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  • 2000-2004  (292,430)
  • 1810-1819  (1,186)
  • 1800-1809  (563)
Source
Material
Years
Year
Person/Organisation
Keywords
Language
  • 101
    Unknown
    Spaces of global cultures : architecture, urbanism, identity (2004)
    London ; New York : Routledge
    The architext series  
    Details
    Keywords: Architecture and globalization. ; Architecture and society. ; Architecture, British colonial. ; City planning, Asia, Case studies. ; Postcolonialism, Asia, Case studies.
    Pages: xix, 256 p.
    ISBN: 0-203-48312-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=116693
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 102
    Unknown
    Web services, E-Business, and the Semantic Web : second international workshop, WES 2003, Klagenfurt, Austria, June 16-17, 2003 ; WES 2003 (2004)
    Berlin ; New York : Springer
    Lecture notes in computer science  
    Details
    Keywords: Semantic Web, Congresses.
    Pages: x, 145 p.
    ISBN: 3-540-25982-1
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=130186
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 103
    Unknown
    Free trade in the Americas : economic and political issues for governments and firms (2004)
    Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, Mass : Edward Elgar
    New horizons in international business  
    Details
    Keywords: America, Economic integration, Congresses. ; Free trade, America, Congresses.
    Pages: 1 v. (various pagings)
    ISBN: 1-8454-2066-7
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=108910
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 104
    Unknown
    The crisis in tax administration (2004)
    Washington, D.C : Brookings Institution Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States., Internal Revenue Service. ; Tax administration and procedure, United States.
    Notes: Introduction / Henry J. Aaron and Joel Slemrod -- The tax shelter battle / Joseph Bankman -- Issues of international tax enforcement / David R. Tillinghast -- Small business and the tax system / Joel Slemrod -- The Turbotax revolution : can technology solve tax complexity? / Austan Goolsbee -- Issues affecting low-income filers / Janet Holtzblatt and Janet McCubbin -- Tax preparers / Marsha Blumenthal and Charles Christian -- Carrots and sticks in enforcement / Frank Cowell -- Effects of tax simplification options : a quantitative analysis / William G. Gale and Jeffrey Rohaly -- Ultimate objectives for the IRS : balancing revenue and service / Alan H. Plumley and C. Eugene Steuerle -- Experience and innovations in other countries / Jeffrey Owens and Stuart Hamilton
    Pages: viii, 402 p.
    ISBN: 0-8157-9656-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=121725
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 105
    Unknown
    The great divestiture : evaluating the welfare impact of the British privatizations, 1979-1997 (2004)
    Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press
    Details
    Keywords: Great Britain, Social policy, 1979- ; Privatization. ; Privatization, Great Britain. ; Public welfare. ; Public welfare, Great Britain.
    Pages: xvi, 424 p.
    ISBN: 1-417-56046-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=122507
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 106
    Unknown
    Contemporary post Keynesian analysis (2004)
    Cheltenham, UK ; Northhampton, MA : Edward Elgar
    Details
    Keywords: Economic development. ; Economics. ; Inflation (Finance) ; Keynesian economics. ; Monetary policy.
    Pages: x, 356 p.
    ISBN: 1-8454-2365-8
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=127481
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  • 107
    Unknown
    Handbook of bioethics : taking stock of the field from a philosophical perspective (2004)
    Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic
    Philosophy and medicine  
    Details
    Keywords: Bioethics, Philosophy. ; Medical ethics, Philosophy.
    Pages: vi, 568 p.
    ISBN: 1-402-02127-5
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=107025
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  • 108
    Unknown
    Globalization, economic development and inequality : an alternative perspective (2004)
    Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar
    New horizons in institutional and evolutionary economics  
    Details
    Keywords: Economic development. ; Evolutionary economics. ; Globalization, Economic aspects. ; Globalization, Social aspects. ; Income distribution. ; International trade, Social aspects. ; Technological innovations, Economic aspects. ; Technological innovations, Social aspects.
    Pages: viii, 339 p.
    ISBN: 1-8454-2162-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=114762
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 109
    Unknown
    Hispanic immigrant identity : political allegiance vs. cultural preference (2004)
    New York : LFB Scholarly Pub
    The new Americans  
    Details
    Keywords: Allegiance, United States. ; Hispanic Americans, Ethnic identity. ; Hispanic Americans, Politics and government. ; Immigrants, United States, Political activity. ; Immigrants, United States, Social conditions. ; National characteristics, American.
