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  • 1990-1994  (88)
  • 1960-1964  (1,188)
  • Industrial Chemistry  (1,242)
  • Catalysis
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 25 (1994), S. 97-103 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; partial oxidation ; oxidative coupling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative reactivity of ethane and ethylene compared to methane over the Ca/Ni/K catalyst was determined. The reactivities are in the order of ethylene 〉 ethane ≫methane. The catalyst was also studied using temperature-programmed reaction, desorption and decomposition.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 1 (1994), S. 169-176 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Zeolites ; Catalysis ; Lattice simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Lattice simulations and quantum mechanical techniques are used to study the energetics involved in the activation of the Ni-zeolite-Y catalyst, which requires migration of the Ni2+ cation from the S1 (hexagonal prism) to the supercage. We show that the barrier to migration of the nickel ions may be overcome by interaction of the migrating ion with molecules such as H2O, NH3 and C2H2 in the supercage, thereby explaining the role of the latter species in the activation process.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 2373-2379 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chelating ligands ; Molybdenum complexes ; Peroxo complexes ; Catalysis ; Olefine epoxidation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Substituted N,N-Chelate Ligands - Applications in Molybdenum-Catalyzed Epoxidation of Olefins*Oxodiperoxomolybdenum complexes 4 of substituted 2-[3(5)-pyrazolyl]pyridines (2a-g) were synthesized in order to control the solubility of these complexes in organic solvents. Alkyl side chains (butyl, octyl, octadecyl) increase the solubility of the complexes and enable spectroscopic investigations in solution. Due to the symmetry of the ligands the peroxo complexes 4 appear in two isomeric forms, with the terminal oxo ligand in the trans position either to pyridine or to pyrazole. The latter isomer of (C5H4NC3H2N2CH2COOEt)MoO(O2)2 (4f) was characterized by an X-ray structure analysis. The alkyl-substituted peroxo complexes are active catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins with tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 691-696 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Molecule-induced radical formation, kinetics of ; Catalysis ; ESR spectroscopy ; Radical clock ; Isokinetic relationship ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bimolecular Formation of Radicals by H-Transfer, 7[1].  -  Bimolecular Formation of Radicals via H-Transfer with Catalysis by 7H-Benz[de]anthraceneThe transfer hydrogenation of α-methylstyrene (2) by 9,10-dihydroanthracene (1) (DHA) with 7H-benz[de]anthracene (8) as a catalyst proceeds already at 210-260°C. Isotopic labeling, ESR spectroscopy, radical clock experiments, solvents effects, and thermochemical calculations support the postulated stepwise radical mechanism induced by bimolecular formation of radicals.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Molybdenim ; Adsorptive stripping voltammetry ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The adsorptive collection of the molybdenum (VI) complex of 2-(2′-thiazolylazo)-p-cresok (TAC), coupled with the catalytic current of the adsorbed complex, yield an ultrasensitive voltammetric procedure for the determination of molybdenum. Optimal experimental conditions were found with the use of a stirred acetate buffer (pH 2.9) supporting electrolyte, a TAC concetration of 1.0 × 10-5 M, and a concentration of 0.1 M potassium nitrate. In addition, a preconcentration potential of -0.13 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), equilibrium time of 30 seconds, and an anodic scan rate of 200 mV/s from -0. 93 to -0. 20 was used. A catalytic effect was observed when nitrate was present. The response was found to be linear over a concentration range of 0.0 to12.0 μg L-1 Mo (VI). For a preconcentration time of 3 minutes, the detection limit was found to be 11 pM. Possible interferences by anions and other trace metals were investigated. The interference by copper may be masked by CDTA, and sequential determination with molybdenum is possible. The merits of the procedure are demonstrated in the analysis of sea and mineral water.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Nickel ; Nicotinamide ; Catalysis ; Polarography ; catalytic wave ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The catalytic reduction of Ni (II) in the presence of nicotihamide (NA) at pH 〈 7 was studied by direct-current and differential-pulse polarography (DPP). The prewave (with E1/2 around -0.78 V (versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) shows the typical behavior of an electrode process with regeneration of the reactant by a second-order, rate-determining chemical reaction. This reaction consists in the formation of the reducible nickel complex. The kinetics of the electrode process was studied by means of an adapted form of the equation derived by Koutecký for electrochemical reactions with a parallel chemical step. The rate constant for the formation of nickel-nicotinamide complex is slightly dependent en pH and buffer composition and ranges between 4.5 and 6.7 × 103 mole-1 L s-1. This electrode process enables the selective determination of Ni (II) in presence of a large excess of cobalt. For example, nickel impurity in cobalt salts can be determined by DPP, in acetate buffer (pH 4.6) containing 0.01 M nicotinamide and about 0.1 M cobalt salt sample.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Liebigs Annalen 1994 (1994), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 0170-2041
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Guanidine ; Ion pair ; Phosphoric acid diester ; Staphylococcal nuclease, model of ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acceleration of Substitution Reactions of a Phosphoric Acid Diester by Bis(guanidinium) CompoundsIon-pair coordination of phosphoric acid diesters with positively charged guanidines may cause large rate accelerations in substitution reactions. Here we present a comparative study on the catalytical influence of several mono- bis- and tris(guanidines) and of other cationic compounds. Large rate effects occur if 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)benzene or 1,2-ethylenediamine are used as spacers. Further acceleration can be achieved by exchanging guanidinium groups by 2-aminoimidazolines. The 4800-fold rate enhancement seen in the best case demonstrates the importance of the bis(guanidinium) moiety of staphylococcal nuclease and gives good perspectives towards future uses of guanidinium compounds as RNA cleaving agents.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 33 (1994), S. 913-937 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Heterogeneous catalysis ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This personal journey through the enlarging landscape of heterogeneous catalysis, pure and applied, starts with the discovery in 1823 of a dramatic example of the synthesis of water that was to serve as the basis of the first commercial exploitation of catalysis, Dobereiners lighter (tinder box). The quickening pace of successive industrial innovations and of academic insight during the intervening 170 years are summarized and the turning points, both major and minor, identified. Although new concepts and new ideas emerged in relative profusion, few exhibited the longevity predicted for them at birth by their proponents. Some concepts, like broken milestones on a vanished road, have ceased to retain their significance. Some have survived, even flourished. But in catalysis, as in most other branches of natural science, new tools and new techniques, rather than new concepts, tend to hold sway. And just as experimental advances in enzymology and immunology have led to the design of remarkable new biocatalysts so also, but not yet at the same level of delicate control, have the tools and techniques of solid-state chemistry (including novel preparative and computational procedures), generated many powerful rationally designed inorganic catalysts.
