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  • 1980-1984  (19,184)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (15,115)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (4,068)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 349-359 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Swelling Behaviour of Thermosetting MaterialsThe moisture absorption of moulded materials can endanger a construction because of the change in volume of various parts. Therefore it is necessary to know the maximum possible swelling of the moulded materials employed at different relative humidities. The swelling of modified phenolic resin systems are described. Wood flour (which absorbs moisture) and powdered minerals (which in this case can be considered as inert) were used as fillers.Different methods have been developed to calculate the maximum possible swelling after a relatively short testing time (ca. 1000 h).
    Notes: Die Feuchteaufnahme eines Formstoffes kann durch die damit verbundene Volumenänderung des Formteils die Funktion einer Baugruppe gefährden. Daher muß die maximal mögliche formstoff- und umgebungsfeuchtespezifische Quelldehnung der eingesetzten Formstoffe bekannt sein. Am Beispiel von Ein-, Zwei- und Dreistoffsystemen mit Phenolharz als Matrixwekstoff wird der Einfluß der Harzträger Holzmehl (im Hinblick auf die Feuchteaufnahme „aktiv“) und Gesteinsmehl („inaktiv“) auf die Quellung untersucht. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Methoden aufgezeigt, die eine Abschätzung der maximal möglichen Quelldehnung nach relativ kurzer Versuchsdauer (etwa 1000 h) ermöglichen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 24-34 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Evaluation of Recent Models for Short Fatigue CracksIn the present study some new procedures for the evaluation of the propagation behavior of small cracks at notches which were originally proposed by T. H. Topper et al. and by K. J. Miller et al. are considered. They are presented in a manner that they can immediately be used for practical applications. The basis of the procedures and their ranges in application are considered and they are compared to conventional fracture mechanics analyses.In a second part of the study still existing limitations in the physical basis of the procedures are outlined and some aspects regarding the extension of the range in application of the procedures to variable amplitude loading histories are given.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden neuere im Schrifttum mitgeteilte Methoden (Verfahren nach T. H. Topper u. Mitarbeiter und nach K. J. Miller und Mitarbeiter) zur Beschreibung des Ausbreitungsverhaltens kleiner Risse an Kerben betrachtet und in der Weise aufbereitet, daß sie unmittelbar in der Praxis anwendbar sind. Es erfolgt eine ausführliche Darstellung der Grundlagen und des Anwendungsbereichs der Methoden, ferner ein Vergleich mit konventionellen Lösungsansätzen auf der Grundlage der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik (LEFM).Anschließend werden die derzeit noch bestehenden Beschränkungen in den physikalischen Grundlagen der betrachteten Methoden angegeben. Es werden Weiterentwicklungsschwerpunkte im Hinblick auf die allgemeine Anwendung der Methoden auf Betriebsfestigkeitsprobleme aufgezeigt.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 104
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 124-132 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 34 Ill.
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  • 105
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A30 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 172-176 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Long Term Creep Tests of Polypropylene at 120 °CThe mechanism of damage in the pipe wall during the internal pressure creep test of polypropylene-pipes at a test temperature of 120° is described. The resulting consequences from the investigations relating to the test method are shown and a test station with automatic recording of the time of damage is presented.Further on solutions are explained to eliminate the security risks during the tests of big pipes. A practical performance is described. On the basis of the time-temperature-correlation of the long term behavior of polypropylene the mathematical basis to interpolate minimum requirements for quality control are presented.
    Notes: Die Schädigungsmechanismen in der Rohrwand bei der Zeitstand-Innendruckprüfung von Rohren aus Polypropylen und einer Prüftem-peratur von 120 °C werden beschrieben. Die sich daraus ergebenden Konsequenzen hinsichtlich der Prüftechnik werden aufgezeigt und ein Prüfstand mit selbsttätiger Erfassung des Versagenszeitpunkts für die Serienprüfung vorgestellt. Desweiteren werden Lösungsmöglichkeiten zur Beseitigung des Sicherheitsrisikos bei der Prüfung von Großrohren erläutert und eine praktische Ausführung beschrieben.Auf der Basis der Zeit-Temperatur-Korrelation des Festigkeitsverhaltens von Polypropylen werden die mathematischen Grundlagen zur Interpolation von Mindestanforderungen für die Qualitätskontrolle angegeben.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 108
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A38 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Resistance of Various Steel Types and Nickel-Base Alloys Under the Influence of Nitriding Gases in Ammonia Syntheses PlantsThe paper describes test results obtained during 5 years of practical trials with heat-resisting steels, steels for hydrogen service, austenitic steels and nickel-base alloys under the nitriding operation conditions found in an ammonia plant at temperatures of more than about 400°C. During the test, nitriding rates and depths at high temperatures and under stresses were established, as well as changes in the mechanical properties as a result of nitriding.Based on the test results and the knowledge of the subject matter, recommendations and service condition limits for material selection are given.The superior behaviour of austenitic materials, especially with increasing nickel contents, could be confirmed.An attempt is made to find an explanation for the reduced resistance to hydrogen attack under the influence of nitridation.
    Notes: Beschrieben werden Versuchsergebnisse einer 5jährigen praktischen Erprobung an warmfesten, druckwasserstoffbeständigen und austenitischen Stählen sowie Nickelbasiswerkstoffen unter den aufnitrierend wirkenden Betriebsbedingungen einer Ammoniak-Synthese oberhalb etwa 400°C.Ermittelt wurden Nitriergeschwindigkeiten und -tiefen unter Temperatur- und Spannungseinflüssen sowie die Veränderungen der mechanischen Eigenschaften durch Nitrierung.Aufgrund der Versuchsergebnisse und gleichartiger Kenntnisse werden Empfehlungen und Grenzbedingungen zur Werkstoffauswahl gegeben.Das bessere Verhalten austenitischer Werkstoffe, insbesondere mit steigenden Nickelgehalten, konnte bestätigt werden.Es wird versucht, eine Deutung der Verschlechterung der Druckwasserstoffbeständigkeit unter dem Einfluß der Aufnitrierung zu geben.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 110
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 214-221 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Die geschilderten Oberflachenschutzverfahren wurden entwickelt, um im Maschinen- und Apparatebau mit billigeren Grundwerkstoffen weiterzuarbeiten, aber bei hohem Verschleiß und Korrosionsbeanspruchungen noch eine technische und wirtschaftliche Nutzungsdauer zu erreichen. Durch die laufende Verknappung und damit Verteuerung der Rohstoffe werden die einzelnen Verfahren in Zukunft noch eine wesentliche Steigerung erfahren.
    Additional Material: 44 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 222-222 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 112
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 230-237 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pickling of Steel Tanks for Use in Biological Water Purification Plants as a Pretreatment to the Application of an Organic CoatingHigh-level tanks made from structural steel, so called BIOHOCH®-Reaktoren for biological purification of chemical waste water, had to be protected against corrosion by an organic coating. After the usual pretreatment, which means cleaning of the steel surface by sand or furnaceslag blasting, pittinglike corrosion was observed in two cases. Therefore, the required grade of surface preparation was not available. Nevertheless, to get good preconditions for a sufficient service life, both tanks with a volume of about 20 000 m3 were pickled in such a manner, that the final furnace blasting operation furnished the presumed white metal state.The problematic nature of organic coatings, which has recommended the pickling of the steel surface, is discussed. The selection, realization and controlling of this treatment are specified.
    Notes: Stählerne Hochbehälter zur biologischen Reinigung von Chemieabwässern sollten mit einer Beschichtung gegen Korrosion geschützt werden. Bei der dazu notwendigen Vorbehandlung mittels Strahlen zeigte der Stahl in zwei Fällen eine lochförmige Vorkorrosion, die es verhinderte, daß sich auf diesem Wege die gewünschte Oberflächengüte erreichen ließ. Um dennoch gute Voraussetzungen für eine hinreichende Lebensdauer der Beschichtung zu schaffen, wurden die beiden Reaktoren mit jeweils etwa 20 000 m3 Inhalt so gebeizt, daß eine anschließende Strahlbehandlung den geforderten metallisch blanken Zustand erbrachte.Es wird auf die Problematik von Beschichtungen eingegangen, die es im vorliegenden Fall nahelegte, eine Beizung vorzunehmen. Die Auswahl, Ausführung und Überwachung dieser Behandlung werden beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 113
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 59-64 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Comparison of the Material Damage Progression by Intercristalline Stress Corrosion Cracking in the Laboratory and during Service ConditionsSimulation of the stress corrosion attack on structural steel in nitrate containing elektrolytes under practical service conditions. Description of the material damage process and definition of the different corrosion rates which can be deduced therefrom. The laboratory results permit the statement of a minimum and a maximum destruction rate by stress corrosion cracks.The results of measurements during service confirm the findings in the laboratory while the comparable damage pictures during laboratory testings and during service attribute to the understanding of not clarified phenomena of the damage process during service.