    Notes: What is an American? -- Logistic analysis of the allegiance variable -- Talking to the people : the focus groups
    Pages: xi, 160 p.
    ISBN: 1-593-32119-8
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=126064
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 110
    Unknown
    Regionalism in global trade (2004)
    Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar
    Details
    Keywords: Free trade. ; Globalization, Economic aspects. ; International trade. ; Regionalism. ; Trade blocs.
    Pages: xv, 221 p.
    ISBN: 1-8454-2145-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=114747
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  • 111
    Unknown
    The economic approach to law (2004)
    Stanford, Calif : Stanford Economics and Finance
    Details
    Keywords: Law and economics.
    Notes: What is law and economics? -- Positive and normative analysis -- Is efficiency a valid norm for evaluating law? -- Efficiency concepts -- Pareto efficiency -- Potential Pareto efficiency, or Kaldor-Hicks efficiency -- Consensual versus nonconsensual exchange -- The Coase theorem -- The law in "law and economics" -- The nature of the common law -- The court system in the United States -- Conclusion -- Discussion questions -- Problems
    Pages: xxii, 379 p.
    ISBN: 1-417-51941-X
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=110072
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  • 112
    Unknown
    Free-standing tension structures : from tensegrity systems to cable-strut systems (2004)
    London ; New York : Spon Press
    Details
    Keywords: Cable structures. ; Lightweight construction. ; Tensile architecture.
    Pages: 1 v. (various pagings)
    ISBN: 0-203-42049-7
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=115690
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  • 113
    Unknown
    The early Upper Paleolithic beyond Western Europe (2004)
    Berkeley : University of California Press
    Details
    Keywords: Asia, Central, Antiquities. ; Europe, Eastern, Antiquities. ; Paleolithic period, Asia, Central. ; Paleolithic period, Europe, Eastern. ; Tools, Prehistoric, Asia, Central. ; Tools, Prehistoric, Europe, Eastern.
    Pages: xv, 295 p.
    ISBN: 1-417-50813-2
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=108423
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 114
    Unknown
    Managing the supply chain : the definitive guide for the business professional (2004)
    New York : McGraw-Hill
    Details
    Keywords: Business logistics. ; Industrial procurement.
    Notes: The value of information -- Supply chain integration -- Network planning -- Supply chain alliances -- Outsourcing, procurement, and supply contracts -- Product design and supply chain management -- Customer value -- Global issues in supply chain management -- Information technology
    Pages: xii, 308 p.
    ISBN: 0-07-143587-5
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=124519
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    E-Book (German National Licenses)
  • 115
    Unknown
    The alloy tree : a guide to low-alloy steels, stainless steels and nickel-base alloys (2004)
    Boca Raton : CRC Press
    Details
    Keywords: Nickel alloys. ; Steel alloys. ; Steel, Stainless.
    ISBN: 1-85573-992-5
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=114157
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  • 116
    Unknown
    The new German cinema : music, history, and the matter of style (2004)
    Berkeley : University of California Press
    Details
    Keywords: Motion picture music, Germany, History and criticism. ; Motion pictures, Germany.
    Notes: Introduction: "strategies of remembrance" -- Mourning, melancholia, and "new German melodrama" -- Modernism's aftershocks: Peer Raben's film music for Fassbinder -- Kluge's assault on history: trauma, testimony, and difference in the patriot -- Undoing act 5: history, bodies, and operatic remains: Kluge's the power of emotion -- Restaging history with fantasy: body, camp, and sound in the films of Treut, Ottinger, and Von Praunheim -- Introjecting kitsch: Werner Schroeter, music, and alterity
    Pages: viii, 323 p.
    ISBN: 1-417-52002-7
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=108460
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  • 117
    Unknown
    Methodologies and software engineering for agent systems : the agent-oriented software engineering handbook (2004)
    Boston [Mass.] ; London : Kluwer Academic
    Multiagent systems, artificial societies, and simulated organizations  
    Details
    Keywords: Intelligent agents (Computer software) ; Software engineering.
    Pages: xxx, 505 p.
    ISBN: 1-402-08058-1
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=122117
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  • 118
    Unknown
    Handbook of public finance (2004)
    Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Details
    Keywords: Finance, Public.
    Pages: vi, 554 p.