    Additional Material: 31 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 17 (1993), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; effect of pressure ; structure insensitive reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract At 445 K, and equimolar ratio of reactants, the turnover rate for CO oxidation on unsupported and supported Pd is constant within experimental error between ≈ 0.1 and 100 mbar. As first proposed in 1922 by Langmuir, the overall rate is the rate of adsorption on a surface almost saturated with CO. Thus the rate is proportional to the ratio of concentrations of O2 and CO and is pressure independent. At quasi-saturation, the few vacant sites form an ideal dilute solution in the CO-Pd solvent. Adsorption on these sites is dominated by pressure invariant interactions with the solvent. Hence, the rate obeys Langmuir kinetics and the reaction is structure insensitive.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 15 (1993), S. 123-127 
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Drug stability ; Mitomycins ; Reaction kinetics ; Reaction mechanisms ; Stereoisomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The acid-catalyzed degradation of mitomycin C is supposed to be governed, to a certain extent, by the protonation status of the aziridine nitrogen in the molecule as well as the protonation degree of the opened aziridine function in a key intermediate species, formed during mitomycin degradation. In order to obtain information about the contribution of the protonation degrees of these functions in controlling the degradation processes, we investigated the degradation of 1a-acetylmitomycin C in acidic aqueous solutions. In the presence of 0.001 mol/l phosphate buffers five 1-hydroxy and mono-acetyl mitosenes are formed, whereas in 1.0 mol/l acetate buffers a total of eight products could be identified, two of them being diacetyl mitosenes. Over the whole pH range studied the formation of 1,2-Z-mitosenes prevails, indicating that, contrary tomitomycin C, a pH-independent factor controls the ultimate 1,2-stereochemistry.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 1039-1045 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hydrogen transfer ; Radical formation, molecule induced ; C—H bond dissociation enthalpies, determination of ; Catalysis ; Coal pyrolysis ; Phenalene ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Bimolecular Formation of Radicals by H-Transfer, 2[1]. - H-Transfer Reactions of PhenaleneThe uncatalysed H transfer from phenalane (7) to α1-methyl-styrene (2) and the selfreaction (d) of phenalene (7) are quantitative transformations in the presence of an excess of 9,10-dihydroanthracene (1) (DHA) in diphenyl ether at 200-250°C. In this system phenalene (7) is consumed only in reaction (d) because the phenalenyl radicals (9) are captured by DHA (1) to give phenalene (7) and 9,10-dihydroanthryl radicals (3). The latter disproportionate rapidly. Accordingly, phenalene (7) acts as a catalyst for the hydrogenation of α1-methylstyrene (2) by DHA (1). The activation parameters of the two reactions (e) and (d) were obtained from kinetic experiments between 200-250°C. They allow the determination of the C—H bond enthalpy δHdiss of phenalene (7) (65.3 kcal mol-1) at the methylene position.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 126 (1993), S. 2393-2396 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Platinum complexes ; Cyclobutadiene complexes ; Alkyne dimerization ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Synthesis and Characterization of Platinumcyclobutadiene Complexes by the Reduction of Hexachloroplatinic AcidHexachloroplatinic acid is reduced in 1-butanol in the presence of an alkyne R-C≡C-R′ (R, R′ = Me, Et, nPr) to give platinumcyclobutadiene complexes [PtCl2(C4R2R2′)] (1). H[PtCl3(CH3CH2CH=CH2)] (2) is an intermediate which is isolated as bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene)ammonium salt (PPN-salt) [PPN][PtCl3(CH3CH2CH=CH2)] (3). The molecular structure of [PtCl2(C4Et4)] (1b) shows in the solid state a planar cyclobutadiene ring with internal bond angles of 93(3) and 87(2)°. The Pt-C bond lengths are 208(2) and 210(2) pm. The ethyl groups are pushed out of the ring plane, away from the Pt atom, with an angle of 7(2)°.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Rhodium( I) Complex Salts ; Preparation ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Catalytic Properties of Rhodium(I) Complex Salts of the Type [Rh(COD)(o-Py(CH2)2 P(Ph)(CH2)3ZR)]PF6 (Z = O, NH).In dichloromethane solutions were reacted [Rh(COD)Cl]2 (COD = cis,cis-1.5-cyclooctadiene) with each of the four new ligands of the type o-Py(CH2)2P(Ph)(CH2)3ZR in the presence of the halogen scavenger TIPF6 at 0°C to complex salts [Rh(COD) (o-Py(CH2)2P(Ph)(CH2)3ZR]PF6 (ZR = OC2H5, I; OPh, II; NHPh, III; NHcyclo—C6H11, IV). The Rh1 complex cation in the obtained compounds I - IV coordinates besides the bedentate COD group the ligand donor atoms P und pyridinic N and the remaining donor atom Z is uncoodinated in an assumed square planar ligand geometry at the Rh central atom. In 1.4 dioxane solutions the complex catalysts I - IV polymerize at 25°C the substrate phenylacetylene (PA) to polyphenylacetylene (PPA): values of TON [h-1] between 352 (I) and 876 (IV), and average molecular weights Mw (GPC measurements) between 238 000 (I) and 199 900 (IV). These given values exhibit a dependency on the ZR group in complexes I - IV. The microstructure of isolated PPA is cis-transoidal. It is formed stereospezific and, based on MNDO calculations, is thermodynamically favoured. For the purpose of comparison, from both the newly synthesized compounds of the type [Rh(COD)DBN- (or DBU)Cl] (DBN = 1.5-Diazabi-cyclo[4.3.0.]non-5-en, DBU = 1.8-Diazabicycl0[5.4.0]- undec-7-en) was obtained a larger value of TON with 1292 (or 1327) [h-], but a lower value of M, with 166200 (or 131200). These catalysts including I -IV polymerize PA to PPA at a lower reaction temperature with improved selectivity and larger values of Mw as hitherto known catalyst systems.
    Notes: In Dichlormethanlösung wurde [Rh(COD)Cl]2 (COD = cis,cis-1.5-Cyclooctadien) mit vier neuen dreizähnigen Liganden vom Typ o-Py(CH2)2P(Ph)(CH2)3ZR in Gegenwart des Halogenfängers TIPF6 bei 0°C zu Komplexsalzen [Rh(COD)(o-Py(CH2)2P(Ph)(CH2)3ZR)] PF6 (ZR = OC2H5, I; OPh, II; NHPh, III; NHcyclo—C6H11, IV) umgesetzt. Das Rhodium-Komplexkation in den abgetrennten Verbindungen I - IV koordiniert aufgrund von 1H-, 31P-, 13C-NMR und IR-Meßergebnissen außer der zweizähnigen COD-Gruppe die Donoratome Phosphor und Pyridinstickstoff und läßt in der angenommenen quadratisch-planaren Koordinationsgeometrie ein vorhandenes Z-Donoratom ungebunden. Die Komplexkatalysatoren I - IV polymerisieren in 1,4-Dioxanlösung bei 25°C das Substrat Phenylacetylen (PA) zu Polyphenylacetylen (PPA): Werte für TON [h-1] von 352(I) und 876(IV) und mittlere Molmassen Mw (GPC-Meßresultate) zwischen 238 000(I) und 199 900(IV). Diese Werte der Lösungs-Fällungspolymerisation zeigen eine Abhängigkeit von der unkoordinierten ZR-Gruppe in Komplexen I - IV. Die Mikrostruktur des isolierten PPA ist cis-transoidal. Sie entsteht stereospezifisch und ist nach MNDO-Rechnungen die thermodynamisch begünstigte. Von den zu Vergleichszwecken dargestellten neuen Rhodium(I)-Komplexen des Typs [Rh(COD)DBN(bzw. DBU)Cl] (DBN = 1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-non-5-en, DBU = 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-en) wird unter analogen Reaktionsbedingungen für PA ein höherer TON-Wert 1 292 (bzw. 1 327) [h-1], aber kleinerer Mw-Wert von 166 200 (bzw. 131 200) erhalten. Gegenüber bisher bekannten Katalysatorsystemen polymerisieren diese Komplexkatalysatoren einschließlich I - IV PA zu PPA bei milderen Reaktionstemperaturen, verbesserter Selektivität und höheren Mw-Werten.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 12 (1992), S. 105-115 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; clean fuels ; reformulated gasoline ; ethers ; oil refining ; natural gas conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract New and more stringent environmental legislation is expected to have a major impact on the refining industry. Reformulated gasoline which is currently being introduced into parts of the United States is an example of the shift towards “cleaner” burning fuels. To achieve future government specifications for such fuels significant changes will likely be required in refinery operations to produce products with good combustion characteristics and reduced emissions. Catalysis is expected to play a dominant role in both modifying existing processes and developing new routes to these more environmentally acceptable fuels. Both new and improved catalysts systems which will be required for the production of so-called reformulated gasoline are discussed. For example, oxygenated components in gasoline such as methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) will continue to be required on a large scale necessitating new process and catalyst technology to achieve improved economics. Natural gas can be considered as a “clean” feedstock from which to produce liquid fuels of high quality. A number of new process routes to convert remote natural gas into readily transportable liquid fuels are also discussed. This area of technology offers considerable scope for further major improvements based on innovation in the field of syngas catalysis.