    Notes: Simulation des Spannungsrißkorrosionsangriffs von Baustählen in nitrathaltigen Elektrolyten unter praxisgerechten Prüfbedingungen. Beschreibung des Verlaufs der Werkstoffschädigung und Definition der unterschiedlichen Zerstörungsgeschwindigkeiten, die sich daraus ableiten lassen. Die Laborergebnisse erlauben die Angabe einer minimalen und maximalen Zerstörungsgeschwindigkeit durch Spannungsrißkorrosion.Die Ergebnisse von Betriebsmessungen bestätigen die im Labor ermittelten Befunde, wobei die vergleichbaren Schadensbilder bei der Laborprüfung und im Betriebseinsatz zum Verständnis von nicht geklärten Phänomenen des Schadensablaufs im Betrieb beitragen.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 115
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 88-94 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Hardfacing-Methods and their Application in the Materials-Technology and TribologyDuring the last few years more and more efforts have been made to reduce or even avoid material losses, caused either by mechanical or corrosive attack, by the means of protecting metal surface protection. In fact, the expenses needed in the Plastic-Technology for the disposition of wear-spares in West Germany amount to half a billion DM a year [1]. If all the damages by wear and corrosion are included, the losses world-wide rise to more than 80 billion DM/year. Thus not only technical but most of all economical reasons promote the rapid development of different hardfacing methods. The various methods are presented with ascending temperature of the working materials (s. Fig. 1).
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 116
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 96-102 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Oxygen Traces on the Properties of Tungsten Heavy MetalsInvestigation carried out with differently sintered W heavy metals showed that careful pre-reduction before liquid phase sintering is essential for obtaining satisfactory mechanical properties; otherwise oxide layers at the phase boundaries deteriorate the interface strength and thus cause premature fracture. Understandably, the water vapour content of the furnace atmosphere is of considerable importance. Appropriate sintering anticipated, even severely oxidized green compacts result in highly ductile heavy metals. Addition of scavengers, e.g. Cr or V, instead of the pre-reduction improves the interface strength, the mechanical properties however remain unsatisfactory.
    Notes: Untersuchungen an nach verschiedenen Zyklen gesinterten Schwermetallen zeigten, daß sorgfältige Reduktion vor dem Flüssigphasensintern notwendig ist, um die beträchtlichen Ausgangsmengen an Sauerstoff zu entfernen; andernfalls werden aufgrund der durch Oxidbelegung verschlechterten Haftfestigkeit zwischen W-Körnern und Binderphase nur sehr schlechte mechanische Eigenschaften erhalten. Der Wassergehalt der Ofenatmosphäre spielt naturgemäß eine bedeutende Rolle; bei richtiger Führung der Sinterung werden auch von stark oxidierten Grünlingen ausgezeichnete Schwermetalle erhalten. Zusatz von Scavengern, wie Cr oder V, anstatt der Vorreduktion verbessert zwar die Haftung der Phasen, die Eigenschaften bleiben aber unbefriedigend.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. I 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 118
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 132-140 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the Local Composition of Glass Fibers with the Help of the Scanning Electron MicroanalysisVarious glass-fiber types show different chemical resistance in the surrounding of aggressive media. Through the influence of inorganic acid or alkali media certain elementary glass fibres can be leached. This effect can be seen optically in some kinds of glass-fibers. Other glass-fiber types show no optical change in the surface, although there is an aggressive attack Now it is possible to understand the leaching process in glass-fibers with the help of the scanning electron microanalysis. In that way corrosion procedures of various glass-fiber types can be better described.
    Notes: Verschiedene Glasfasertypen weisen gegenüber aggressiven Umgebungsmedien eine unterschiedliche Chemikalienresistenz auf. Durch die Einwirkung saurer oder alkalischer Medien können einige Elementarglasfasern ausgelaugt werden, was sich optisch verfolgen lassen kann, andere Glasfasern wiederum zeigen kaum optische Veränderungen. Mit Hilfe der Röntgenmikroanalyse besteht nun die Möglichkeit die durch den Auslaugprozeß hervorgerufene chemische Veränderung der Glasfaserzusammensetzung verschiedener Typen quantitativ bzw. semiquantitativ zu erfassen. Dadurch lassen sich Korrosionsvorgänge an einzelnen Elementarglasfasern besser beschreiben als bisher.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 177-183 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Application of Metallographic Replica Technique on Material Examination and Failure AnalysesFor evaluation of technical facilities with regard to their safety and availability often informations on the microstructure of the components are required without having the possibility for taking a sample. In such cases a non-destructive metallographic examination by application of the replica technique on site has proved useful and indispensable. Although this technique is adequatly known today its evidence is sometimes still discussed amongst experts. As a contribution to this subject performance and interpretation of this special form of metallographic investigation are described below and the application advantages are pointed out by examples from chemical plants.
    Notes: Für die Beurteilung technischer Anlagen hinsichtlich ihrer Sicherheit und Verwendbarkeit werden oft Aussagen über den Gefügezustand der Bauteile verlangt, ohne daß eine Probenahme zur metallographischen Untersuchung möglich ist. In solchen Fällen hat sich eine zerstörungsfreie mikroskopische Untersuchung vor Ort mittels Gefügeabdrücken als nützlich und unentbehrlich erwiesen. Über die Aussagefähigkeit dieses Prüfverfahrens kommt es in der betrieblichen Praxis nach wie vor zu Diskussionen. In vorliegender Arbeit wird über Durchführung und Auswertung dieser Sonderform metallographischer Untersuchungen berichtet und die Anwendbarkeit an Beispielen aufgezeigt.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 277-287 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Theoretical Foundations for the Application of Fracture Mechanics to Fibre Reinforced CompositesThis work gives a survey of the theoretical problems arising from the application of fracture mechanical concepts to fibre-reinforced composite materials.A classification of existing models into macro- and micromechanical is proposed, the derivation of essential equations outlined and some graphical illustrations of the resulting formulae are shown.
    Notes: Diese Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über die theoretischen Probleme, die sich bei der Anwendung bruchmechanischer Konzepte auf faserverstärkte Verbundwerkstoffe ergeben.Eine Einteilung der existierenden Modelle in macro- und micro-mechanische wird vorgeschlagen, die Herleitung der wichtigsten Gleichungen skizziert und graphische Illustrationen zu den resultierenden Formeln werden gezeigt.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 122
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 315-323 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Mit Hilfe experimenteller und numerischer, sowie zeichnerischer Verfahren wurden Wege aufgezeigt, die Eigenspannungen bei Verbundkörpern unter Berücksichtigung des nichtlinearen elastoplastischen Material-Verhaltens zu berechnen bzw. zu konstruieren. Es besteht somit die Möglichkeit, das Verhalten der Verbundkörper vorauszubestimmen, insbesonders die Kennwerte der statischen und der dynamischen Beanspruchungen zu berechnen. Die erzielte gute Überein- stimmung von experimentellen und errechneten Werten der Verbundkörper aus Stahl- und Aluminiummaterial ist auf Verbundkombinationen mit anderen Materialien übertragbar. Weiterführungen der zeichnerischen Schnittgrößenermittlung könnten die Konstruktion des Spannungs-Dehnungs-Diagrammes eines Verbundkörpers zum Ziel haben. Hierbei ist von gleichen Überlegungen wie bei der Bestimmung des inneren Gleichgewichtes auszugehen.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A75 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 124
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 46-49 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Gewichtsfunktionen und Spannungsintensitätsvergrößerungsfaktoren für elliptische und halbelliptische Fehler unter beliebiger Normalspannung - Teil IIOberflächenfehler unter Spitzenspannungen werden untersucht. Das Berechnungsverfahren basiert auf der allgemeinen Form der Gewichtsfunktion für einen elliptischen Fehler in einem unendlichen Körper. Zwei Punkte auf der Ellipsenkontur werden untersucht. Ein neues, für alle a/t-Werte gültiges Korrekturverfahren für die Übertragung vom eingebetteten auf den Oberflächenfehler wird vorgestellt. Gewichtsfunktionen für beide Punkte mit dem Halbachsenverhältnis a/c als Parameter werden gefunden. Im Falle des Endpunktes der kleineren Achse sind alle Gewichtsfunktionen durch eine Gleichung beschreibbar (Lambda-Funktion von Heuman). Die Spannungsintensitätsvergrößerungsfaktoren für verschiedene a/c-Werte des Oberflächenfehlers werden bei verschiedenen Spannungsverteilungen angegeben.