    ISBN: 1-402-07864-1
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=128466
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  • 119
    Unknown
    The euro and its central bank : getting united after the union (2004)
    Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press
    Details
    Keywords: European Central Bank. ; Euro. ; Monetary policy, European Union countries.
    Pages: xviii, 260 p.
    ISBN: 1-417-56074-6
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=122539
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  • 120
    Unknown
    Brookings trade forum 2004: Globalization, poverty, and inequality : Globalization, poverty, and inequality (2004)
    Washington, DC : Brookings Institution Press
    Details
    Keywords: Developing countries, Economic conditions, Congresses. ; Globalization, Economic aspects, Congresses. ; Income distribution, Congresses. ; Poverty, Congresses.
    Notes: Editor's summary --Competing concepts of inequality in the globalization debate /Martin Ravallion --Channels from globalization to inequality : productivity world versus factor world /William Easterly --Health in an age of globalization /Angus Deaton --Assessing the impact of globalization on poverty and inequality : a new lens on an old puzzle /Carol Graham --Poverty and the organization of political violence : a review and some conjectures /Nicholas Sambanis --Trade, inequality, and poverty: what do we know? /Pinelopi Goldberg and Nina Pavcnik / --The impact of globalization on the poor /Pranab Bardhan --Why global inequality matters /Nancy Birdsall --Some speculation on growth and poverty over the twenty-first century /Kenneth Rogoff.
    Pages: xxxi, 311 p.
    ISBN: 0-8157-9758-3
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=130330
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  • 121
    Unknown
    City of darkness, city of light : eÌmigreÌ filmmakers in Paris 1929-1939 (2004)
    Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press
    Film culture in transition  
    Details
    Keywords: Germans, France, Paris. ; Motion picture producers and directors, France, Paris.
    Pages: 253 p.
    ISBN: 0-585-49818-0
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=104114
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  • 122
    Unknown
    Meeting the challenges in an era of globalization by strengthening regional development cooperation (2004)
    New York : Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, United Nations
    Details
    Keywords: Asia, Commercial policy. ; Asia, Economic integration. ; Asia, Economic integration. ; Pacific Area, Commercial policy. ; Pacific Area, Economic integration. ; Globalization, Economic aspects, Asia. ; Globalization, Economic aspects, Pacific Area.
    Pages: xiv, 159 p.
    ISBN: 1-417-54786-3
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=117916
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  • 123
    Unknown
    Playing the races : ethnic caricature and American literary realism (2004)
    New York : Oxford University Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, Ethnic relations, History, 19th century. ; United States, Race relations, History, 19th century. ; American fiction, 19th century, History and criticism. ; Caricatures and cartoons, United States, History, 19th century. ; Ethnicity in literature. ; Race in literature. ; Realism in literature. ; Stereotype (Psychology) in literature.
    Notes: Introduction: the age of caricature, the age of realism -- William Dean Howells and the touch of exaggeration which typifies -- "I want a real coon": Twain and ethnic caricature -- A Jamesian art to be cultivated -- Edith Wharton's flamboyant copy -- The "curious realism" of Charles Chesnutt
    Pages: viii, 196 p.
    ISBN: 0-19-518578-1
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=121496
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  • 124
    Unknown
    Virtual teams : projects, protocols and processes (2004)
    Hershey, Pa : Idea Group Pub
    Details
    Keywords: Teams in the workplace. ; Virtual work teams.
    Pages: xvi, 352 p.
    ISBN: 1-591-40167-4
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=87311
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  • 125
    Unknown
    The coming generational storm : what you need to know about America's economic future ; America's economic future (2004)
    Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press
    Details
    Keywords: United States, Population, Economic aspects. ; Age distribution (Demography), Economic aspects, United States. ; Aging, Economic aspects, United States. ; Baby boom generation, United States. ; Economic forecasting, United States. ; Older people, Government policy, United States. ; Population forecasting, United States. ; Retirement income, United States, Planning.
    Pages: xix, 274 p.
    ISBN: 1-417-50153-7
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=106834
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  • 126
    Unknown
    Urban drainage (2004)
    London ; New York : Spon Press
    Details
    Keywords: Urban runoff.
    Pages: xxii, 543 p.
