verbindung K2WO3F2 · H2O nachgewiesen werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 64-67 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 118-118 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 39
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 195-195 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 40
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 197-197 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 41
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 56-64 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 42
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 79-80 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 43
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 78-78 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 44
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. I 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 45
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954) 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 47
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 138-139 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 48
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 151-155 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 49
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 139-140 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Protective Lead Coating by PaintThe number of metallic pigments capable of being used as a rust preventative is small. Ultra-finely pulverised lead has proved to be far superior to all other metals. However, the addition of a binder in all respects suitable to the pigment is an absolute necessity when lead is used. Chlorinated rubber has been proved to be of particular value in this respect. The use of “Plumbol” paint also applies a coating of lead on the surface of iron, one coat of which has the same protective value as three or four coats of oil-bound paints. Weathering tests have also substantiated the protective value of lead coating paints as compared with the usual oil-bound paints. A maximum of protection is obtained against the action of certain chemical agents (soda lye, potash lye, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid, acetic acid and other cold dilute acids), but no protection against the effect of nitrose (a solution of nitrosyl sulphuric acid in sulphuric acid, formed in the lead-chamber process) fumes and nitric acid results. Generally speaking, a coating of „Plumbol“ paint affords the same protection as a coating of metallic lead the same thickness.
    Notes: Die Zahl der verwendungsfähigen metallischen Pigmente in Rostschutzfarben ist gering. Feinstgepulvertes Blei zeigt sich allen übrigen Metallen überlegen. Erforderlich ist bei Bleiverwendung ein dem Pigment vollkommen angepaßter Bindemittelzusatz. Chlorkautschuk hat sich hier besonders bewährt. Man erzielt durch den „Plumbol“-Pinselaufstrich gleichsam eine „Verbleiung„ des Eisens. Im Effekt ist ein einmaliger Aufstrich einer 3-4 - fachen Ölfarbauflage ebenbürtig.  -  Bewitterungsversuche zeigen vergleichsweise die wesentlich bessere Schutzwirkung der „Pinselverbleiung“ gegenüber den üblichen Ölanstrichen. Der Schutz erweist sich gegen chemische Agentien (Natronlauge, Kalilauge, schweflige Säure, Schwefelsäure, Essigsäure und andere verdünnte kalte Säure, Schwefelsäure, Essigsäure und andere verdünnte kalte Säure, Essigsäure und andere verdünnte kalte Säuren) als äußerst widerstandsfähig. Nicht jedoch gegen nitrose Gase und Salpetersäure.  -  eine „Plumbol“- Anstrich-Folie bietet im im allgemeinen den gleichen Schutz wie eine Schicht von metallischem Blei gleicher Dicke.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 50
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 237-237 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 51
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. I 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 52
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 178-182 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Temporary Anti-corrosive MeasuresThe article opens with a survey of the various methods employed for ensuring temporary protection against rust. The following points are then discussed:  -  creation of a non-corrosive ambient atmosphere, use of special removable protective coatings (having an oil, wax or patty base). Particular attention is paid to the use of Dicyclorhexylammonium nitrite (VPI) and to modern anticorrosion compounds having a mineral oil base. Some practical examples of the application of these protective coatings for interior and exterior surfaces are included. The removal of such coatings is then discussed. The article closes with a brief discussion on tests suitable for testing temporary anti-corrosive compounds. A compendious bibliography on the subject is appended.