    Notes: Surface cracks under peak stresses are investigated. The calculational procedure is based on the general form of the weight function for an elliptical crack embedded in an infinite solid. Two points on the contour of the ellipse are investigated. A new correction procedure for transfer from the embedded crack to surface crack configurations is presented, which is valid for all a/t-values. Weight functions for both points have been found with the crack aspect ratio a/c as parameter. For the point at the end of the minor axis all weight functions for embedded cracks are describable by one equation only (using Heuman's lambda function). For various a/c-ratios of the surface crack under different stress distributions the stress intensity magnification factors are given.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A15 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 126
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 83-87 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren für schlanke OberflächenfehlerEs wird ein Berechnungsverfahren für zug- und biegebelastete Platten mit Oberflächenfehler von Halbachsenverhältnissen a/c ≤ 0,2 und verschiedenen relativen Fehlertiefen a/t vorgestellt. Hierbei wird ein weiterentwickeltes “Line-Spring”-Modell verwendet. Die K1-Werte werden entlang der Fehlerkontur berechnet.Die K1-Werte für den tiefsten Punkt eines Oberflächenfehlers werden durch zwei bekannte Grenzkurven eingehüllt: Die obere Grenzkurve ist identisch mit der Lösung für den Randriß (a/c = 0). Die untere Grenzkurve wird nach den Ergebnissen von Newman und Raju für a/c = 0,2 beschrieben. Die ermittelten K1-Werte korrespondieren gut mit beiden Kurven.Bei großen relativen Fehlertiefen a/t liegen die Maxima von K1 zwischen dem tiefsten Punkt Q′ und dem Oberflächendurchstoßpunkt Q″ des Fehlers. Dieses Ergebnis vermag neben anderen Gründen zu erklären, daß beim Wachstum von Oberflächenfehlern die halb-elliptische Form mitunter nicht erhalten bleibt.
    Notes: A calculation procedure for plates with semi-elliptical surface cracks under tension and bending with aspect ratios of a/c ≤ 0.2 and arbitrary relative crack depths a/t is presented. For the computation an improved line spring model is used. K1-values are calculated along the crack contour.For the deepest point of a surface crack the K1-values are terminated by two well known threshold curves: The upper bound curve is identical with the solution for the edge crack (a/c = 0). The lower bound is described by the results after Newman and Raju for a/c = 0.2. The present K1-values are in good agreement with both curves.For high a/t-ratios the maximum K1-value is found between the deepest and the surface edge point (Q′ and Q″) of the crack. This result could explain among others that crack growth does not conserve the semi-elliptical shape sometimes.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 107-107 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A18 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 129
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 130
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 386-393 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Applicability of Different Etching Methods for Metals - Comparing Investigation of Metallographic Etching ProceduresThe feasibility of different etching techniques in laboratory practice is mainly appointed by the reproducibility of the metallographic micro-structure, which is dependent on the etching method, the etching time and a practical handling of the etching procedure. Comparing investigations concerning the applicability of chemical, electrolytic and ionic etching methods for metals and alloys in electrotechnical industry - with the aim to estimate efficiency and reproducibility of the micro-structure resulting from the different techniques - have been done. Micro-structure estimation will be done by different methods of light-microscopy.In any case physical ion-etching turns out to be the less problematic etching method - in comparison with chemical and electrolytic techniques. Ion etching shows a good reproducibility and allows the simultaneous etching of different materials. The summarizing valuation of the different etching methods includes a list of optimum etching parameters for copper, brass copper-tin and copper-beryllium alloys.
    Notes: Die Einsatzmöglichkeiten unterschiedlicher Ätzverfahren in der Laborpraxis werden im wesentlichen bestimmt durch die Reproduziorbarkeit der ausgebildeten Gefügestrukturen - als Funktion einer bestimmten Ätzmethode, der Ätzzeit und der problemlosen Handhabung der Ätzprozedur. Zur Anwendbarkeit des chemischen und elektrolytischen Ätzens, sowie des Ionenätzens bei Metallen und Legierungen der Elektrotechnik wurden vergleichende Untersuchungen mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, eine Beurteilung von Güte und Reproduzierbarkeit der nach den verschiedenen Ätzprozessen entstandenen Gefügebilder zu ermöglichen.Die Abbildung der Gefügestrukturen geschieht mit Hilfe unterschiedlicher lichtmikroskopischer Beobachtungsverfahren.Das physikalische Ionenätzen erweist sich gegenüber chemischen und elektrolytischen Ätzverfahren in allen Fällen als die problemlosere Ätzmethode, die neben einer guten Reproduzierbarkeit zudem ein gleichzeitiges Ätzen unterschiedlicher Materialien in einem Werkstoff ermöglicht.Eine zusammenfassende Wertung der verschiedenen Ätzverfahren umfaßt die Angabe optimaler Ätzparameter für die Werkstoffe Kupfer, Messing, CuSn 8 und Kupfer-Beryllium.
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  • 131
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  • 132
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A59 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 133
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 268-276 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Residual Stresses in Continual, Unidirectional Reinforced Fibre-Composites and Composite-ConstructionsInternal stresses in composite are determining the static or dynamic properties of these elements. These inbuilt stresses are extending or shortening the failure of the individual materials. If the internal stresses in a composite are known the mechanical characters of the composite can be calculated.With aid of experimental, numerical or graphical methods it is shown to calculate or construct the internal stresses of unidirectional, continual reinforced fibrecomposites. The nonlinear material-characteristics of the individual composite-materials are taken account of.The good agreement between experiment and calculation of the residual stresses can be demonstrated with examined stealwire-aluminium-composites. The method how to calculate the residual stresses may be transfered to other combinations of composite by the same way.
    Notes: Eigenspannungen in Verbundkörpern bestimmen deren statisches und dynamisches Festigkeitsverhalten. Innere Spannungen verkürzen oder verlängern die Beanspruchbarkeiten der Einzelkomponenten. Bei Kenntnis der inneren Spannungen lassen sich die Festigkeitskennwerte exakt errechnen.Mit Hilfe experimenteller und numerischer sowie zeichnerischer Verfahren werden Wege aufgezeigt, die Eigenspannungen von unidirektional mit kontinuierlichen Fasern verstärkten Verbundkörpern zu berechnen bzw. zu konstruieren. Hierbei wird das nichtlineare elastoplastische Materialverhalten der Verbundkomponenten berücksichtigt.Die erzielte gute Übereinstimmung von experimentellen und errechneten Werten der exemplarisch untersuchten Verbundkörper aus Stahldrähten und Aluminiummaterial, ist auf Verbundkombinationen anderer Materialien bei gleicher Vorgehensweise übertragbar.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A62 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A68 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A78 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 363-366 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 139
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 367-371 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Design of Ceramic ComponentsIt is expected that engineering ceramics will be used for components outside the traditional fields of applications for ceramics. Some of the basic methods of production engineering practiced with metals are compared to the production of ceramics.Here the reasons for certain restrictions in designing with ceramics can be detected.Information is given about some basic properties, tolerances and literature discussing the design with ceramics.
    Notes: Allgemein wird erwartet, daß Bauteile aus Ingenieurkeramik Anwendung finden außerhalb der traditionellen Anwendungsgebiete von Keramik. Methoden der Fertigungstechnik von Metall werden verglichen mit denen von Keramik, so daß die Gründe der Beschränkungen beim konstruktiven Entwurf keramischer Bauteile aufgezeigt werden können.Für den Entwurf von Bauteilen aus Ingenieurkeramik wird Information über grundlegende Eigenschaften, Toleranzen und Literatur mit Konstruktionsbeispielen zusammengestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 399-401 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Grip °and Specimen Heating-System for Fatigue Tests at the Temperature-Range 20 °C 〈 T 〈 600 °CA grip and specimen heating system for fatigue tests is presented. The equipment is easily to handle, long-time stable and available up to a test-temperature of 600 °C also with inert environment. Specimens can be fixed without bending moments.
    Notes: Es wird eine einfach zu handhabende, momentenfrei spannende, langzeitstabile und bis etwa 600 °C Versuchstemperatur einsetzbare Probeneinspann- und Heizvorrichtung vorgestellt, die sich bei Dauerschwingversuchen auch unter inerten Umgebungsbedingungen vorzüglich bewährt hat.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A86 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 186-189 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the Influence of Pressurized Hydrogen on the Mechanical Properties of SteelsThe investigation method of using hollow specimens in tensile tests to examinate steels for hydrogen service is described. Reduction of area after fracture, Z, resulting from these tensile tests with constant strain rates shows not only a significant but also a constant difference between hydrogen and nitrogen when being plotted versus strain rate. Therefore a newly introduced term named “Index of embrittlement” and characterized by the relation of Z with nitrogen and with hydrogen was found to be independent of strain rate. With strain rate ε = 10-6 s-1 chosen for a “critical” one because of lacking in a maximum index of embrittlement several European steels for hydrogen service were tested to find out their individual index of embrittlement. Assisted by light optical microscopy it was found that there is a special correlation between microstructure, index of embrittlement and tensile strength of a given steel grade.