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 12 (1992), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; zeolites ; palladium ; ion exchange ; solid-state ; hydrogenation ; hydroisomerisation ; ethylbenzene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bifunctional catalysts containing an acidic as well as a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation function were prepared by solid-state ion exchange. Preparation and properties of Pd-loaded H-ZSM-5 are described in detail. The catalytic behavior of the reduced catalysts was investigated using hydrogenation and hydroisomerisation of ethylbenzene as a test reaction. The catalytic performance of the catalysts could be significantly improved by concomitant incorporation of Ca2+. This was advantageously achieved in a two-step procedure, where first a solid-state ion exchange with CaCl2 and subsequently a second solid-state ion exchange with PdCl2 was carried out. A Ca, H-ZSM-5 with 1.5 wt-% Pd obtained via this two-step procedure and subsequent reduction in H2 exhibited high activity, long life-time and good selectivity with respect to hydrogenation and hydroisomerisation of ethylbenzene to ethylcyclohexane and dimethylcyclohexanes, respectively. Electron micrographs of the reduced catalyst showed finely dispersed palladium with maximum size of about 2.0 nm.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Catalysis letters 14 (1992), S. 101-106 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; aromatization ; propane ; ZSM-5 ; hydrogen acceptor ; intermetallic compound ; hydride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the hydride-forming intermetallic compound Zr2Fe on the aromatization of propane over high-silica zeolites of CVM type (Russian equivalent of ZSM-5) modified by Zn, Ga or Pt cations has been investigated. Aromatics yield and selectivity of aromatization are shown to increase essentially as a result of releasing hydrogen elimination by the intermetallic acceptor. The effect of hydrogen acceptor on propane conversion and product distribution appeared to be different depending on the composition of the catalyst used. Possible changes in the reaction mechanism in hydrogen removal conditions are discussed.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 35 (1992), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Sugar synthesis ; Glyceraldehyde ; Iron(III) hydroxide oxide ; Catalysis ; Aldol condensation ; Prebiotic ; Molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Iron(III) hydroxide oxide [Fe(OH)O] efficiently catalyzed the condensation of 25 MM dl-glyceraldehyde to ketohexoses at 25°C (pH 5–6). At 16 days the yields were sorbose (15.2%), fructose (12.9%), psicose (6.1%), tagatose (5.6%), and dendroketose (2.5%) with 19.6% of triose unreacted. Analysis at 96 days showed no decomposition of hexoses. Under these conditions Fe(OH)O also catalyzed the isomerization and rearrangement of glyceraldehyde to dihydroxyacetone and lactic acid, respectively. In these reactions, about 10% of the glyceraldehyde was oxidized to glyceric acid with concurrent reduction of the iron(III) to iron(II). The partial reduction of Fe(OH)O did not noticeably reduce its ability to catalyze hexose synthesis. The relationship of these results to prebiotic sugar synthesis is discussed.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Chromatographia 34 (1992), S. 398-410 
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Catalysis ; Hydrodenitrogenation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Many important parameters of surface catalysed reactions can be determined simultaneously, under nonsteady state conditions using Reversed-Flow Gas Chromatography. A simple, slightly modified gas chromatograph is required. The distorted diffusion bands, obtained experimentally for reactant and product(s), can be analysed mathematically, using simple PC programs, to give the pre-exponential factors and the exponential coefficients of a function consisting of the sum of two-four exponential functions of time. From these, and some geometrical and diffusional characteristics of the reaction cell, the values of adsorption, desorption and reaction rate constants, the overall mass transfer coefficients in the gas and in the solid catalyst, and the adsorption equilibrium constant, for both reactant and product(s) can be calculated. The above parameters were determined at various temperatures and over three catalysts for the hydrodenitrogenation of piperidine ton-pentane, an industrially important hydrotreating process. The results obtained can help to understand the mechanism of reactions on solid surfaces and to confirm experimentally theoretical calculations on adsorption and surface reactions.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Catalysis ; flow analysis ; modified electrodes ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A model for a layer, containing catalytic centers, coated on an electrode and used for the mediation of analyte in a flowing stream is proposed and solved. The model applies to a situation of a Gaussian concentration profile of analyte impinging on the outer edge of the mediating layer. It was found that the important parameters that limit the current magnitude are the diffusion coefficient of the analyte through the layer, the effective electron diffusion coefficient through the layer and the rate of reaction between the mediator and the analyte. On evaluation of literature data, it was found that layers, high catalyst loading and with high rates of electron exchange, lead to linear peak current height versus concentration plots.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electroanalysis 4 (1992), S. 167-182 
    ISSN: 1040-0397
    Keywords: Catalysis ; reaction mechanism ; channel electrode ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The shape of the current-voltage curves at a channel electrode have been calculated for the various situations of the catalytic (EC′) mechanism. In particular the halfwave potential and limiting current are found to be highly sensitive to the solution-flow rate and to the concentrations of the mediator and substrate employed. These observations provide a ready method of unambiguously characterizing the different pathways.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; rare-earths ; lanthanides ; ytterbium ; oligomerization ; polymerization ; ethylene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ytterbium catalysts such as YbCl3/n-BuLi and (Cp2YbCl)2/RLi (R = Me, t-Bu, n-Bu,-CH2SiMe3) have been applied for the C-C-linkage of ethylene. Highly linear oligomers (n-alkanes) and polymers (high molecular weight polyethylene) were obtained. A reaction mechanism based on ytterbium-hydrides is proposed.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: Catalysis ; platinum ; microemulsion ; isomerisation ; hydrogenolysis ; hexanes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Platinum catalysts have been prepared by depositing on alumina monodispersed particles of platinum prepared in reversed micellar solution. After deposition, the particles are well dispersed on the support and the size distribution has a sharp maximum around 2 nm. The isomerization and hydrogenolysis of hexanes were studied in order to get more information about the particle size effects on the selectivities of Pt catalysts in these reactions. It was found that this catalyst exhibits the same selectivities as a low dispersed ordinary platinum catalyst. These selectivity values are quite different from the ones given by a highly dispersed classical catalyst in spite of the fact that the catalysts have fairly similar average particle size. Such results confirm the conclusions previously proposed that isomerisation via cyclic mechanism and non selective hydrogenolysis of hexanes take place only on platinum particles smaller than 1 nm.
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  • 23
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The astronomy and astrophysics review 3 (1991), S. 1-46 
    ISSN: 1432-0754
    Keywords: Nucleosynthesis ; Nuclear reactions ; Stars: abundances ; Interstellar Medium: abundances ; Cosmology ; Galaxies: evolution of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The basic scheme of nucleosynthesis (building of heavy elements from light ones) has held up very well since it was first proposed more than 30 years ago by E.M. Burbidge, G.R. Burbidge, A.G.W. Cameron, W.A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle. Significant advances in the intervening years include (a) observations of elemental and a few isotopic ratios in many more extrasolar-system sites, including metal-poor dwarf irregular galaxies, where very little has happened, and supernovae and their remnants, where a great deal has happened, (b) recognition of the early universe as good for making all the elements up to helium, (c) resolution of heavy element burning in stars into separate carbon, neon, oxygen, and silicon burning, with fine tuning of the resulting abundances by explosive nucleosynthesis in outgoing supernova shock waves, (d) clarification of the role of Type I supernovae, (e) concordance between elements produced in short-lived and long-lived stars with those that increased quickly and slowly over the history of the galaxy, and (f) calibration of calculations of the evolution and explosion of massive stars against the detailed observations of SN 1987A. The discussion presupposes a reader (a) with some prior knowledge of astronomy at the level of recognizing what is meant by an A star and an AGB star and (b) with at least a mild interest in how we got to where we currently are.