    Notes: Es wird eine Übersicht über die verschiedenen Methoden des temporären Rostschutzes gegeben. Behandelt werden: Schaffung einer nicht angreifenden Atmosphäre  -  Verwendung geeigneter Schutzüberzüge (abziehbar und auf der Basis von Ölen, Wachsen und Fetten). Besonders eingegangen wird auf den Schutz durch Dicyclohexylammoniumnitrit (VPI) und auf moderne Rostschutzmittel auf der Mineralölbasis. Praktische Beispiele für die Anwendung dieser Rostschutzmittel für innere und äußere Oberflächen werden angegeben. Dann wird die Entfernung der Überzüge besprochen. Zum Schluß werden verschiedene Kurzprüfungen für temporäre Rostschutzmittel diskutiert und das ziemlich umfangreiche Schrifttum angegeben.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 182-184 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 192-194 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 196-196 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 197-197 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 271-274 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 277-277 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 418-420 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 422-424 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 62
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    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactions in the Intermediate Stratum between Iron and Coating Systems and the Effect of InhibitorsCorrect surface pre-treatment of iron and steel is regarded as irremissible for good performance and maximum service life of a coating system in corrosion control. The peculiar features of surface texture are characterized by a mosaic of anodic and cathodic ranges. Industry's tendency to speed up every process to the utmost calls for quick drying paints. Their wetting properties and their water permeability determine adhesion characteristics and electrochemical attack. Therefore, the paint chosen has to correspond with the pre-treatement applied to the surface or vice versa. The addition of suitable inhibitors contributes to the efficiency and performance of the coating. Combinations of inhibitors with ionadsorbing film-forming materials create an active intermediate stratum between metal and paint, improving adhesion and preventing corrosion. The development of a special surface-technology is necessary for pursuing the aim of prolonging the life of steel structures and/ or reducing maintenance costs, even under the most severe service conditions.
    Notes: Eine fachgemäße Vorbehandlung der Oberfläche von Eisen und Stahl, die als Mosaik anodischer und kathodischer Bereiche aufgefaßt werden kann, ist für dauerhafte Rostschutzanstriche eine unerlässliche Vorbedingung. Das moderne Fertigungstempo zwingt die Industrie zur Verwendung rasch trocknender Anstriche; deren Benetzungsvermögen bedingt die Haftung und deren Wasserdurchlässigkeit die elektrochemischen Vorgänge in der Grenzschicht. Die Anstriche müssen also der Vorbehandlung des Eisens entsprechen, oder diese Vorbehandlung hat sich nach den gewählten Anstrichmitteln zu richten. Zusatz geeigneter Hemmstoffe verbessert die Rostschutzwirkung erheblich. Kombinationen von Hemmstoffen mit ionenabsorbierenden Filmbildern führen zu aktiven Zwischenschichten, die zur Erhöhung der Haftfestigkeit und zur Verhütung von Unterrostungen beitragen. Schließlich wird eine Oberflächen-Technologie postuliert, die sich die Verlängerung der Lebensdauer von Stahlkonstruktionen und/oder eine Verminderung ihrer Unterhaltskosten, auch unter schwierigsten äußeren Bedingungen, zum Ziel setzt.
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  • 63
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 237-237 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 244-246 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of Soil Dampness on the Velocity of Corrosion of Iron and lead in the EarthThe rate of corrosion of Iron and Lead was examined with respect to the element Pt/dam soil/base metal. It was found that, in sandy and clay sols, there are two varieties of corrosion, namely active behaviour of Iron and passive behaviour of Lead.
    Notes: Die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit von Eisen und Blei wurde an dem Element Pt/feuchter Boden/unedleres Metall untersucht. Dabei ergab sich, daß in sand- und tonhaltigem Boden zwei Korrosionsarten zu unterscheiden sind, nämlich ein aktives Verhalten des Eisens und ein passives Verhalten des Blei.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 251-257 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Roof and its problems, with Special Reference to Flat RoofsThe demands of Builders and Users that a roof is required to meet, have changed decisively during the last decades. The disappearance of garrets, the use of flat roofs and present-day sawtoothed roofs required that a number of additional precautions be observed, which are supplemented by recognition of thier constructional and utilisation limitations. Some of the most important demands of to-day, such as minimum constructional requirements, heat retention, limitations of roof characteristics, properties of materials and desirable developments are indicated. Special emphasis is laid on the various effects of dampness and their prevention. The importance of the structure of the roof and ventilation are also emphasised.