    Notes: Eine Methode zur Durchführung von Zugversuchen an Hohlproben aus Stählen für den Einsatz mit Wasserstoff wird beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse der unter konstanten Dehngeschwindigkeiten durchge-führten Zugversuche zeigten besonders für die Brucheinschnürung Z deutliche und in Abhängigkeit von der Dehngeschwindigkeit konstante Unterschiede zwischen Stickstoff und Wasserstoff als Füllgas der Hohlproben. Ein aus den Wertepaaren der Brucheinschnürung unter Stickstoff bzw. Wasserstoff gebildeter sogen. “Versprödungs-index” I ist daher unabhängig von der Dehngeschwindigkeit eine Konstante für jeden einzelnen Stahl. Dieser Versprödungsindex wurde für verschiedene Vergütungsstähle deutscher und französischer Herkunft bestimmt. Es zeigte sich eine charakteristische Abhängigkeit zwischen Versprödungsindex, Mikrogefüge gemäß Wärmebehandlung und Zugfestigkeit, wodurch eine rangmäßige Zuordnung der Stähle hinsichtlich ihrer Versprödungsneigung möglich ist.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 206-209 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Prestressing of Brick Lined Vessels with Regard to the Thermal Creeping of Mortars Based on Condensating ResinsCeramic linings, applied in steel vessels to protect these from chemical attacks, have a lower thermal expansion coefficient than the steel shell. Moreover ceramic is very sensitive to tensile stress. If temperature in the subsequent operation exceeds very much those during application of the brick lining, the greater expansion of the steel shell put the lining under tensile stress and may cause cracks which nullify its protection effect. Remedy by thicken the brick lining or by external heating of the shell during the application of the masonry is limited only.More effective is a pre-stressing of the brick lining before or whilst the start up. This procedure bases on the property of irreversible thermal creeping, owned by the phenolic and furan resin based mortars, which are used for bedding and pointing of the brick linings. This property of the above mortars formerly has been taken for mere swelling. It was not yet exactly determinable and so making use of it was rather unsave.This treatise contains data about the possible dimensions of the thermal creeping, depending on kind and age of the mortar as well as on the thermal increase and the reached amount of temperature. Reference is given to the practical use of this knowledge for the execution of prestress cooking.
    Notes: Keramische Ausmauerungen in stählernen Behältern, die diese gegen Angriffe durch Chemikalien schützen sollen, haben eine geringere Wärmedehnzahl als der Mantel. Zudem ist Keramik gegen Zugspannungen sehr empfindlich. Bei betrieblicher Erwärmung gegenüber der Ausmauerungstemperatur kann das Mauerwerk infolge der größeren Ausdehnung des Stahlmantels unter so starke Zugbeanspruchung geraten, daß Risse entstehen, die die Schutzwirkung der Ausmauerung zunichte machen. Abhilfe durch dickeres Mauerwerk oder äußeres Erwärmen des Mantels während des Ausmauerns ist nur begrenzt möglich.Wirkungsvoller ist es, der Ausmauerung vor oder bei der Inbetriebnahme eine Druckvorspannung zu geben. Diese Maßnahme beruht auf der Eigenschaft des irreversiblen thermischen Fließens der zum Verlegen und Verfügen der keramischen Ausmauerung dienenden Kondensationsharzkitte. Dieses, bisher als “Quellung” angesehene Kitt-Verhalten war nicht genauer bestimmbar und seine Anwendung deshalb mit Unsicherheiten behaftet.Die Abhandlung enthält Meßdaten über das mögliche Ausmaß des Fließens in Abhängigkeit von Art und Alter des Kittes sowie von der Steigerungsrate und der erreichten Höhe der Temperatur. Hinweise für die praktische Anwendung dieser Erkenntnisse bei Vorspannkochungen werden gegeben.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 222-222 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A49 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Description / Table of Contents: Welding Engineering in Chemical Systems Construction - Examples for Selection and Welding Processing of Materials as to Their Operational VerificationWelding manufacturing occupies undoubtedly a key position in the construction of chemical apparatus and systems. It is possible to application-specifically select out of a variety of structural materials and welding fillers. Corrosion resistance, thermal and mechanical characteristics, especially any differences in the time-history of loading are the crucial criteria. In addition, the effects of welding on the material properties must be considered.Below examples will be given as to material criteria concerning specifications and selection, but primarily with respect to the corrodibility of stainless CrNi(Mo) steels and the appropriate welding fillers.
    Notes: Die schweißtechnische Fertigung nimmt beim Bau von Apparaten und Anlagen der chemischen Industrie ohne Zweifel eine Schlüsselposition ein.Aus einer Vielzahl von Konstruktionswerkstoffen und Schweißzusatzwerkstoffen kann, auf den Anwendungsfall bezogen, eine Auswahl getroffen werden. Das Korrosionsverhalten, die thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften, insbesondere auch die möglichen Unterschiede im zeitlichen Verlauf der Beanspruchung, sind die Hauptkriterien. Hierzu kommen noch die Einflüsse der schweißtechnischen Fertigung auf die Werkstoffeigenschaften.Werkstoffkriterien im Hinblick auf Anforderungen und Auswahl, besonders das Korrosionsverhalten der nichtrostenden Cr-Ni-(Mo)-Stähle und der entsprechenden Schweißzusatzwerkstoffe, werden beispielhaft aufgezeigt und Problemlösungen vorgestellt.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 1-9 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Damage Line of the WöhlerdiagramSometimes, Wöhlerdiagrams are supplemented by so-called damage lines or French-lines, synonymously. Due to the statistical nature of fatigue events, however, Wöhlerdiagrams more and more are statistically ascertained and described by curves which commonly are referred as to probability-stress-cycle curves (P-S-N). Accordingly, it was to find out, whether the feature “damage” might be described in a similar way, aiming at Pd-S-N curves (Pd = Probability of damage) within the expected damage field.Using the steels Ck 35 and 34 CrMo 4 quenched and tempered, the statistically planned and evaluated investigations showed that within the Wöhlerdiagrams of these steels large damage fields can be defined which extend from far before the ranges of finite life till far into these ranges (of scatter). Pd-S-N curves are given. Satisfactory shortcut-methods for estimating such curves using features as specimens' temperature and deformation during cyclic pre-loading could not be developed.By progressively increasing and - another sample - decreasing load tests to the same account of 0,34 Palmgren-Miner-damage specimens showed remarkable differences when compared within French's concept of damage.
    Notes: Wöhlerdiagramme werden bisweilen durch Schadenslinien ergänzt. Eine gängige Ermittlungsmethode ist mit dem Namen von French verbunden. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten setzte sich angesichts der teilweise enormen Streuung der Lebensdauer identisch beanspruchter Prüflinge desselben Kollektivs eine zunehmend statistische Auffassung des Wöhlerdiagrammes durch. Diese Auffassung auch bezüglich des Merkmals Schädigung zu entwickeln und einer experimentell abgesicherten Überprüfung zu unterziehen, war naheliegend.Großzahluntersuchungen an Ck 35 und 34 CrMo 4 erwiesen die Existenz von Schadensbereichen, die weit vor dem Lebensdauerstreugebiet beginnen und sich bis weit in dieses hinein erstrecken. Analog zur Lebensdauer läßt sich die Schädigung statistisch beschreiben, jedoch ist das dazu erforderliche Versuchsaufkommen beachtlich. Umfangreiche Bemühungen, über Temperatur-, Verformungs- und Oberflächenuntersuchungen eine weniger aufwendige Kurzzeitmethode der Schädigungsabschätzung zu entwickeln, verliefen unbefriedigend.Zwei Versuchsblöcke, der eine laststeigernd und der andere lasterniedrigend auf gleiche Palmgren-Miner-Schädigung gebracht, zeigten bei einer Überprüfung ihrer Schädigung nach French erhebliche Unterschiede.
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  • 149
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 10-17 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Gewichtsfunktionen und Spannungsintensitätsvergrößerungsfaktoren für elliptische und halbelliptische Fehler unter beliebiger Normalspannung - Teil IOberflächenfehler unter Spitzenspannungen werden untersucht. Das Berechnungsverfahren basiert auf der allgemeinen Form der Gewichtsfunktion für einen elliptischen Fehler in einem unendlichen Körper. Zwei Punkte auf der Ellipsenkontur werden untersucht. Für die Übertragung der Ergebnisse vom eingebetteten auf den Oberflächenfehler wird das Superpositionsprinzip angewendet. Gewichtsfunktionen für beide Punkte mit dem Halbachsenverhältnis a/c als Parameter werden gefunden. Im Falle des Endpunktes der kleineren Achse sind alle Gewichtsfunktionen durch eine Gleichung beschreibbar (Lambda-Funktion von Heuman). Die Spannungsintensitätsvergrößerungsfaktoren für verschiedene a/c-Werte des Oberflächenfehlers werden bei verschiedenen Spannungsverteilungen angegeben.
    Notes: Surface cracks under peak stresses are investigated. The calculational procedure is based on the general form of the weight function for an elliptical crack embedded in an infinite solid. Two points on the contour of the ellipse are investigated. The superposition method is used for transfer from the embedded crack to surface crack configurations. Weight functions for both points have been found with the crack aspect ratio a/c as parameter. For the point at the end of the minor axis all weight functions are describable by one equation only (Heuman's lambda function). For various a/c ratios of the surface crack under different stress distributions the stress intensity magnification factors are given.