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  • 24
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 124 (1991), S. 1173-1180 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Bis(2-oxazolines) ; Chelating ligands ; Zinc complexes ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dinitriles (5-7, 12, 13) react with enantiomerically pure β-amino alcohols (8 - 11,17) under zinc chloride catalysis to give optically active C2-symmetric bis(oxazolines). 1,2-Bis(2-oxazolin-2-yl)benzenes 1a - e are obtained under mild reaction conditions. 1H-NMR spectroscopy indicates the formation of 1:1 complexes 23 of these compounds with ZnCl2. The energy required for a conformational interconversion of zinc dichloride complex 23e was determined by variable-temperature 1H-NMR studies. An X-ray structure analysis was performed with the substituted [1,2-bis(2-oxazolinyl)benzene]zinc dichloride complex 23a.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 63 (1991), S. 170-171 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Air blowing ; Asphalt ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 26
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 5 (1991), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Catalysis ; ethylation ; organosodium ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Study of the catalytic ethylation of p-t-butyltoluene in the presence of organosodium compounds, and of toluene in the presence of organopotassium compounds, was carried out at an ethylene pressure of 40 bar.Various yields of different products were obtained after 23 h of reaction in the presence of different tertiary polyamines used to complex and solubilize the organoalkali compounds.A higher initial ethylation rate was observed in the presence of organosodium than in the presence of organopotassium species. However, the thermal stability of organopotassium species being higher, much higher yields were observed in their presence in catalytic ethylation reactions than those observed previously.The results obtained concerning metallation or ethylation of hindered alkylaromatics may be interpreted by an anionic mechanism and the activation by a steric effect.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 0749-1581
    Keywords: meso-Tetra(α, β, α, β-o-camphanylamidophenyl)porphyrin ; Rhodium complex ; Catalysis ; 1H and 13C NMR ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of a new chiral porphyrin, meso-tetra(α, β, α, β-o-camphanylamidophenyl)porphyrin, and its Mn(III) and Rh(III) derivatives is reported. Complete resonance assignments of both the 1H and 13C spectra of the ligand has been achieved via homo- and hetero-nuclear 2D NMR. Insertion of metal ions into the porphyrin ring was performed both in order to test the catalytic properties of the resulting complexes and to characterize the effect of of metal coordination on the spatial distribution of the bulky substituents. The Mn complex was then tested in catalytic chiral epoxidation reactions, giving low enantiomeric excesses (20%). The 2D NMR spectra of the Rh derivative indicate the existence of four molecular species generated by the interaction of the metal atom with the peripheral substituents of the porhyrin ring. In fact, a complex combination of axial coordination, together with the chirality of the camphanyl substituents, removed the symmetry of the porphyrin plane.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chirality transfer ; Carbonyl compounds ; Addition ; Enantioselectivity ; Synthetic methods ; Alcohols ; Reaction mechanisms ; Catalysis ; Alkylation ; Organometallic compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nucleophilic addition of organometallic reagents to carbonyl substrates constitutes one of the most fundamental operations in organic synthesis. Modification of the organometallic compounds by chiral, nonracemic auxiliaries offers a general opportunity to create optically active alcohols, and the catalytic version in particular provides maximum synthetic efficiency. The use of organozinc chemistry, unlike conventional organolithium or -magnesium chemistry, has realized an ideal catalytic enantioselective alkylation of aldehydes leading to a diverse array of secondary alcohols of high optical purity. A combination of dialkylzinc compounds and certain sterically constrained β-dialkylamino alcohols, such as (-)-3-exo-dimethylaminoiso- borneol [(-)-DAIB], as chiral inducers affords the best result (up to 99% ee). The alkyl transfer reaction occurs via a dinuclear Zn complex containing a chiral amino alkoxide, an aldehyde ligand, and three alkyl groups. The chiral multiplication method exhibits enormous chiral amplification: a high level of enantioselection (up to 98%) is attainable by use of DAIB in 14% ee. This unusual nonlinear effect is a result of a marked difference in chemical properties of the diastereomeric (homochiral and heterochiral) dinuclear complexes formed from the dialkylzinc and the DAIB auxiliary. This phenomenon may be the beginning of a new generation of enantioselective organic reactions.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formaldehyde is produced industrially from methanol by partial oxidation of oxidative dehydrogenation. In these processes, water is formed as a by-product. Anhydrous formaldehyde is required for many syntheses and, therefore, its production is of potential interest. In the present study, catalysts based on alkali compounds were found to be active in the dehydrogenation of methanol if absence of oxygen. Sodium carbonate doped with indium shows a selective of up to 75% for methanol conversion not exceeding 60%.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Copper and potassium containing Fe/Mn oxide catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were investigated by X-ray microprobe technique, scanning electron microscopy, low-temperature argon sorption and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide chemisorption at -80°C. The specific surface areas of the catalysts depend on the preparation method, e.g. addition of K or Cu by coprecipitation leads to an increase while impregnation results in a decrease in surface area. The resulting samples are inhomogeneous, as shown by all method. Mn and especially K accumulated on the surface of the catalysts. Addition of Cu and K considerably altered the selectivity and activity of the Fe/Mn oxide catalyst. High potassium contents produced high olefin to paraffin ratios but these catalysts became rapidly deactivated. Copper and a very small addition of potassium led to a very low olefin to paraffin ratio but showed a high and constant activity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new model of suspended bed of droplets for describing the vaour or gas the vapour or gas velocity at the flooding point in packed of columns for rectification and absorption under vacuum and normal pressure is presented metallic, ceramic and plastic packings with diameters of 8-90 mm as well on sheet metal and gauze packings, in a wide range of liquid and vapour loads. Approximately 650 literature measurements and own data were evaluated. The mean relative error in determining the gas velocity at flooding point is less than ±5%. On the basis of the double layer model, a new equation was derived for the hold-up at flooding point, which is needed for the calculation of the flooding gas velocity. An example of calculations for sample applications is also included.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new laboratory plant for batch cooling crystallization is described, which allows to maintain the supersaturation at a constant level during an experimental run. A method for continuous supersaturation measurements has been developed, using a density meter and a hydrocyclone. Experimental results obtained from a seeded solution in constant supersaturation cooling mode and at constant cooling rate are compared. In the case of a constant cooling rate, the supersaturation passes through a sharp maximum, whereby effective nucleation is enhanced. As a consequence, a smaller median crystal size is obtained than for cooling at constant supersaturation. Equation for controlled cooling at a constant supersaturation require an accurate description of the effective rate of nucleation. Therefore, the mechanical stress, to which the crystals are subjected, must be included as the main source of new nuclei. This is shown by the influence of stirrer on batch time.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 241-251 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pyrolysis of 2,3-dimethyl butane (DMB) was carried out in a quartz flow reactor in the temperature range from 740 to 1032 K at normal pressure. The input concentration of DMB was 3.3 × 10-3 mol/1 using argon as diluent. Reaction time ranged between 3.1 and 3.9 s. The following products were analyzed by two-column gas chromatography: hydrogen, methane, ethene, propane, propene, butenes, butadiene, 2-methyl-2-butene, isoprene, benzene and toluene. Compared to thermal decomposition of n-hexane under similar experimental conditions, the main difference concerned the formation of ethylene, ethane and branched alkanes. A reaction model, based on elementary reactions, was developed to predict the experimental results and to verify our data basis of elementary reactions under different conditions. The model gives a quantitative description of the complex chemistry of the process. In addition, an algorithm is presented for model reduction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 34
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 264-272 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes general, asymptotic and speculative relationships which can be deduced directly from the time-averaged form of the basic, partial-differential model for the conservation of mass and momentum in fully developed turbulent flow of constant-property fluids through round and parallel-plate channels. Such relationship are shown to provide insight as well as useful forms for correlation. Several analogies for flow in round tubes and between parallel plates which have generally been overlooked are reexamined and extended. A generally overlooked anomaly which occurs for flow in concentric, circular annuli, for flow between plates of non-identical roughness, and for the combination of forced and wall-Ind.uced flow between parallel plates is also is noted. The data needed to test the above analogies and to quantify the deviations, if any identified, as well as those needed to generalize the anomalous behavior.
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  • 35
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 298-303 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Adsorption isotherms for n-hexane and methanol in mordenite and ZSM5 in the temperature range from 323 K to 473 K were found to be of type 1. The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction (C1) and adsorbate-adsorbate interaction (C2) wee computed according to Bradley and Wilkins model, whereas the Rees and Williams model predicts the adsorption characteristics. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔGo, ΔSo, ΔHo, K, K+ have been evaluated for the sorption of n-hexane in mordenite and ZSM5.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Incineration processes are critical for the environment. SO2 and NOX removal with processes is nowadays commonplace. Up to now, heavy metal were recovered via precipitation. The alternative use of liquid ion exchange techniques offers an easy re-use of the heavy metals, which are obtained as concentrates. A separation process is described, starting from laboratory experiments and ending with pilot plant field tests. A cost comparison for extraction, permeation and precipitation gives the scope of the necessary expenses for such environmentally controlled processes.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In industrial processes, the reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia on activated carbons is carried out at temperatures between 90 and 190 °C. Adsorption of NO and NH3 on the catalyst was investigated separately. Reactions models for NO-reduction by carbon and ammonia were derived from experiments carried out in an integral reactor. In each case, the formation of an adsorbed (NO2)-complex is an important step. The kinetics of both reactions was described by modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood equations.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 38
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 289-297 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new stage-to-stage method has been developed for the calculation of NXx absorption columns. Each stage of the absorption column is simulated as a combination of a bubble column reactor (absorption) and an adiabatic plug for reactor (oxidation). The bubble column reactor is modelled as two single stirred tank reactors, one as a gas-phase and one as a liquid-phase reactor, both coupled by mass and heat transfer. In this hydrodynamic model, a dynamic approach is adopted, in which the gas-phase transport of N2O4 is the limiting step for the absorption. A gas-phasepseudo-enhancement for factor for N2O4 is therefore introduced. The balance equations for a single phase of the bubble column are solved with a Newton-Raphson algorithm. The entire column calculation is divided into a gas and a liquid side. On both sides, the stage-to-stage method is applied in such way that the overall calculation is performed as a loop process. The direction of the loop calculation follows that of the flow: gas-side upwards and liquid-side downwards.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 376-383 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental study of the electrohydrodimerization process to produce adiponitrile is used to determine an appropriate reaction model. From numerical simulations of five proposed reaction schemes and subsequent comparison with experimental data, the most favoured route is via an anion, intermediate of acrylonitrile. This route, a five step reaction involving electrochemical and chemical reaction in a diffusion/reaction layer, gives good predictions of product distributions over a wide range of current densities and acrylonitrile concentrations of product distributions over a wide range of current densities and acrylonitrile concentrations.