    Notes: Die baulichen und benutzungsmäßigen Anforderungen an das Dach haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten in entscheidenden Teilen gewandelt. Wegfall des Dachraumes, Flachdächer und neuzeitlich Sägedachformen (Sheds) bedingen eine Reihe zusätzlicher Vorkehrungen, die ergänzt werden durch neue Erkenntnisse über konstruktive und benutzungsmäßige Bedingtheiten. Einige der wichtigsten neuen Forderungen, wie Konstruktions-Mindestforderungen, Wärmedämmung, Wärmestau, Abgrenzung der Dacheigenschaften, Material-Eigenschaften und erwünschte Entwicklungen werden aufgezeigt. Besonderer Nachdruck wird auf die unterschiedlichen Formen der Feuchtigkeitseinwirkungen und ihrer Abwehr gelegt und die Bedeutung ausreichender Dachaufgliederung und Lüftung nachgewiesen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 266-267 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 267-269 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 269-271 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 278-278 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 19-20 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 26-28 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 37-37 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 38-38 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 40-40 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 56-56 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 72-74 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 84-87 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Cathodic corrosion PreventionThe article opens with a short definition of the term „Cathodic Corrosion Prevention“ and then describes the possibilities and limits of the application of cathodic protection by the use of outside current supplies in conjunction with an auxiliary insoluble anode. The appearance of cathodic corrosion, which limits the possibilities of this method of corrosion prevention, is described in detail.The results of tests made with iron and aluminum which was subjected to various representative forms of corrosion are given. The current required per sq. metre and per annum, as determined from these tests, forms a criterion for the cost of cathodic corrosion protection.
    Notes: Nach einer kurzen Definition des Begriffes „kathodischer Korrosionsschutz“ wird auf die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Anwendung des kathodischen Schutzes mit einer äußeren Stromquelle und einer unlöslichen Hilfsanode hingewiesen. Die Erscheinung der „kathodischen Korrosion“, die die Möglichkeiten der Anwendung des kathodischen Schutzes begrenzt, wird eingehend besprochen.Versuche mit Eisen und Aluminum in einigen typischen Korrosionsmitteln werden mitgeteilt, wobei der Bedarf an elektrischer Energie je m2 und Jahr einen Anhaltspunkt für die Kosten des kathodischen Schutzes gibt.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 81-83 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Influence of the condition of the Surface of Iron upon the Rapidity of Corrosion when buried in SoilExperiments were made to determine the action of various soils sand, clay and loam upon elements Ferough (damp soil) Fe smooth and Ferough (soils I/II) Fesmooth. Current measurements made with element Ferough (damp soil) Fesmooth demonstrated that the reversal of direction of the current, which is dependent on the dampness of the soil, only takes place between very narrow limits. These limits are correlated to the point at which the soil saturated with water goes over to the unsaturated state.The period of time in which the potential difference between two electrodes of varying surface condition (Ferough Fesmooth) placed in soil, disappears after a definite quantity of electrolyte has been added, could be plotted as characteristic curves. Such curves could give information upon the increased soil activity.
    Notes: Messungen über die unterschiedliche Bodenaggressivität (Sand, Ton und Lehm) wurden mit den Elementen Ferauh (feuchter Boden) Feglatt durchgeführt. Stromstärkemessungen mit dem Element Ferauh (feuchter Boden) Feglatt ergaben, daß Umkehr der Stromrichtung, die von der Feuchtigkeit des Bodens abhängt, nur in einem sehr engen Feuchtigkeitsbereich stattfindet, der dem Übergang von mit Wasser gesättigtem in den ungesättigten Boden zugeordnet ist.Die Zeit, in welcher das Potential zwischen zwei Elektroden verschiedener Oberflächenbeschaffenheit (Ferauh, Feglatt) in einem Boden nach Zufügen einer bestimmten Elektrolytmenge verschwindet, dürfte charakteristische Kurven ergeben, die Aufschluß über eine vergrößerte Bodenaggressivität liefern.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 92-94 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Basic Causes of “Short” Fractures in MetalsThis article forms a report on various lectures delivered at a Meeting which was held to determine the present extent of knowledge of “short” fractures. The lectures were published in Nos. 415 (1953) of the “Raeder Rundschau”, and dealt exhaustively with the phenomena of “short” fractures of various metals in use in industry, as well as of welded and non-welded components. The lectures also included a survey of the causes of “short” fractures as far as present-day knowledge and the various theories on fractures permitted. In addition, various important questions regarding the various methods of testing metals for their liability to short fracture “are discussed”.
