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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 75.60.Gm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The preparation of magnets with energy products of up to 30 MGOe from Sm(Co, Cu, Fe, M)z alloys with M=Ti or Zr and z=6.8 or 7.25, respectively, as well as their magnetic properties and microstructures have already been reported on. We describe, in addition, the distribution of the non-metallic impurities, O, N, and C, and the phases which they form with the metallic constiturents as found by electron beam micro analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Ti, Zr, and C combine in forming the very stable carbides TiC and ZrC. The possible role of these carbides in regard to the magnetic properties is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 15 (1964), S. 909-912 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the lattice structure on the corrosion of an 18/10 chrome nickel steelAn 18/10 chrome nickel steel with low carbon content has been used for the examination of the corrosion-chemical behaviour of two phases with identical chemical composition but different lattice structure. Of the two structure components, austenite and martensite, the latter is subject to selective corrosion in the active zone. In the active/passive transition zone, in the passive zone, and in the transpassive zone, no difference in the behaviour of the two phases could be detected.The selective corrosion of the martensite may be ascribed to a shift in the anodic equilibrium potential of the metal dissolution and/or an increase in the exchange current density. It is likely that the high defect concentration of the martensite phase causes an increase in the exchange current density, thus favouring corrosion attack in the activation polarisation zone.
    Notes: Am Beispiel eines 18/10-Chrom-Nickel-Stahles mit niedrigem Kohlenstoffgehalt wurde das korrosions-chemische Verhalten zweier Phasen untersucht, die gleiche chemische Zusammensetzung, aber unterschiedliche Gitterstruktur aufweisen. Von den beiden Gefügekomponenten Austenit und Martensit erfährt der Martensit im Aktivbereich eine selektive Korrosion. Im Aktiv-Passiv-Übergang, im Passiv- und Transpassivgebiet wurde kein Unterschied im Verhalten beider Phasen gefunden.Eine Verschiebung des anodischen Gleichgewichtspotentials der Metallauflösung und/oder eine Erhöhung der Austauschstromdichte gegenüber dem Austenit können für die selektive Korrosion des Martensits verantwortlich gemacht werden. Wahrscheinlich bewirkt die hohe Fehlstellenkonzentration der martensitischen Phase eine Erhöhung der Austauschstromdichte und somit einen bevorzugten Angriff im Bereich der Aktivierungspolarisation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 17 (1966), S. 661-665 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion elements set up by structure heterogeneity in stainless chromium-nickel steelsTransformation processes and precipitation of carbides could be the reason for corrosion elements in austenitic stainless steels. Examples are the intergranular corrosion and the selective martensite corrosion. The intergranular corrosion is based on a change of the electrochemical properties of the grain boundary regions by impoverishment of chromium. This “classical intergranular corrosion” takes place at all potentials. Resulting from the impoverishment of chromium after colling to very low temperatures, or by cold deformation, an α′-phase can be produced. This phase is only attacked in the active region of the current density-potential-curve. Both the intergranular corrosion and the corrosion of martensite are caused by local anodes. A selective attack of grain boundaries is also observed in the transpassive region. The intensity of this attack increase with precipitation of carbides. During the sensitivisation cathodes are produced, which cause a polarisation in the intergranular corrosive regions. Therefore, this attack of grain boundaries is not only connected with the formation of local anodes but also influenced by the formation of local cathodes.
    Notes: Umwandlungs- und Ausscheidungsvorgänge in austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stählen können Ursache für die Ausbildung von Korrosionselementen sein. Beispiele sind die interkristalline Korrosion und die selektive Martensitkorrosion. Die interkristalline Korrosion beruht auf einer Änderung der elektrochemischen Eigenschaften korngrenzennaher Bereiche durch Chromverarmung. Dieser „Klassische Kornzerfall“ findet in mehr oder weniger starkem Ausmaß bei allen Potentialen statt. In austenitischen Chrom-Nickel-Stählen kann als Folge der Chromverarmung, durch Abkühlen auf tiefe Temperaturen oder durch Kaltverformung eine kubisch raumzentrierte α′-Phase (Martensit) gebildet werden. Diese erfährt lediglich bei Potentialen, die der ansteigenden Stromdichte-Potential-Kurve im Aktivbereich zugeordnet sind, eine selektive Korrosion. Sowohl bei der interkristallinen Korrosion als auch bei der selektiven Marrensit-Korrosion werden Lokalanoden gelöst. Im Transpassivzustand tritt auch bei lösungsgeglühten Proben bevorzugter Korngrenzenangriff auf. Dieser Angriff wird durch Carbidausscheidungen verstärkt. Mit der Ausscheidungsglühung werden gleichzeitig Kathoden gebildet, die bei der Korrosion in Redoxsystemen, z. B. Werkstoffe und Korrosion Huey-Test eine Polarisation in den Kornzerfallsbereichen bewirken. In diesem Falle sind also nicht notwendig Lokalanoden, sondern indirekt auch Lokalkathoden für einen Korngrenzenangriff verantwortlich.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 675-682 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations concerning nitridation of refractory austenitic materials in air and combustion gasesDamage due to nitridation has frequently encountered on radiation tubes of refractory materials used in industrial furnace construction. Nitridation occurs although the material surface is covered with an oxide layer. Investigations on specimens annealed in air for extended periods have shown that nitridation of materials numbers 1.4848 and 1.4840 starts after an annealing duration dependent on temperature and specimen geometry. At 900° C it begins after approx. 25000 hours, at 1000° C after approx. 1000 hours and at 1100° C after approx. only 100 hours, convex surface zones being preferentially affected. Nitrogen adsorption first results in a transformation from M23C6 to M2(C, N). The latter subsequently grows by chromium extraction from the matrix. The M6C-carbide found in these materials, too, and corresponding to the approximate formula (Cr3Ni2Si)C does not undergo structural changes by nitridation although carbon is partially substituted by nitrogen.Nitridation can probably be attributed to repeated cracking and healing of the oxide layer after a critical oxide layer thickness has been exceeded; this critical thickness is estimated to be approximately 20-30 microns.
    Notes: Schäden durch Aufstickung sind wiederholt an Strahlrohren aus hochhitzebeständigen Werkstoffen, die im Industrieofenbau Anwendung finden, beobachtet worden. Die Aufstickung erfolgt, obgleich die Werkstoffoberfläche mit einer Oxidschicht bedeckt ist.Untersuchungen an langzeitig in Luft geglühten Proben aus den Werkstoffen 1.4848 und 1.4840 zeigen, daß Aufstickung nach einer von Temperatur und Probengeometrie abhängigen Glühzeit einsetzt. Sie beginnt bei 900° C nach etwa 25.000 h, bei 1000° C nach etwa 1000 h und bei 1100° C nach bereits etwa 100 h bevorzugt an konvex geformten Oberflächenbereichen. Durch die Stickstoffaufnahme wird zunächst M23C6 in M2(C, N) umgeformt. Im weiteren Verlauf wächst dann M2(C, N) durch Chromentzug der Matrix. Das in diesen Werkstoffen auch auftretende M6C-Carbid der ungefähren Formel (Cr3Ni2Si)C wird durch die Aufstickung strukturell nicht verändert, jedoch wird ein Teil des C durch N substituiert.Ursache der Aufstickung ist wahrscheinlich ein wiederholtes Aufreißen und Ausheilen der Oxidschicht, sobald eine kritische Oxidschichtdicke überschritten wird. Diese kritische Oxidschichtdicke wird zu etwa 20-30 m̈m abgeschätzt.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 187-187 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 187-187 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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