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  • 40
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 397-402 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method of transforming the non-liner regression problem in the kinetic study of complex heterogeneous catalytic reactions into a linear regression problem. Application of this method reduced the number of parameters to be estimated by n-1, where n is the number of independent reactions. In addition, a stepwise model discrimination strategy in introduced to reduce the number of equation sets ad equations in the set undergoing parameter estimation. These two new approaches are very advantageous in reducing the computation effort, especially when the number of independent reactions is large. The linear regression method and the stepwise model discrimination strategy are successfully applied in the kinetic study of the methanol synthesis system in which the formation rates of methanol, methane, ethanol and ethane are considered.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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  • 41
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 41-49 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution presents the mechanical data of high performance carbon fibres currently available on the market, based on experimental studies on stabilization and pyrolysis of PAN (SAF) from Courtaulds. The effects of stabilization and carbonization temperatures on the properties as well as on the ultra- and crystalline structures of the fibres are shown in more detail.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The residence time distribution in liquid phase was measured in a cocurrent upflow packed bed reactor for the system methanol-hydrogen at low Reynolds numbers and at elevated pressure. The plug flow with axial dispersion model was used to describe mixing in the system. The imperfect pulse method was used to measure the system response to a tracer pulse input. The parameters were calculated using the weighted moments method. The influence of the weighting factor was investigated. The experimental and theoretical outputs, as calculated by convolution, agreed very well. Different types of correlations were used for the Bodenstein number and liquid hold-up. From these correlations, the optimal one was selected for each parameter. A comparison was made between the ordinary moments and the weighted moments methods which led to the conclusion that the latter method is superior with respect to the accuracy of the estimated parameters and therefore strongly recommended.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the first part of this paper, a mathematical model is presented for a liquid fluidized bed bioreactor using immobilized enzymes with reversible Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The model is based on the axial dispersion model for the bulk liquid phase. Inter- and intraparticle mass transfer as well as enzyme catalyzed reaction inside the porous beads are considered. The overall efficiency of the biocatalysts is calculated by a numerical routine. For the calculation of the concentration profile inside the reactor, a semi-analytical solution is derived which takes into account the height dependence of the effectiveness factor.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Even though the influence of solids concentration in the feed on the separation efficiency of hydrocyclones has long been recognized, a systematic research on the change in pressure drop across the hydrocyclone and the latter's separation characteristics has thus far been lacking. If all other operating parameters are kept constant, an increase in feed concentration generally leads to a coarser cut size, reduced sharpness of separation and a rise in pressure drop. Apart from the particles hindering one another's radial motion, the limited capacity of the apex valve and the changes in the flow field within the hydrocyclone cause additional particles to be entrained by the overflow. The flow ratio thus becomes an additional parameter in determining the cyclone efficiency. A theoretical model, which takes these effects into account, has been developed and successfully tested against experimental data.
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  • 45
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 63-71 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bench scale experiments and computer simulations of transient crystal size distributions obtained in a 1.4 m3 sucrose crystallizer, which prove the existence of nuclei stock, are presented. This stock represents a large number of non-growing nuclei, which can be activated at increased supersaturations. The nuclei stock attenuates the dynamic behaviour of crystallization process.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Supersaturation is the driving force for crystallization from solution. For design and operation of crystallization processes, it is necessary to apply a set of criteria for the determination of appropriate or even optimum supersaturation. In this paper we present and discuss the results of our experimental and theoretical investigations on supersaturation during crystallization from solution. While the determination of the metastable zone width of the solution is frequently applied as a fast check on solution behaviour, we demonstrate that the determination of the induction period of the supersaturated solution is a useful aid in ascertaining the maximum allowable supersaturation. Theoretical considerations and experiments confirm that the induction period dependssoley on growth kinetics if secondary nucleation is the predominant mechanism. In order to avoid uncontrollable spontaneous value of between 70 and 130 μm during crystallization. Since growth kinetics turns out to be the only important system property for the determination of maximum possible supersaturation, we conclude the paper with some arguments concerning a closed representation of growth kinetics.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An airlift-loop reactor with a fluidized bed was used for the microbiological removal of a complex mixture of aromatic substances originating from coal tar process waters. A specially adapted mixed microbial culture derived from several soil and sludge samples was immobilized on fluidized sand particles and retained in a reactor at high biomas concentrations of 3 to 16 g dry matter per liter, depending on the COD-load. In a two-stage pilot plant, those aromatic substances which passed through the first stage either unaltered or only partially oxidized were effectively eliminated by the immobilized biomass in the second stage. Whereas most of the waste water components such as phenols and quinoline were already degraded by a conventional activated sludge system in the first stage, the majority of nitrogen-containing aromatic bases could be sufficiently eliminated with specially adapted micro-organisms in the second stage. Although the COD-feed load was increased to 12 and 15 kg m-3 d-1 in the first and second stages, respectively, it was removed to the extent of 87% on the average with an overall residence time varying between 11.5 and 29 h.
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  • 48
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 86-96 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The first part of this paper presents a relationship for the minimum velocity of rotating installations for foam breaking. The derivation is based on equilibrium of inertia and surface forces. Inertia forces occur during the acceleration of foam bubbles and act mainly at the plateau borders. High and definite acceleration can be obtained with a deformer composed of a rotor and a stator. The surface force is due to the dynamic surface tension because surface-active solutions react to a rapid change in surface area by altering their surface tension. The theoretical relationship is compared with experimental results of minimum velocities needed to break foams produced from aqueous solutions of detergents. The equation presented here explains why measured minimum velocities often range between 10 and 20 m/s. The second part of the paper deals with condensation of continuously generated foam in a closed system. In the process of condensation, foam is not completely separated into liquid and gas phase but turns into foam with small bubbles and high density. The collapse of this condensed foam must be considered for the control of persistent foams in a closed system. The collapse of foams made of aqueous solutions of different surface-active agents has been investigated. Different highly surface-active agents show small variations in times of coalescence. A relationship for the lifetime is given, which is based on laminar flow along plateau borders. Recommendations are made with respect to the geometry of the foam breaker, scale-up and operating variables such as rotational speed of the foam breaker and gas flow rate.