    Notes: Referat über Vorträge anläßlich einer Tagung über den heutigen Stand des Sprödbruchproblems.  -  Die in Heft 4/5 (1953) der „Radex-Rundschau“ veröffentlichten Vorträge behandelten das grundsätzliche Erscheinungsbild des spröden Bruches bei verschiedenen metallischen Werkstoffen, ungeschweißten und geschweißten Konstruktionsteilen und gaben eine Uebersicht über die Entstehung von spröden Brüchen, soweit sie nach unseren heutigen Kenntnissen und Anschauungen über den Aufbau der metallischen Werkstoffe und auf Grund der Bruchtheorien abgeleitet werden könne. Ferner wurde auch eingehend die technisch wichtige Frage der Prüfverfahren zur Feststellung der Sprödbruchempfindlichkeit eines Werkstoffes erörtert.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 104-106 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 98-104 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Theory of Chemical Polarisation during Solution, Separation and Overstressing of MetalsIt was shown that the appearance of surface layers is an essential factor in the chemical polarisation which occurs during the solution, separation, overstressing, inhibitory action, polishing and passivity of metals. The surface layers exercise a restraining effect on the adjustment of the equilibrium of association. These layers are to be found on practically all metals and even in solutions which are capable of dissolving the material of which the layers are composed. They are created by a slowing down in the speed of the diffusion of the ions necessary for the dissolving of the metal in relation to the more rapid formation of layers on the surface of the metal. Such surface layers differ from the usual macromolecular surface layers, such as oxides or scale, rust, salts, etc., in their solubility. Their formation continues at a very high reproductive rate, even though the top layers are removed, and they form an indication of the behaviour of the metal in solutions after it has been subjected to suitable preliminary treatment. In contra-distinction to the irreversible macro-molecular surface layers, the afore-mentioned layers can be regarded as being reversible micro-molecular coverings.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß das Auftreten von Deckschichten ein wesentlicher Faktor bei der chemischen Polarisation, bei der Auflösung oder Abscheidung von Metallen, bei der Überspannung, Inhibitorwirkung, Glanzwirkung und Passivität ist. Die Deckschichten bewirken eine Hemmung der Gleichgewichtseinstellung. Sie sind auf praktisch allen Metallen und selbst in solchen Lösungen vorhanden, die an sich befähigt wären, die Deckschichtsubstanz aufzulösen. Sie entstehen durch eine geringere Geschwindigkeit des Diffusionsvorgangs, der für die Metallauflösung erforderlichen Ionen im Vergleich zur schnelleren Deckschichtenbildung unmittelbar auf der Metalloberfläche. Derartige Deckschichten unterscheiden sich wesentlich von den bekannten makromolekularen Deckschichten wie Oxyd- oder Zunderschichten, Rost, Salzschichten usw. durch ihre verschiedene Löslichkeit. Sie bilden sich selbst nach ihrer Entfernung immer wieder und zwar sehr gut reproduzierbar nach und sind ein Kennzeichen für das Metall hinsichtlich seines Verhaltens bei einer bestimmten Vorbehandlung in einer bestimmten Lösung. Sie können im Gegensatz zu den irreversiblen makromolekularen Deckschichten als reversible, mikromolekulare Bedeckungen angesehen werden.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 94-98 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Passivation of light metals for paintingAluminum and magnesium alloys are forming natural oxide films, the strengthening of which is performed by several methods of chemical and electrolytic oxidation. Light metals are also protected by insoluble films of metal salts (phosphate films) in a similar manner as the iron metals. In recent years a new method was developed whereby metal organic protective films are produced by using so-called reaction primers (wash primers). All these protective films are functioning likewise as anticorrosive coatings and as adhesive substrates for paint and lacquer coatings.
    Notes: Aluminium- und Magnesium-Legierungen bilden an der Luft natürliche Oxydhäute, deren Verstärkung durch die verschiedenen Verfahren der chemischen und elektrolytischen Oxydation der Leichtmetalle angestrebt wird. Außer durch die unlöslichen Oxydschichten werden Leichtmetalle ebenso wie Eisenmetalle auh durch unlösliche Metallsalzschichten (Phosphatfilme etc.) geschützt. Auch die durch die sog. Reaktionsprimer oder Metallwandler erzeugten metallorganischen Deckschichten werden als antikorrosive Überzüge und Haftgründe für die nachfolgende Lackierung angewendet.