    Edition: 2nd ed
    ISBN: 0-203-14969-6
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=116885
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  • 127
    Unknown
    Uneasy alliance : Twentieth-century American literature, culture and biography ; Twentieth-century American literature, culture and biography (2004)
    Amsterdam ; New York, NY : Rodopi
    Costerus  
    Details
    Keywords: American literature, 20th century, History and criticism.
    Pages: 367 p.
    ISBN: 1-417-56433-4
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=119810
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  • 128
    Unknown
    Assessing the benefits and costs of ITS : making the business case for ITS investments (2004)
    Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers
    Transportation research, economics and policy  
    Details
    Keywords: Infrastructure (Economics), Congresses. ; Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems, Congresses. ; Public investments, Congresses. ; Transportation, Finance, Congresses.
    Pages: 372 p.
    ISBN: 1-402-07874-9
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=109439
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  • 129
    Unknown
    Accounting demystified : Accoun+ing demystified (2004)
    New York : AMACOM
    Details
    Keywords: Accounting.
    Pages: ix, 176 p.
    ISBN: 0-8144-2746-4
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=100154
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  • 130
    Unknown
    New philosophy for new media (2004)
    Cambridge, Mass : MIT Press
    Details
    Keywords: Aesthetics. ; Body, Human (Philosophy) ; Digital art, Philosophy. ; Digital media, Philosophy. ; Image (Philosophy)
    Notes: From image to body. Between body and image : on the "newness" of new media art -- Framing the digital image : Jeffrey Shaw and the embodied aesthetics of new media -- The automation of sight and the bodily basis of vision. The affect-body. Affect as interface : confronting the "digital facial image" -- What's virtual about VR? "reality" as body-brain achievement -- The affective topology of new media art. Time, space, and body. Body times
    Pages: xxvii, 333 p.
    ISBN: 1-417-56051-7
    URL: http://www.netLibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=122514
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  • 131
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial Announcement (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00204.x
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  • 132
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategic Choice of the Price Structure and Entry Deterrence Under Price Cap Regulation (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper shows that a price-capped firm under the threat of entry in some of the markets it serves can strategically manipulate its price structure to deter entry. In doing so, the regulated firm uses the price cap constraint as a commitment device to an aggressive pricing behaviour in case of entry. A (dynamic) price cap generally entails that the prices allowed today are a function of the previous-period prices and that the tighter is the constraint on each price, the larger is the quantity sold of this good in the previous period. Hence, the regulated firm may strategically choose its price structure before entry to place a tighter regulatory control on the prices set in the (potentially) competitive markets and to make it optimal to charge in these markets – in case of entry – prices so low that entry is unprofitable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00208.x
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  • 133
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Agency Cost of Debt and Credit Market Imperfections: A Bargaining Approach (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies the effect of credit market imperfections, measured by the relative bargaining power of banks, on the agency costs of debt finance. The threshold of obtaining loan finance is shown to be independent of the relative bargaining power of the financier. However, lower relative bargaining power of banks leads to lower lending rates and investment return distributions with lower, but less risky returns. Thus, our analysis does not support the view, presented in a large existing literature, that there would be a trade-off between reduced credit market imperfections and higher agency costs of debt finance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00210.x
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  • 134
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective Schools (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies how schooling admission tests affect economic performance in an economy where individuals are endowed with both academic and non-academic abilities and both abilities matter for labour productivity. We develop a simple model with schools run by the goverment, where individuals signal their abilities by taking an admission test and sort into low quality and high quality schools. When abilities are poorly correlated in the population, as documented in the literature, a standard test based only on academic abilities can be less efficient than a balanced test, which considers both ability types. We show that a sequential testing strategy, with schools testing academic abilities and firms testing non-academic abilities on the sub-sample of graduates of high quality schools, does not necessarily replicate the outcome of a balanced test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00198.x
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  • 135
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Debt, Growth and Budgetary Regimes (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Within the Barro (1990) model of productive public services, but with the inclusion of public debt, we derive and characterize on the balanced growth path, a set of welfare-maximizing fiscal rules under two budgetary regimes – one with only the standard dynamic government budget constraint, and the other involving the golden rule of public finance. We demonstrate analytically that the optimal fiscal policy differs in the two budgetary regimes considered. We also analyse two cases within the second regime: one, where the ratio of current spending to tax revenues is parametrically given, and another, where this ratio is optimally chosen by the government.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00200.x
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  • 136
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Delaying Effect of Financing Constraints on Investment (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We develop a simple model in which a firm considers a number of investment projects. Because of limited financial resources, the firm can undertake at most one project. In line with the literature on real options we stress features like irreversibility, uncertainty and the possibility of postponing the investment decision and show under which conditions limited availability of funds tends to increase the value of waiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00202.x