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  • 49
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 349-356 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Owing to imperfect mixing, the theoretical prediction of CSD for an MSMPR crystallizer deviates from the experimental results. In the present work, different modelling approaches were adopted to account for incomplete mixing in DTB and FC crystallizers. For DTB crystallizers, compartmental model, based on an earlier work of Nyvlt et al. has been proposed. For FC crystallizers, a mixed model comprising perfectly mixed and plug flow regimes has been put forward. This is based on the tracer response studies reported by de Jong. Predicted results were compared with experimental data of Bennett and van Buren for continuous urea crystallizers.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Compared to chemical reactors, there are additional requirements to be considered when selecting and designing a bioreactor. The cultivated organisms and most of the desired products are to a greater or lesser extent sensitive to temperature, pH and Shear stress. Furthermore, sterilization often plays an important role in maintaining a monoseptic process. Many design procedures for chemical reactors can be applied but requirements which are relevant to the biological system are sometimes decisive. Consequently, it is useful to first consider the essential features of the organisms with respect to the selection and design of bioreactors. Attention must be paid to the fermentation medium because its flow behaviour can range from slightly viscous and Newtonian to highly viscous, non-Newtonian. Many papers deal with low viscosity fermentation broths [1-5]. However, little is known about the design of bioreactors for highly viscous non-Newtonian liquids. Fundamentals for the design of bioreactors are presented. It has been attempted to apply theoretical equations suitable for both, low viscosity Newtonian and high viscosity non-Newtonian fermentation broths. Apart from the calculation procedure for the OTR-values, the difference between global and local values within bioreactor is demonstrated by means of velocity and shear stress profiles. Special requirements for bioreactors such as prevention of excessive foaming, shear sensitivity of micro-organisms and cell-lines and effective sterilization are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 392-397 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Monte Carlo simulation scheme is proposed for transient crystal size distribution in a continuous crystallizer. The suggested scheme can taken into account dispersion effects of growth rate, shape factor and birth size on crystal size distribution. This method is simple and more versatile than solution of the number balance equation or the finite-state Markov chain model. The proposed algorithm of the process has a very simple structure and can be easily implemented on a personal computer. The present contribution is extension of an earlier work of Sen Gupta and Dutta.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The presented contribution reports on comprehensive hydrodynamic investigations in two pulsed sieve-plate extraction columns (PSE) on a pilot scale. The experiments were conducted with three different sieve plate geometries employing test systems recommended by EFCE, under varying pulsation conditions and throughputs. The results of the investigation add to the existing knowledge of relationships between hydrodynamic parameters, drop size, hold-up, flooding throughput and mixing and operating parameters. They also provide useful information for scale up, selection of sieve-plate geometry, most favorable operating range, and constructive design of equipment. On the basis of measurements, analytical methods are recommended for prediction of PSE hydrodynamics.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 53
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 304-312 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some properties of carboxylic acids are reviewed, with emphasis on recent experimental data, Qualified, consistent latent heat of vaporization data were developed for the series and a two-population viewpoint is suggested. The equation of state formulated by Grenzheuser [1] is also recommended as a practical tool, and its further development is urged.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 328-332 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The linear algebraic character of the formal representation of chemical species and their reactions is compared with the procedure of searching for dimensionless numbers in a set of physical quantities. A straightforward algorithm is presented to find a finite set of solutions to the relevant system of “balance equations”, the so-called minimal (or simple) solutions. At the third stage of the hierarchy thus established, “mechanisms” among reactions as well as “representations” among dimensionless group can also be defined.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A heterogeneous fluid dynamic model has been developed to describe the complex flow structure of two-phase in bubble columns. The equation of continuity and momentum balances form the basis of the model. Coupling of the two phases occurs via an interaction force, deduced by a force balance around a single rising bubble. Multiphase flow mixing processes are taken into consideration by introducing turbulent viscosities of the two phases involved. The Simulation program was extended to reactive system, taking into account the mass balances of a second order gas-liquid chemical reaction as well as the different absorption/reaction regimes. The gas phase concentration profiles show pronounced axial and radial dependences, while the liquid phase can be regarded as a CSTR with respect to the liquid component. With reference to the gaseous component, which is being absorbed in the liquid phase, the degree of back mixing does not show CSTR behaviour as the influence of different absorption conditions in different axial and radial reactor positions is superposed on that of turbulent motion of the liquid carrier of the dissolved gaseous component.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 56
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 57
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic mathematical model has been developed which is suitable for thermally coupled distillation processes. An algorithm known as the equation-decoupled method was used for simulation. EPISODE software and LU decomposition method were adopted to solve the ordinary differential and algebraic equations of the model, respectively. The initial conditions, viz. a solution for the steady state of the process in dynamics simulation were obtained by means of modified Naphtali-Sandholm algorithm. Research on the dynamic behaviour of thermally coupled distillation processes was carried out on two examples. It was found, via the dynamic simulation, that a disturbance in the distribution of vapour coupled stream has a large effect on the composition of vapour side withdrawal and, similarly, for liquid coupled stream, on that of liquid side withdrawal when the fraction of side withdrawal is fixed, and a smaller effect when the quantity of side withdrawal is fixed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 58
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 196-202 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Random Crystal Growth (RCG)model is proposed to predict CSD in a continuous MSMPR crystallizer when the crystals exhibit growth rate dispersion. RCG model links two well-known models of growth rate dispersion, namely the Random Fluctuation (RF) and Constant Crystal Growth (CCG) Models. Monte Carlo simulation has been employed to solve the model equations. Predicted results are compared with experimental CSD data on sucrose reported by Bennett.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The well-known formulae for efficiency and mean temperature difference of a heat exchanger as functions of its numbers of transfer units, or dimensionless lengths, can be written in a more compact form by introducing the auxiliary function ϕ(x) = x/(1 - e-x). The resulting new formulae show a number of advantages: They are shorter, easier to memorize, and in many cases the limiting values can be seen more directly. They may therefore contribute to easier and faster heat exchanger design, and to reduced probability of errors in the relevant calculations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 60
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 258-264 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deasphaltization of heavy crude oils and distillation residues may reduce the metal content of these oils to such an extend that the upgrading of deasphaltized oil in a catalytic process becomes economically feasible. Experimental results of deasphaltization of Boscan crude from Venezuela, using subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide as deasphaltizing agent, are presented. Deasphaltization and demetalling with CO2 in the supercritical state is more effective. Under favorable conditions, the deasphaltized oil contains practically no asphaltenes and the metal content is reduced by 690 wt-%. The influence of n-heptane or n-pentane addition to the crude, which lowers viscosity and promotes flocculation, is also discussed. Furthermore, a multistage deasphaltization process is more efficient than a single stage process.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 61
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 277-288 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present paper is a case study of an application of sensitivity analysis in chemical kinetics. Emphasis is laid upon chemical interpretation of sensitivity information and on identification of the most important model important model parameters. The kinetic model for reforming of C6 hydrocarbons proposed by Mobil [14] is extended to the analysis of the behavior of n-hexane conversion in an adiabatic reactor. The importance of six initial conditions (feed composition and initial temperature) is analyzed by the computation of normalized first order sensitivity gradients (y1o/y) (δyi/δy1o). The relative importance of 21 model parameters αj is estimated by the computation of normalized sensitivity gradients of the type (αj/yi) (δyi/δαj). The influence of the decisive model parameters ΔH6o and ΔH3o (activation enthalpies of benzene hydrogenation and methyl cyclopentane isomerization, respectively) as well as operating parameters is presented. The problem of uncertainly in the value of ΔH6o and its influence on the model solution is also sown. Finally, some advantages of the application of normalized gradients of the explanation of process behavior are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 319-322 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model based on experimental results is set up for a typical model reaction of hydrocarbon reforming, namely the dehydroisomerization of methyl cyclopentane. Computer simulations shows that the existing theory about the reaction path of hydrocracking reactions involving bifunctional catalysts may be only partly valid.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 63