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 107-110 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 110-114 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 110-110 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 114-114 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 114-114 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 114-117 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 117-117 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 118-118 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. I 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Quartz Bricks and BlocksAt first only hollow-ware (tubes, vessels, etc.) suitable for the needs of the chemical and allied industries, was manufactured from quartz produced by fusing pure quartz sand. The production of solid articles was neglected, since the advantages of the non-porous structure, combined with its heat and chemical resistant properties, which protect quartzware from the action of pulverised, liquid and gaseous agents, was only realised later. It was the initiative of users which led to the production of quartz bricks, which were used in copper works, Siemens-Martin furnaces chemical works and certain specialised electric furnaces. These quartz bricks proved to be far superior to all other materials, but were found to be too small and too expensive. A well-known glassworks was successful in developing quartz bricks suitable for tank-linings, whereby a far superior quality of glass was obtained with less contamination, better colours and no bubbles, knots or streaks. The same type of brick was also found ot be of great use in chemical works. Quartz bricks and blocks were first produced by means of compressed resistance fusion and, later, by solid fusion, but in every case one fusion operation was required to produce one brick or block. Nowadays blocks are produced by cutting up billets of large cross-sectional area, so that they can be produced in large quantities at economic prices for all purposes where their application has proved successful.
    Notes: Quarzgut, erschmolzen aus reinem Quarzsand, wurde entsprechend den chemischen und ähnlichen Bedürfnissen vorwiegend als Hohlkörper (Rohre, Gefäße, u. ä.) hergestellt,  -  Vollkörper wurden vernachlässigt,  -  die Vorteile der nichtporösen Struktur wurden erst spät erkannt, die verbunden mit der thermischen und chemischen Festigkeit Quarzgut vor dem Angriff staubförmiger, flüssiger und gasförmiger Agenzien schützt. Erst Verbraucher-Initiative führte zum Quarzgut-Stein, der sich in Kupfer-Raffinier-, in Siemens-Martin-, in Spezial-Elektro-Öfen wie in chemische Analgen eingesetzt, allen anderen Stoffen überlegen erwies, aber zu klein und zu teuer war. Eine bekannte Glashütte entwickelte mit Erfolg den Quarzgut-Wannenstein und erzielte damit weit bessere Gläser,  -  weniger Verunreinigungen, bessere Farben, keine Blasen, Knoten, Schlieren! Der gleiche Stein bewährte sich dann auch für Chemische Großanlagen.  -  Quarzgut-Steine entstanden zunächst aus gepreßten Ein- oder Mehrstab-Widerstandsschmelzen, später aus Vollkörper-Schmelzen, doch ergab eine Schmelze nur einen Block. Heute können Blöcke von einem querschnitts-großen Strang abgetrennt und zerteilt werden,  -  so ist Massen-Herstellung zu billigen Preisen für alle erprobten Zwecke möglich.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 157-157 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 5 (1954), S. 168-172 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Prevention of Water Corrosion in RefineriesThe protection of equipment against the corrosive effects of water is problem that affects underground storage tanks, boilers and other equipment. The degree of corrosion depends essentially on factors such as the presence and nature of im-purities in the water, temperatures prevailing in the system and the velocity of the flowing water. The following methods of corrosion prevention are discussed:  -  cathodic protection, organic coatings (paints), metallic coatings, the addition of corrosion retardants, pretreatment of the water (de-aeration) and choice of suitable metals or alloys as materials of construction.
    Notes: Der Korrosionsschutz von Anlagen gegen Wasser tritt in vielfältiger Gestalt auf, bei unterirdischen Lagertanks, Dampfkesseln und Freikonstruktionen. Für die Stärke des korrosiven Angriffes sind hierbei wesentlich maßgebend die Gegenwart und Natur von Verunreinigungen, die temperatur des Systems und die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Wassers. Von den Verfahren zur Korrosionskontrolle werden behandelt: Kathodischer Schutz, organische Überzüge (Anstriche), metallische Überzüge, Hemmstoffzusätze, Änderung der Umgebung durch Vorbehandlung (Entlüftung) der Wässer und Wahl geeigneter Metalle bzw. Legierungen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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