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  • 150
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. A7 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 151
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 331-338 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Glassy Carbon Sigradur® - a Material for Chemistry and TechnologyGlassy carbon is a carbon modification characterized by its glasslike fracture behaviour. Raw material, manufacturing, microstructure, and studies on fracture mechanics are discussed and examples for the widespread application of glassy carbon are given.
    Notes: Glaskohlenstoff ist eine Kohlenstofform mit glasartigem Bruchbild. Rohstoffe, Herstellungsverfahren und Struktur des glasartigen Kohlenstoffs werden beschrieben, die Ergebnisse bruchmechanischer Untersuchungen diskutiert und ein Überblick über die zahlreichen Anwendungen und Einsatzmöglichkeiten gegeben.
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  • 152
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 378-386 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Low-Cycle Fatigue of Ductile Steels under Multiaxial DeformationsTo investigate the fatigue behaviour of cyclically softening and hardening steels under multiaxial elastic-plastic strains, axial strain and shear strain controlled fatigue tests under constant amplitude loading were carried out. S-N curves under axial strain and torsional pure shear as well as under combined axial strain and shear, in and out of phase, were obtained for the cyclically softening tempered steel 30 CrNiMo 8 (similar to AlSI-Type 4340) and the cyclically hardening quenched stainless steel X 10 CrNiTi 189 (AISI-Type 321) in the region of low-cycle fatigue.For both steels, used in the design of vessels, pipings, shafts, etc. the fatigue life to crack initiation is reduced by an out of phase (δ = 90°) shearing of the strained specimens in comparison to the in phase loading. The decrease of fatigue life under out of phase strains is caused by changing direction of principal strains resulting in an interaction of the deformations in all directions of the surface. This interaction is taken into account by a calculation procedure deriving an equivalent strain and predicting the fatigue life under combined strain on the base of S-N curves for unaxial strain.
    Notes: Um das Kurzzeitschwingfestigkeitsverhalten von zyklisch entfestigenden und verfestigenden Stählen unter mehrachsigen elasto-plastischen Beanspruchungen zu untersuchen, wurden dehnungs- und scherungsgesteuerte Schwingfestigkeitsversuche unter Einstufenbeanspruchung durchgeführt. Für den zyklisch entfestigenden Vergütungsstahl 30 CrNiMo 8 und zyklisch verfestigenden austenitischen Stahl X 10 CrNiTi 189 wurden Anrißwöhlerlinien unter reiner Dehnung, reiner Scherung sowie unter kombinierter phasengleicher und phasenverschobener Beanspruchung ermittelt.Bei beiden Stählen, die im Behälter und Rohrleitungsbau häufig verwendet werden, tritt durch die phasenverschobene Beanspruchung (δ = 90°) gegenüber der phasengleichen eine deutliche Minderung der Anrißlebensdauer auf. Diese Minderung erfolgt durch eine Veränderung der Hauptdehnungsrichtungen und durch eine gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Verformungen in verschiedenen Richtungen der Oberfläche. Dieses Verhalten wird durch ein Berechnungsverfahren erfaßt, mit dem eine Vergleichsdehnung abgeleitet wird. Auf der Basis von unter einachsiger Belastung ermittelten Dehnungswöhlerlinien wird anschließend die Anrißlebensdauer für kombinierte Beanspruchung abgeschätzt.
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  • 153
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermomechanical Properties of Castable Refractories with Embedded Scaleresistant Steel FibersIn the last years steel fibers were embedded in castable refractories for certain application to increase the thermomechanical properties of refractory concrete.When cheap carbon steel fibers were used, the less oxidation resistance in the high temperature range was a serious disadvantage. Stainless steel fibers were oxidation resistant only up to about 1000 °C when practical used at long time.Now, stainless steel fibers with high chromium (24-26%) and high nickel content (34-36%) were put on the market for embedding in castable refractories. The thermomechanical properties of these composites will be compared with those of earlier investigations. Their will be used steel fibers not only fabricated by cutting of drawn wires but also by melt extraction processing. The interfacial area steel fiber/refractory matrix will be examined and the reaction or oxidation products analyzed by microprobe.
    Notes: Für bestimmte Anwendungen werden in jüngster Zeit Stahlfasern in Feuerbetone eingelagert, um das thermomechanische Verhalten der Feuerbetone zu verbessern.Beim Einsatz preisgünstiger. Kohlenstoffstahlfasern war deren ungenügende Oxidationsbeständigkeit bei hohen Temperaturen von Nachteil. Edelstahlfasern (Cr Ni 18/10) genügten auf Dauer auch nur Temperaturen um 1000 °C.Neuerdings sind hochchromhaltige (24-26%) und hochnickelhaltige (34-36%) Stahlfasern auf dem Markt, die in Feuerbetone eingelagert werden. Die thermomechanischen Eigenschaften dieser Verbundwerkstoffe werden mit denen früherer Untersuchungen verglichen. Dabei werden auch Stahlfasern eingesetzt, die nicht durch Ablängen von gezogenem Draht hergestellt werden, sondern nach dem Melt-extraction-Verfahren aus der Schmelze ausgeschleudert werden. Dabei werden in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur auch der Grenzbereich Stahlfaser/Feuerbetonmatrix mit Hilfe der Elektronenstrahlmikrosonde untersucht und auftretende Reaktions- bzw. Oxidations-produkte analysiert.
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  • 154
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 155
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 420-426 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations to Determine the Size of Corrosion CracksFor determining the size of corrosion cracks with ultrasound a multifrequency test method is described. By applying this procedure corrosion cracks of a size smaller than 2 mm are correctly evaluated independent of their position and of the reflection factor. Examples are presented and discussed for some practical applications.
    Notes: Zur Bestimmung der Größe von Korrosionsrissen bei der manuellen Ultraschallprüfung wird ein Mehrfrequenzenverfahren erfolgreich eingesetzt. Dieses liefert - unabhängig von der absoluten Echoamplitude (Reflexionsfaktor) des Risses und ohne Einschränkungen hinsichtlich der axialen Auflösung - selbst bei geneigten Fehlern Genauigkeiten in der Tiefenbestimmung, die bisher speziell bei kleinen Rißtiefen unter 2 mm nicht realisierbar waren. Beispiele werden vorgestellt und praktische Anwendungen diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 156
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 157-172 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methods to Determine the Behavior of Polyolefines in Contact with Chemical AgentsTwo test methods to determine the behavior of thermoplastics in contact with chemicals were compared. These are the immersion test and the internal pressure creep test of pipes filled with a chemical agent. Concerning the immersion test the mechanical properties of tensile bars after the test procedure were determined. The results only are valid for constructions without any load.In the internal pressure creep tests the influence of a chemical agent and the stress is considered simultaneously. By comparison with the long term behavior under the influence of water the chemical resistance factor is given.The test procedure and the evaluation of the results of the immersion tests were strown at two examples. A test station for internal pressure creep tests with pipes which are filled with a chemical agent is described. Many resistance factors were listed up and their application in two examples explained.
    Notes: Zwei Prüfmethoden zur Ermittlung des Verhaltens von thermoplastischen Kunststoffen bei der Einwirkung von Chemikalien werden gegenübergestellt. Dies sind der Immersionsversuch und der Zeit-stand-Innendruckversuch an Rohrproben mit Mediumfüllung. Beim Immersionsversuch wird die Veränderung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Zugproben nach der Lagerung im Medium gemessen. Die Ergebnisse sind nur auf mechanisch nicht belastete Bauteile anzu-wenden.Dagegen wird beim Zeitstand-Innendruckversuch mit mediumgefüllten Rohren der kombinierte Einfluß von Medium und Spannungen gleichzeitig erfaßt. Durch Vergleich mit der Zeitstandfestigkeit bei Wassereinwirkung erhält man den Resistenzfaktor, der den Einfluß des Mediums quantifiziert.Die Durchführung und Auswertung von Immersionsversuchen werden an Beispielen gezeigt. Eine Prüfeinrichtung für die Durchführung von Zeitstand-Innendruckversuchen an Rohrproben mit Mediumfüllung wird beschrieben sowie eine große Anzahl von Resistenz-faktoren mitgeteilt und deren Anwendung an zwei Rechenbeispielen erläutert.