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 322-327 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deposition of particles from gas flows on ribbons in normally expected on the front side. Collision efficiencies of ribbons are presented for this case, obtained by means of single particle trajectory computation, which is based on numerically determined flow fields in the Reynolds number range between 2 and 50 and on the potential flow model. Further, it is shown, that deposition of particles on the rear side can be caused by eddylike motion of the fluid in the wake of the ribbon. For this to occur, two conditions must be fulfilled: the free shear layer between the wake and the outer flow must be turbulent to cause lateral transfer of particles into the wake and the Stokes number may not exceed 0.5.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution of 0.1 M 1,2-dichloroethane in 1 M H2SO4 was anodically converted to CO2, Cl2 and HCIO4 as the main products at smooth platinum. The current efficiency for CO2 exceeds 60% at low current densities, while HClO4 is obtained with about 20% current efficiency. Chlorinated products such as 1,2′,2-trichloroethane are formed in negligible amounts. Platinum plays a distinctive role as anode material and shows a reaction limited anodic prewave. Our experimental findings lead to a mechanism, whereby DCE is initially hydroxylated to form chloroacetaldehyde chlorohydrin which releases HCl and becomes rapidly further oxidized to monochloroacetic acid. The cleavage of the C—C bond proceeds via its anodic decarboxylation. Possible practical applications in the field of anodic water purification and in the direct electrosynthesis of vinyl chloride are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The collection of reactive and therefore extremely adhesive and cohesive fine particles (〈 1 μm) by means of bag filters with pulse-jet cleaning may present problems. The electron-beam dry scrubbing (EBDS) process, used to remove SO2 and Nox in a power plant of the Badenwerk AG, Karlsruhe, serves as an example. To solve the occurring problems and achieve a satisfactory filter performance, extensive know-how of process engineering is necessary. This contribution deal with the following aspects: construction of the cleaning system, selection of filter medium, precoating, and dosage of an auxiliary dust during filtration.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Holographic interferometry is used for the determination of surface deformation of items of equipment. The material failure which caused the surface deformation can then be identified. Because a double-pulsed laser is used to plot the hologram, non-vibration stabilized holographic equipment is necessary. Thus, non-destructive testing of equipment components is also possible during plant operation. In this report, we present the experimental results of non-destructive testing of composite materials. We examined centrifugally cast pipes and filament wound pipes, which were made from glass fibre reinforced plastic and carbon fibre reinforced graphite. As a rule, the severity of failure is characterized by the apparent perturbation of its holographically stored fringe pattern. In this report, we present the experimental results which yield the relationship between the perturbation of interference fringes and the extent of the specific types of failure. Measurement results were compared with displacements calculated by the finite element method. By using the interferogram, and with the knowledge of tension stress beneath the surface, the size of the crack can be estimated. The size of the smallest detectable flaw was clearly smaller than the critical flaw size. Thus, holographic interferometry is suitable for detecting damage to cylindrical containers.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution reports on the breakthrough behaviour of binary gas mixtures with ideal and non-ideal multicomponent adsorption equilibria. Investigations were carried out on mixtures CO2/C2H4 and C2H4/C2H6, both adsorbed on molecular sieve 5A (ms5A). The adsorption equilibrium of the system CO2/C2H4/ms5A may exhibit azeotropic behaviour, which subsides with decreasing active pressure (= sum of partial pressures of adsorbable components) or on raising the temperature. In contrast, the system C2H4/C2H6/ms5A maintains its ideal behaviour also at higher active pressures or lower temperatures. Attempts to calculate the non-ideal adsorption equilibrium from measured single component isotherms have failed when known models were applied. The investigation of the effect of azeotropic equilibrium on the fixed bed adsorption led to intersecting breakthrough curves of the two components. This behaviour is due to a displacement of equilibrium caused by the change in the active pressure and partial pressures, and a superposed temperature effect. This can be shown by calculating the breakthrough curves with the equilibrium model.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the first part of this contribution, a mathematical model was presented for a liquid fluidized bed using immobilized enzymes, with reversible Michaelis-Menten kinetics. This part is focused on the experimental results. The reaction kinetics of native and immobilized enzymes was determined in continuous stirred tank reactors under comparable conditions. The influence of external mass transfer was investigated in a fixed bed reactor column. The extend of pore diffusional resistance was examined in a continuous stirred tank reactor and with a numerical simulation. Hydrodynamics was measured in different reactor columns (diameter dt = 0.052 - 0.225 m; length L: 1.0-2.0m) and with a static mixer. Further, the concentration profile was determined in a fluidized bed reactor with side stream analysis for different biocatalyst samples, fluid velocities and bed heights. The simulation of experimental results indicates that they are well described by the developed model. Furthermore, the model is well suited to predicting the influence of specific parameters on the effective kinetics of the biocatalyst and the expansion of the fluidized bed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laboratory-scale measurements were performed on the absorption of NO2 gas into diluted nitric acid. The concentration of NO2 gas, which represents an NO2/N2O4 equilibrium, varied from 1000 to 20000 ppm, the carrier gas being nitrogen. The concentration of nitric acid ranged from 15 to 60 mass-%. The absorption experiments were carried out in a double stirred cell, with a defined gas/liquid interface as the mass transfer area. The liquid phase was conducted periodically and the gas phase continuously. Mass flow rates were determined. The well-known film model of absorption was used for analyzing the experimental results. Only the N2O4 species was considered to pass the gas/liquid interface. The measured data yielded values of HN2O4(k D1)1/2 as well as their variation with temperature and nitric acid concentration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The BF-Uhde-Mitsui Process uses active coke for SO2- and NOx-removal from flue gases in the temperature range between 100 and 190 °C, Experimental methods of thermal regeneration were applied to the evaluation of the state of the adsorbent after use in flue gas cleaning and of the parameters for disrober design. A reaction model was derived from experiments carried out in differential and back-mix reactors. The parameters were evaluated by adaptation of the model to the adsorption spectra. The model was successfully applied to the regeneration of active coke in a fluidized bed reactor.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 113-118 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics in countercurrent, cocurrent and liquid batch operations with various Newtonian liquids were studied experimentally using the same bubble column. Taking the effect of gas sparger geometries, operating variables and liquid properties into account, empirical correlations were obtained for the gas hold-up and the volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 72
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 125-130 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Critical temperatures and pressures have been determined experimentally for the four lowest n-alcohols, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol, and are given in the penultimate line of Table 3. The last line of Table 3 lists the weighted mean critical pressures, with the corresponding critical temperatures obtained from he vapour pressure equation. Comparison with the corresponding data from standard reference books reveals deviations from the experimental data in some [2, 4] and incorrect critical pressure for ethanol in all five reference books quoted in Table 3. In addition, vapour pressure data were obtained for the same alcohols in the temperature range approaching the critical point. The measurements are reproduced by the simplified Clausius-Clapeyron equation with the constants and standard deviation given in Table 2.
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  • 73
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide oxidation process in a fixed bed catalytic reactor is simulated in the case of cyclic change in the direction of the reaction mixture feed. It is shown that, for transient condition, the amount of catalyst in the reactor may be substantially reduced by its partial substitution with inert material of suitable form, dimensions and thermophysical properties, at the end of the layer. This makes the direct regenerative heat transfer process in these zones controllable, producing the same conversion and overall height of the layer. The results are significant for sulphuric acid production from gases poor in sulphur dioxide.
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  • 74
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 136-143 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the dimensioning of condensers in film condensation, the heat transfer coefficient between film surface and cooled tube wall must be known. Generally, Nusselt equations are used which have been verified by experiments. When there is no significant gas flow, a large number of equations correlate the experimental. data very well. The description of heat transfer enhancement by a significant gas flow is not sufficiently covered by the available literature. For film wise condensation in a vertical tube, a calculation method is presented which reproduces this phenomenon characterized by the interfacial shear stress at the film surface. This method is based on the assumption that, in the proximity of gas flow, the condensation process also affects the interfacial shear stress. A comparison with known experimental local Nusselt numbers showed a good agreement with water as the fluid. For test fluid MWA, which was used by Blangetti, the measured values show only a moderate agreement with theoretical calculations. Possibly, this is related to entertainment which occurred during measurements at film Reynolds numbers of over 80.
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  • 75
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 150-156 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental set-up is presented for the measurement of steady-state reaction rates in the liquid phase methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) synthesis from isobutene and methanol using ion exchange resin as catalyst. This apparatus was used for a separate investigation of the main side reaction, i.e., the formation of isobutene dimers (DIB), in the temperature range between 60 and 90°C. The reaction catalyzed by Amberlyst 15 (A15) showed no steady-state behaviour, but the catalytic activity declined at a rate dependent on the reaction conditions. Time constants for activity loss were determined in the range from 3.5 to 30 h. The deactivated A15 catalyst could be regenerated through MTBE synthesis experiment. Deactivation is assumed to be caused by blocking of the microparticle gel phase by higher isobutene oligomers. The DIB formation, using 1-butene as solvent, was of 2nd order with respect to isobutene and showed an apparent activation energy of about 40 kJ/mol.