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  • 157
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 15 (1984), S. 190-190 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 158
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 399-406 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Vapor sorption data were obtained for the ethylbenzene-poly(ethyl methacrylate) system at 120°C. Successive step-change sorption experiments carried out at two-film thicknesses indicate the presence of maxima in the sorption curves. The fractional amount of overshoot decreased as the final pressure or weight fraction of the experiment increased and as the sample thickness increased. It is proposed that the maxima in the sorption curves are caused by structural rearrangements produced by relaxation of polymer chains.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 383-397 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method has been developed to quantitatively measure the surface plasticizer levels present on test plaques made from a plasticized PVC compound. The plaque fabrication conditions have been chosen so that the plaque closely models an extruded flexible PVC profile. The analysis method utilized sorption of the surface plasticizer on fumed silica, followed by methanol extraction and liquid chromatographic identification and quantitation of the plasticizer. Typical results are presented for a model compound plasticized with either di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) or a mixture containing predominantly linear C7, C9, and C11 dialkyl phthalates (DHNUP). The effect of compound work level, as measured by Banbury drop temperature and final processing temperature, has also been studied. These results show that, for the model compound studied, the average surface level of DHNUP is always greater than that of DOP. The DOP levels are essentially independent of compound work level. The DHNUP levels generally increase with increasing mold temperatures. Finally, this data has been correlated with a study of the lifetime of a Neoprene-based adhesive bond to DOP-and DHNUP-plasticized flexible PVC in a 100°C oven. These studies clearly show that a one-to-one substitution of DOP for DHNUP will increase the time to adhesive bond failure by a factor of at least 10 with this particular adhesive system and model compound.
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  • 160
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 437-441 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 161
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermal oxidation of isotactic polypropylene films at 120-280°C in air was studied. Separation and identification of the volatiles formed was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixteen products were tentatively identified for the first time. Altogether, 50 compounds representing hydrocarbons, ethers, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and acids are reported. Oxygen deficiency is manifested in diffusion-limited products of olefines, dienes, and aromatic compounds. The relative amounts of acetaldehyde and acetone are almost temperature independent in the range of 120-280°C. This indicates a similarity of oxidative degradation of the polymer in a broad temperature range. Addition of an antioxidant to the polymer depresses the evolution of the main volatiles by 9-10 times at 280°C. The relative amounts of the volatiles formed are, nevertheless, the same as for the polymer without an antioxidant. The mechanism of formation of the degradation products is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 691-702 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The nitration of the substituted [(phosphinyl)methyl]benzenes by fuming nitric and sulfuric acid gave the substituted l-[(phosphinyl)methy1]-2,4- and -2,6-dinitrobenzenes (1). The formation of the two dinitro isomers was demonstrated by proton nuclear magnetic ('H-NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The nitration of [di(isopropoxy)phosphinylmethyl]benzene gave mainly the p-nitro derivative due to steric hindrance. The phosphinyl ester groups of 1 were hydrolyzed by acids. The substituted l-[(phosphinyl)methyl]-2,4- and -2,6-diaminobenzenes (2) were synthesized by catalytic hydrogenation of 1. In addition, the corresponding di(benzoy1amino) derivatives of 2 were prepared. Some of the synthesized compounds were investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Compounds 2 can be used as starting materials for preparation of phosphorus-containing polymers such as polyamides, polyimides, polyureas, and bismaleimides and as curing agents for epoxy resins.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 755-762 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends were prepared from two kinds of urethane elastomers, containing 1,4-butanediol or 3,3′-dichloro-4,4′-diamino-diphenyl-methane as chain extenders, with lightly sulfonated polystyrenes. Dynamic mechanical studies show that strong interactions occur between the sulfonic acid and the urethane or urea moieties on the polyurethane chains. These strong interactions are clearly seen in the composition dependence of the loss tangent peaks (due to the glass transitions) for both the high temperature and the low temperature glass transitions of the blends. They are further confirmed by model studies.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 795-802 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A novel method is proposed of preparing thin Ag-Hg alloy on PAAm film surface at room temperature: The film of interest is formed by holding PAAm aqueous solution with AgNO3 in Hg-saturated atmosphere. Two kinds of films, one of which is a conductor and the other an insulator, can be selectively formed with pH-controlled PAAm solution by ammonia. The conducting surface is assigned to the α phase of Ag-Hg alloy by means of X-ray analysis. Potentiometric titration and IR spectral studies suggest the existence of PAAm-Ag+ complexes. On the basis of their structure and the oxidation and reduction potential of Ag+ and Hg2+, the mechanism of film formation is also discussed.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 803-808 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Fractions of commercial polyvinylbutyral “Movital” were investigated by the “off-line” combination of gel permeation chromatography and viscometry. Parameters of the Mark-Houwink equation were determined for polyvinylbutyral in tetrahydrofuran at 25°C. Real values of the molecular parameters were obtained by the evaluation of chromatographic data using the principle of universal calibration.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 809-822 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It has been demonstrated that osmotic pressure filled cracks in both epoxy and polyester resins are elastic cracks. Use of classical formulas for elastic cracks has enabled estimates to be made of the time dependence of Young's modulus for both resins. Use of linear elastic fracture mechanics formulas has enabled stress intensity factors to be determined from measurements of crack profiles. Radical crack growth rates are small, in the range 10-12-10-9 ms-1 for hot water tests, and remain constant over a wider range of stress intensity factor, from 0.3 to 0.8 MPa.m1/2. To a first approximation, constant radial growth rate is compatible with a diffusion controlled mechanism. However, analysis of the data indicates an activation energy of ∼50 kcal. Some evidence is presented for concluding that, in polyesters at least, the true nature of crack propagation can be by way of slip/stick.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 845-852 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Permeation rates of helium, methane, and carbon dioxide in miscible blends of polycarbonate and a copolyester were measured at 35°C. The permeabilities for semicrystalline blends having copolyester cyrstallinity induced by annealing were compared to fully amorphous blends. Crystallinity caused a slightly greater impedance to carbon dioxide transport than it did for helium or methane. The relative rates of permeation of one gas compared to another, an issue important for membrane separations, varied greatly with blend composition; however, the effect of crystallinity was not large.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 877-889 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Photografting of vinyl monomers has been studied to make hydrophilic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces. A chlorine-containing polydimethylsiloxane (C-PDMS) prepared by polymerization of chloromethylheptamethylcyclotetrasiloxane was photocured on a glass plate. The crosslinked C-PDMA was subjected to a reaction with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. The diethyldithiocarbamated PDMS was then photoirradiated in the presence of hydrophilic vinyl monomers such as 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate and acrylamide to afford surface-grafted PDMS. Several vinyl monomers were found to graft onto the PDMS surface, as revealed by their attenuated total reflectance infrared and ESCA spectra. Hydrophilicity of the grafted PDMS surfaces was confirmed by the decrease in their water contact angle.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 941-953 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Phosphorus-containing polyamides and copolyamides were prepared from 1-[(dialkoxyphosphinyl)methyl]-2,4 - and -2,4-diaminobenzenes. The polymers were characterized by infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Their thermal properties were compared with those of the corresponding common polyamides. In addition, the fire resistance of some polyamides was evaluated by determining their limiting oxygen index value.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 955-963 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Higher and higher temperatures for vulcanization and storage bulb are being used in order to reduce the time of cure cycle in processes of rubber injection molding. The purpose of this work was to show that the temperature gradients as well as the profiles of the state of cure developed in the rubber mass could be predicted by using the kinetics of reaction, the physical properties of the rubber, and a convenient model. Although vulcanization is a complex series of reactions, the overall result by considering the heat of reaction could be described by a single first-order reaction. The calculation was solved applying an explicit method with finite differences, by taking into account the internal generation of heat due to the cure reaction and the heat transfer by conduction with a temperature dependence of the physical properties of the rubber. The effect of the values of the temperature of the mold and storage bulb on the profiles of temperature and state of cure developed within rubber was studied by considering rubber sheets of different thicknesses.
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  • 171
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The types of molecular architecture commonly present in many commercial elastomers include long branching, which in extreme cases results in crosslinked gel network. This architecture was modeled by preparing a series of ethylene-propylene copolymer samples in which the degree of branching was systematically varied. The frequency-dependent viscoelastic properties of these model systems were measured over a temperature range of 80-230°C with a Rheometrics Mechanical Spectrometer. Time-temperature superposition was employed to obtain master curves of the storage G′ and loss G″ moduli and complex viscosity. The viscoelastic properties of the model samples change systematically with the variations in molecular architecture. Specifically, the low frequency Newtonian viscosity behavior is progressively replaced by non-Newtonian power-law behavior, and the G′ response relative to that of the G″ is significantly enhanced as long-branching increases. The practical use of a modified Cole-Cole plot, in which the axes are expressed as the logarithms of G′ and G″, for analysis of molecular architecture is demonstrated. Changes in the long-branch architecture of the model samples were readily detected as systematic variations in shape and displacement of the modified Cole-Cole plot. On the other hand, the data of molecularly linear elastomer samples of different Mw but similar MWDs were reduced to a single master Cole-Cole plot.
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  • 172
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1063-1069 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As regards the aromatic ring substitution reactions of various kinds of phenols with tung oil under acidic conditions, an investigation was made on the influences of the kinds and substitution positions of alkyl groups of the phenlos on the reaction. Alkyl phenols increased in reactivity in the order of ortho, meta, and para in the position of alkyl substitution. This can be attributed to the preferential para addition of tung oil to the phenol nucleus as reported in the previous paper. The larger alkyl group gave increased reactivities in the reactions of alkyl phenols with tung oil. This has something to do with compatibilities between phenols and tung oil (differences in solubility parameter between phenols and tung oil).
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  • 173
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1415-1426 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mangrove bark was extracted using either water, ethanol, acetone, or various binary mixtures of these, as solvent. With plywood panels as substrates, joints prepared with adhesives derived from these extracts were tested for strength properties. In terms of the quantity of extracts from mangrove bark, water was the most effective solvent, followed sequentially by ethanol and acetone. However, in terms of the tannin content of these extracts, the order of extraction effectiveness of these solvents was reversed. The use of solvent mixtures in tannin extraction did not produce an observable synergistic effect. The quantity of extract and its tannin content were dictated primarily by the predominant solvent in the binary mixture. The reactivity of mangrove bark extracts is influenced significantly by formaldehyde concentration, cure temperature, type, and pH of the adhesive medium. Adhesive joints of significant bond strength were obtained from mangrove tannin adhesives. Prolonged cure periods, particularly at elevated temperatures, have deleterious effects on the strength properties of these adhesive joints.
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  • 174
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1463-1465 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1449-1462 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An analysis of the cure kinetics of three different formulations composed of tetraglycidyl 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) epoxy resin and diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS) was performed. A series of isothermal tests was run, and the experimentally obtained results were checked against the proposed kinetic model. An autocatalyzed mechanism with the overall reaction order of 2 was found to adequately describe the cure kinetics. An increase in reaction rate was observed at higher temperature and higher DDS concentration. For a given formulation, the extent of reaction corresponding to the maximum reaction rate was independent of temperature. A secondary exotherm was detected, particularly in formulations with low DDS concentration, at approximately 40% conversion. At that point, the rate of primary amine-epoxide reaction decreases, and other reactions dominate the curing process. Such a mechanism is likely to cause a formation of an inhomogeneous thermoset morphology.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1475-1482 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In the dyeing process of the copolyester fiber Dilana with the disperse dye Synthene Scarlet P3GL, a deviation from the simple model of Fickian sorption occurs. It manifests itself as a time delay in establishment of the equilibrium dye concentration at the fiber surface. As has been stated, the variation of Cs (the surface dye concentration) with time of dyeing fits the equation; Cs = C∞ (1- e-βt). Regarding the relation of Cs to t, the diffusion coefficient of the dye in the studied fiber has been calculated by the theoretical equation reported in Crank's monograph. It has been proved that the experimental data on kinetics of dyeing the fiber Dilana with Synthene Scarlet P3GL fit considerably better the tested equation than the classical Hill's equation.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1515-1521 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method of radiation grafting of methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer on natural rubber (NR) latex has been studied. The irradiation dose in radiation emulsion polymerization of MMA monomer was lower compared to the irradiation dose for grafting of MMA monomer on NR latex, in order to obtain the same degree of conversion. This is due to the size of the rubber particles which are quite large and, hence, not sufficient to ensure an ideal emulsion polymerization. The irradiation dose for radiation grafting of MMA monomer on latex was around 300 krad to obtain a 75% degree of conversion. However, this irradiation dose was lower compared to the irradation dose for bulk polymerization of MMA monomer, in order to obtain the same degree of conversion. This is due to the gel effect in the viscous media. Radiation grafting of MMA monomer on NR latex does not influence the pH of the latex, but influences the viscosity significantly. The viscosity of the NR latex increased with an increase in irradiation dose, due to the increase of the total solid content in the latex. The MMA monomer converted to P-MMA in NR latex was largely grafted on the NR, or at least insoluble in a solvent for P-MMA, such as acetone or toluene. The hardness of the pure gum vulcanizate with an increase in the degree of grafting or P-MMA content, but the other physical properties, such as tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break, and thermal stability, were not greatly influenced by the degree of grafting.
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  • 178
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Binary mixtures of monomers, e.g., styrene and acrylamide in 1:1 methanol:water solution, were grafted onto cellulose acetate film by taking recourse to preirradiation grafting procedure. The surface modification of the films due to grafting was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties, e.g., tensile strength elongation at break, and elasticity as well as water vapor permeability of the grafted films, were investigated. In the case of ungrafted films or when acrylamide was grafted to a low extent, the film surfaces were smooth and hence were not modified to any significant extent. But when acrylamide was grafted appreciably, or when styrene was grafted singly or in binary mixture with acrylamide, the surfaces were found to be covered with fibrils. The pattern of the surface modification also changes with the increase of the extent of grafting. The observed properties of the grafted films were explained on the basis of the electron microscopic results.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1595-1609 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization of polypropylene (PP) in the blends of PP with styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS) is studied through differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction measurements. Analysis of crystallization exotherm peaks in terms of crystallization nucleation and growth rates, crystallite size distribution, and crystallinity revealed differences in the morphology of PP component in the blend in the different regions of blend composition. Crystallinity determined by X-ray diffraction and DTA showed identical variations with blend composition. Variations in tensile properties of these blends with blend composition are also reported. Correlations of the various tensile properties with the crystallization parameters, viz., the crystallinity and crystallite size distribution, are presented, which confirm the influence of crystallization of PP component on the tensile properties of these blends.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1629-1638 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and a copolyester of bisphenol A-terephthaloylisophthaloyl (PAr) (2:1:1) have been studied both before and after transesterification. The physical blends exhibit phase separation in their amorphous states: a pure PET phase and a mixed PAr-rich phase. In spite of this phase separation, PET crystallinity in blends, normalized to PET fraction, surprisingly goes through a maximum at 25% PAr content. The transesterfied copolymers are noncrystallizable and exhibit a single Tg between those of starting polymers, PET and PAr.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1661-1673 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Studies in the epoxidation of natural rubber latices are described. Investigated epoxidation routes include the use of bromohydrin intermediates, hydrogen-peroxide-catalyzed systems, and preformed peracetic acid. The latter reagent allows almost quantitative epoxidation of natural rubber up to high modification levels with no detectable side reactions. Kinetic studies show that the peracetic acid epoxidation is second order in peracid and rubber hydrocarbon with an overall activation energy of 56.2 kJ/mol. Epoxidation leads to a progressive increase in Tg and polymer density with increase in modification level. The effect of modification on solvent swelling and mechanical properties of the DICUP-crosslinked rubbers are reported.
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  • 182
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1709-1721 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Static and dynamic mechanical properties of cured epoxide resins based on ester bonds, ether bonds, or a mixture of ester and ether bonds were investigated. Their network structures were estimated from the results of gel content before and after saponification, and conversion of functional groups. It was found that cured epoxide resins based on a mixture of ester and ether bonds indicate intermediate properties between the resins based on ester bonds and the resins based on ether bonds. Both dynamic and static mechanical properties were strongly affected by their network density and their segmental structures suggested in this paper.
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  • 183
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1749-1760 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of low levels of methacrylic acid (MAA) (less than 4 mol %) and a crosslinker (less than 0.3 mol %) on the equilibrium swelling and water content of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEMA) hydrogels were investigated. Numerous pHEMA disks, some of which were doped with small amounts of MAA, were placed in swelling baths simulating possible urological as well as physiological conditions. Several interesting facts are reported, such as, in dilute urea (0.15M) or in alkali solution, gels containing 2% MAA are capable of swelling to 3600% their size in mild acid, saline, or distilled water, with associated water contents that range as high as 98%. Also, gels containing small amounts of MAA and finite crosslinker content can be made that are soluble in mild urea or alkali solution. The significance of this study is that gels or gel surfaces can be fabricated that are highly responsive to their environment. In addition, since the level of MAA that cause this shrink-swell behavior are well within the impurity levels of MAA found in unpurified commercial HEMA, it is conceivable that this shrink-swell behavior may have occurred in early studies of implanted pHEMA gels, thus confusing the subsequent evaluation of its performance as a biomaterial.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1797-1814 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The compatibility of polymer blends of poly(∊-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) containing various acrylonitrile (AN) contents was studied to evaluate the influences of copolymer composition and PCL concentration upon blend compatibility. Blend compatibility was characterized by the occurence of a single glass transition intermediate between the transitions of the respective pure components. The glass transitions were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical measurement (Rheovibron). It was found that SAN and PCL form compatible blends when the AN content of SAN ranges from 8% to 28% by weight. These blends are compatible in all proportions except for SAN 28 (AN wt % = 28) and PCL blends containing 70 or 85 wt % PCL. Blends of PCL and SAN were found to be incompatible when the AN content in SAN is greater than 30 wt % or less than 6 wt %. Lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior, which can be attributed to phase separation, was found to occur when these blends were heated to elevated temperatures. The cloud point, or phase separation, was found to vary with AN content in SAN and the concentration of SAN in the blend.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1857-1863 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The balance of the reinforcement and flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foams (PUR) may be envisaged by controlling the dispersion and adhesion of the filler. Encouraging results are reported by grafting onto the filler surface a polymer miscible and reactive with the foam-forming ingredients. It appears that polyethers may do for PUR foams what the silanes do for glass fiber reinforced plastics.