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  • 76
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    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 161-171 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of modelling and computer simulation is an essential prerequisite for type design and operation of packed bed systems. Unfortunately, the existing models are based on a number of weak assumptions of which plug flow can be considered as a common deficiency. Such a simplification would inevitably have a noticeable bearing on the accuracy of the final design and consequently calls for the development of a coherent mathematical description of the packed bed systems so that reliable design information can be explored. A two-dimensional heterogeneous transient model has been developed which allows for the radial variations of velocity and void age. The model equations have been solved using numerical approximation. The simulated results reveal significant differences between the present refined data and those established from existing plug flow models.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many experimental studies reveal that suspended solids considerably alter the coalescence behaviour and hydrodynamic functions of wo-phase flow. But no systematic efforts have yet been undertaken to separate the effects of different particle properties on local gas hold-up, bubble size and interfacial area gas/liquid. The aim of this paper is to present the local values of these parameters in three-phase fluidized beds of different solids, using miniaturized optical fiber and conductivity needle probes. It is shown that particle concentration, size and, in particular, density are decisive for the change in coalescence behaviour. Ranges of normal (ϱS 〉 ϱL) and inverse fluidization (ϱS 〈 ϱL) must be distinguished and the flow regime also exerts a strong influence on the interactions between the dispersed phases, the transition point itself being a function of particle properties can be observed, This effect is evaluated for different column diameters, between 0.1 and 0.3 m.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aerated emulsions are gaining significance in fermentation as well as in inorganic and organic chemistry. In these processes, liquid-liquid mass transfer can be the limiting step. Therefore, the effect of gassing rate on droplet size was investigated as a function of dispersed liquid phase concentration and power input in different vessels. At high power inputs, the droplet size decreased. With increasing dispersed phase concentration and gassing rate, the droplet size increased and its dependence on power input subsided.
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  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 214-220 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental investigations of thermal bulk polymerization of styrene in pilot plants of different sizes have been performed. Each pilot plant is composed of a tubular recycle reactor, connected in series with a tubular reactor, both completely filled with Sulzer motionless mixers. Kinetic, reactor and viscosity models have been verified in a wide range of styrene conversions (up to 96%) temperatures (up to 210 °C) and polystyrene molar masses (up to 360 000). Scale-up studies were carried out which confirmed that multitubular reactors of special design can be applied for industrial polymerization process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Warm concentrated industrial wastewaters are preferably treated in an anaerobic reactor for reasons of energy generation and low surplus sludge production. Problems to be solved in the practical application concern a low growth rate of the micro-organisms, their low settling rate, process instability and the need for after treatment of the noxious anaerobic effluent which often contains NH4+ and HS-. The use of biomass immobilized on small suspended carriers (〈 0.5 mm) has proven to be a suitable means to overcome most of these problems. Results are presented on pilot and full-scale pretreatment of industrial wastewater in an anaerobic 2-state fluidized bed reactor for CH4-production and laboratory and pilot scale post-treatment of the anaerobic effluent, which contains NH4+ and HS- in an aerobic air-lift suspension reactor for the production of NO3- and SO42-.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of dioxins/furans during waste incineration, and particularly the development of measures for minimizing the amount of generated pollutants, continue to command a considerable scientific as well public interest. Experiments are reported which were performed at the TAMARA municipal solid waste pilot incineration, erected on the premises of the karlsruhe Nuclear Research Centre. These experiments show that the solid waste mass flow rate and moisture content influence the dioxin/furan formation, Good removal efficiencies of dioxins/furans have been In wet cleaning. Hydrogen peroxide added to the crude gas is an interesting “killer” reagent for dioxins/furans.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 251-258 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Regeneration of diesel particulate filters can be accomplished by complete combustion of a collected particulate. A reactor has been developed for study of the regeneration in the presence of catalysts, additives and ignition aids. This reactor allows an accurate measurement of soot ignition temperatures and a kinetic study of soot oxidation with an undisturbed soot layer and under a defined gas composition. Results of various investigations carried out with this reactor are presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 273-277 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The majority of the fluidized-bed reactor models are models are rooted in the tacit assumption that transport between the bubble, cloud, and emulsion phases occurs in series with chemical reaction. A more realistic model that anticipates simultaneous transport and reaction is presented in terms of a fluid-bed effectiveness factor which embraces the limits between chemical and mass transport control. Analysis of the predictive capacity of this model vis-a-vis the Kunii-Levenspiel model reveals signal differences in chemical conversion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 384-392 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simultaneous measurements of power consumption P and heat transfer coefficient α for a jacketed, baffled, agitated vessel of diameter D = 0.45 m, equipped with a conical turbine, were carried out. The following geometric parameters of the agitator were tested: diameter d, blade width b and number Z, and distance from the bottom of the vessel to the lower edge of the blade h. The results of these investigations were generalized mathematically. On the basis of optimization, the best geometric parameters with respect to heat transfer are proposed for the conical turbine agitator.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 422-425 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Markov process approach, as used in the modelling of particle residence time distribution in a flow system of interlinked compartments, has been compared with the deterministic model of a complex reaction system of the first order. In the latter model, interfacial reactions take place between flowing phases, corresponding to the compartments in the stochastic model. It has been demonstrated that the two approaches are equivalent. A direct method of calculating the higher moments of the residence time distribution has been verified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 426-431 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general model is proposed to predict the crystal size distribution from multistage MSMPR Crystallizers taking into account shape factor, birth size and growth rate dispersions. Two cases, namely nucleation in the first crystallizer and the same process in all crystallizers have been considered. The developed equations can be solved easily by the Monte Carlo technique. The model represents an extension of the earlier work of Sen Gupta and Dutta.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Heterogeneous catalysis ; Reaction mechanisms ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Despite the great importance of heterogeneous catalysis, research in this field has long been characterized by its empiricism. Now, however, thanks to the rapid development of methods in surface physics, the elementary steps can be identified at the atomic level and the underlying principles understood. Defined single crystal surfaces are employed as models, based on the analysis of the surfaces of ‘real’ catalysts. Direct images, with atomic resolution, can be obtained using scanning tunneling microscopy, while electron spectroscopic methods yield detailed information on the bonding state of adsorbed species and the influence of catalyst additives (promotors) upon them. The successful application of this approach is illustrated with reference to the elucidation of the mechanism of ammonia synthesis. The catalyst surface is usually transformed under reaction conditions, and, as the processes involved are far-removed from equilibrium, such transformations can lead to intrinsic spatial and temporal self-organization phenomena. In this case, the reaction rate may not remain constant under otherwise invariant conditions but will change periodically or exhibit chaotic behavior, with the formation of spatial patterns on the catalyst surface.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 29 (1990), S. 235-244 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Homogeneous catalysis ; Nickel ; Catalysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The efficiency and future development of the chemical industry are closely linked to catalysis. It has been estimated, for example, that 60 to 70% of all industrial chemicals have involved the use of a catalyst at some point during their manufacture. In the past two decades the share of the market credited to homogeneous transition metal catalysis increasead to 10-15%. Besides cobalt, which is used mainly in hydroformylation reactions, nickel is the most frequently used metal. Many carbon-carbon bond formation reactions can be carried out with high selectivity if catalyzed by organonickel complexes. Such reactions include, inter alia, carbonylation reactions, cyclic and linear oligomerization and polymerization reactions of monoenes and dienes, and hydrocyanation reactions. It was Reppe and Wilke who pioneered and shaped the field of homogeneous nickel catalysis. Great impetus was also given to the development of organonickel chemistry by Wilke and his students. Research in this area has contributed immensely towards an understanding of the reactions involved in catalysis. - This review is primarily concerned with nickel-catalyzed reactions which are of interest both preparatively and industrially; some mechanistic aspects are also dealt with.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1163-1164 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1171-1175 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1169-1170 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964) 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1254-1256 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1272-1275 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1253-1254 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1264-1272 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1276-1285 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1315-1319 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 1348-1348 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 36 (1964), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei der Zellstoff-Gewinnung aus Holz fallen Ablaugen mit hohem Lignin- und Salzgehalt an. Um diese Chemikalien zurückzugewinnen und die Abwässer möglichst rein zu halten, werden die Ablaugen nach dem Eindüsen mit Druckluft in einem Generator bei etwa 1000°C unter Zusatz von Öl teilweise verbrannt und reduzierend vergast. Die Schmelzen werden wie üblich aufgearbeitet, während die Abgase zur Dampferzeugung ausgenützt werden. Je nach Anordnung des Laugen-Vergasers im Fließschema der Zellstoff-Fabrik ergeben sich wirtschaftliche Vorteile. Als solche bieten sich an: Trennung der Chemikalien-Rückgewinnung von der Energie-Erzeugung, Reinhaltung der Kessel und Überhitzer sowie ein Turbinenbetrieb mit hohen Dampftemperaturen.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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