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  • 186
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1041-1044 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A dynamical mechanical relaxation study has been made of low density polyethylene films to which methacrylic acid has been grafted by γ irradiation. The grafted films retain the original degree of crystallinity and show only slight changes in melting points and melt viscosities. This indicates that the grafted methacrylic acid side chains are long, few in number, and completely phase separated from the polyethylene matrix. Three dispersion regions are observed in plots of the loss modulus, E″ vs. temperature at constant frequency and these are labeled γ, β, α′, in order of increasing temperature. The α′ peak, above 215°C was assigned to microbrownian segmental motions accompanying the Tg of polymethacrylic acid. The β peak, at -20°C, was assigned to motions accompanying the Tg of branched polyethylene, and the γ peak, at -120°C, was assigned to local motions of a few CH2 sequences in polyethylene.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1095-1110 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics and equilibria of benzene sorption in poly(ethylene terephthalate) were measured at 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C, with benzene activities ranging from 0.02 to 0.3. At most experimental conditions, diffusion was found to be Fickian; however, evidence of non-Fickian transport was found at the highest activity levels. Values of the diffusion coefficient of benzene range from 10-14 cm2/s at 40°C to 10-12 cm2/s at 60°C in the limit of low concentrations. Nonlinear isotherms observed for benzene sorption were successfully interpreted in terms of the dual mode model for sorption in glassy polymers, whereby the sorbed penetrant exists as two populations: one sorbed according to Henry's law and the other following a Langmuir isotherm. Non-Fickian transport data were correlated with a model that superimposes diffusion of both the Henry's law and Langmuir populations (the “partial immobilization” model) upon first-order relaxation of the polymer matrix.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1111-1123 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydroxypropylation of lignin in a batch reactor under alkaline conditions at 180°C was studied using propylene oxide (PO) by itself, and PO in combination with several ligninlike model compounds and with kraft lignin. While the PO homopolymerization rate increased rapidly at temperatures above 85°C, and was too fast to be determined accurately at 180°C, the addition of model compounds and lignin was found to delay homopolymerization in relation to the presence of ionizable functional groups. The observations are consistent with a reaction mechanism involving first order kinetics with regard to each alkoxide and PO concentrations. Where the reaction rates toward PO increase with increasing pKa values, the reaction sequence proceeds in the order of declining basicity. Thus lignins with high acidity were found to be subject to greater degrees of modification than those with more neutral character. This explains the earlier observed beneficial effect of lignin carboxylation on the properties of lignin-PO reaction mixtures.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1141-1155 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of poly(ether esteramide)s (PEEA) of the general formula [(6NT6)k-PTMO]z has been investigated by wide and small angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy techniques. The copolymers are based on poly(esteramide) “hard” segments (containing an average number k of 6NT6 consecutive units) alternating poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) “soft” segments of constant length (MW ∼ 900). The fraction of crystallized 6NT6 increasing by increasing the PTMO content (i.e., by lowering k), approaching unity for k → 1. The morphology is of lamellar type, with both thickness and width of the crystalline domains (6NT6) decreasing with the increase of PTMO content; in the interlamellar amorphous regions both “soft” and “hard” segments tend to segregate in separate domains. For k ≃ 1, crystalline domains, formed essentially by isolated 6NT6 units, alternate with amorphous PTMO interlayers. The mechanism of evolution of the morphological structure as a function of the copolymer composition is discussed.
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  • 190
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In order to choose the most practical macroreticular chelating resins for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ion from industrial waste solution, the influence of the porosity of macroreticular chelating resins on the adsorption for metal ion was studied. The four macroreticular chelating resins (RST) containing triethylenetetramine side chain with different porosity were used. It was found that the adsorption of zinc ion at its low concentration solution was affected by the porosity of the RST. Among the four resins with average pore radius of 21.0, 24.5, 28.0, and 66.5 nm, a resin with that of 66.5 nm gave the highest initial adsorption rate and the largest breakthrough capacity for zinc ion at a space velocity of 15 h-1.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2331-2345 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A generalized kinetic model of cure, which is described by a distribution relaxation function, is used to predict physical and mechanical properties of silicone elastomers during isothermal and nonisothermal cure reactions. The model can also predict the effect of filler and cure behavior of filled elastomers. The structural relaxation times of the molecular state of uncured and cured elastomers is also discussed.
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2405-2412 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This work describes a panel made from waste polyethylene, henequen fibers, and mineral fillers. The physical and mechanical properties of the product were determined and compared with the properties of commercial panels. The new material has good mechanical properties and high environmental resistance. Its thermal insulating capacity is about 10 times better than that of asbestos-cement panels. The adhesion grade between fibers and polymer was investigated.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2421-2429 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Cotton fibers were treated with anhydrous mixtures of ethylenediamine and morpholine of varying proportions to study the changes in accessibility (X-ray crystallinity index, swelling by propanol-2 retention, formylaiton, and dyeability) as well as lattice conversions from cellulose I to cellulose II and cellulose III. Positive synergistic influence of the highest order was noticed at 70:30 (molar proportion 3:1) ethylenediamine-morpholine mixture as judged from accessibility and lattice conversion from cellulose I to cellulose II. The same critical proportion was found to give the highest order of negative synergistic effect in the lattice conversion of cellulose I into cellulose III. These opposing trends have been explained on the basis of the different mechanisms associated with the lattice conversions of cellulose I into cellulose II and cellulose III.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 194
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 2481-2492 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The curing reaction of a commercial bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) with ethylenediamine (EDA) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Different kinetic expressions were found with isothermal (low temperature range) and dynamic (high temperature range) runs. Two competitive mechanisms are shown to be present: an autocatalytic one (activation energy E = 14 kcal/mol) and a noncatalytic path characterized by a second-order reaction with E = 24.5 kcal/mol. At low temperatures both mechanisms took place simultaneously, showing a significant decrease in the reaction rate after the gel point. At high temperatures only the noncatalytic reaction was present, without showing a noticeable rate decrease in the rubber region. Also, a third-order dependence of the glass transition temperature on reaction extent is shown.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 195
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1433-1447 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Acetals that react with cotton to form cellulose crosslinks are derived from dialdehydes that can form five-or-six-membered tetrahydrofuran or tetrahydropyran rings. These aldehydes themselves are reactive to cotton, but the acetals do not form the aldehyde to react. The acetals were less reactive than the aldehydes and formed crosslinks with a different structure. Intrinsic reactivity of acetals increased with increased branching in the alkoxy group. but the increase was often hidden by the effect from changing solvents. In some instances a greater reactivity with methyl acetals was pronounced. Strength loss in cotton fabric from crosslinking was greater with acetals than with conventional crosslinking agents because even the most reactive acetals were less reactive and required more rigorous reaction conditions than conventional agents.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 196
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1467-1470 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1483-1490 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The investigations on dyeing of poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers with disperse dye Synthene Scarlet P3GL have revealed anomalous sorption of the dye in heat-treated samples. In the mathematical solution of the process it has been assumed that anomalous sorption can be treated as superposition in time of two stages of Fickian sorption. The contents of absorbed dye at quasiequilibrium CI, at the final equilibrium CII, and the apparent diffusion coefficients DI, and DII have been calculated using Hill's equation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1537-1545 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The microscopic factors relating to the energy dissipation increase in the viscoelastic dynamic crack propagation such as in PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] were investigated through the observation on the microfracture process ahead of the crack tip up to the microcrack formation. It is found that the energy dissipation remains almost constant in a certain low velocity range but increases sharply in the higher velocity range for the PMMA case. A cleavagelike fracture mode works in the former, and both the cleavagelike and a ductile-fracture mode work in the latter. The increase in energy dissipation is attributed to the secondary cracks which remarkably increase in number depending on the crack velocity. The energy dissipation is proved to be independent of the crack velocity in cases where the crack is propagated by the cleavagelike fracture mode.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1553-1558 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Experimental studies were carried out on the curing behavior of unsaturated polyester and epoxy resins. The latter were modified with three different fillers (CaCO3, CaSiO3, and glass powder) and their curing behaviors studied. Polyesters exhibited faster cure rates than the epoxy resins. The gel time of the epoxy resins decreased with the addition of fillers. Data indicated that the peak exotherm of these thermosetting resins increased when filled with glass powder. The hardness of the curing mass increased with curing time. The use of gel-hardness number as a quality control parameter has been suggested.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 29 (1984), S. 1581-1593 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The unified viscosity function curves proposed earlier by the authors have an inherent limitation in the low shear rate region. This limitation is the effect of using the melt flow index as a normalizing factor to obtain the coalesced curves, which itself is insensitive to molecular parameters such as molecular weight distribution. A single integral constitutive equation of the BKZ type is used to derive the viscosity function which would be useful in generating unified curves based on the melt flow index but devoid of the limitation of molecular weight distribution effects in the low shear rate region.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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