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  • 137
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal Emissions Taxation under Imperfect Competition in a Durable Good Industry (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates optimal emissions taxation under imperfect competition in a durable good industry where products are sold (instead of rented). As a benchmark, attention is paid to the special case of monopoly with exogenously given product durability. In line with previous literature, the optimal emission tax in this benchmark model falls short of marginal damage (underinternalization). Extending the benchmark model either to the case of an oligopolistic market structure and/or to the case of endogenous product durability then provides two cases in which the optimal emission tax overinternalizes marginal damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00192.x
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  • 138
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    Relative risk aversion, relative prudence and comparative statics under uncertainty: The case of (μ, σ)-preferences (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: From the expected-utility approach, relative risk aversion being smaller than one and relative prudence being smaller than two emerge as preference restrictions that fully determine the optimal responses of decisions under uncertainty to certain shifts in probability distributions. We characterize the magnitudes of relative risk aversion and relative prudence in terms of the two-parameter, mean-standard deviation approach. We demonstrate that this characterization is instrumental in obtaining comparative static results in the two-parameter setting. We further relate our findings to the results in the expected-utility framework.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00194.x
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  • 139
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    Second degree price discrimination and natural monopoly (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the efficiency of a contestable natural monopoly if consumers are heterogeneous and the monopolist can differentiate prices imperfectly. The paper shows that a “no-distortion-at-the-top” result, which is standard in models with restricted entry, may also appear in a contestable market. Depending on cost and demand structures, first best efficiency can also be a sustainable equilibrium. However, due to the existence of a continuum of equilibria, first best efficiency is not guaranteed. Most notably, even a stable “distortion-at-the-top” result is possible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00196.x
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  • 140
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    Collective Goods, Common Agency, and Third-Party Intervention (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Voluntary contributions to multiple public goods may involve many contributors (principals) who condition their payments to a single provider (agent) based on realized provision. If the agent's efforts on these goods are unobservable, then a common agency problem results with a third-best outcome owing to agency costs, free riding, and competitive interests. The latter manifests itself in the principals punishing the agent for providing an alternative public good (for which they have no interest) to a different set of principals. Remedies may require multiple policy instruments unlike the standard prescription for the public good or common agency problem in isolation. Moreover, the sequence of actions is essential for addressing the combined problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00185.x
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  • 141
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    Fuzzy Targeting Indices and Orderings (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The targeting efficiency and the coverage of social programs for the poor are typically analyzed by partitioning the total population in four mutually exclusive groups: the poor who benefit from a program or policy, the poor who do not benefit, the non-poor who benefit, and the non-poor who do not benefit. While useful, this partition into crisp sets may not capture the difficulty of identifying the poor. This paper presents a method that consists of using a membership function to identify to what extent households can be considered as poor or non-poor. The method builds on fuzzy sets theory whereby the definition of the boundaries of a set, say the poor or the non-poor, is fuzzy. We characterize the properties that membership functions should have, and we test for the robustness of targeting performance comparisons to the choice of the membership function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00187.x
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  • 142
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    On the Equivalence of Two Concepts of Returns to Scale (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We examine the relationship between two widely used concepts of returns to scale at different levels of analysis. We show that while their weak global versions are equivalent, the strict global versions are not so. Versions at a given input vector are never equivalent, which invalidates a result by Ide and Takayama (1987).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00189.x
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  • 143
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    Risk aversion and risk loving in the small: a decomposition of the multivariate risk premium (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This note proposes a decomposition of the familiar scalar multivariate risk premium into components which can be easily interpreted in the context of consumer theory. The premium under consideration is the standard one used to ascertain the impact of price and income risk on consumer welfare. This proposed premium decomposition allows for a more intuitive identification of the detrimental and beneficial effects that arise from income and price risk. As an illustrative example, this decomposition is used to ascertain the welfare effects arising from the price fluctuations experienced by UK households over the period 1963–97.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00190.x
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  • 144
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    Responsibility and Global Labor Justice (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00205.x
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  • 145
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    Democratic Theory and Political Campaigns (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00196.x
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  • 146
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    Aboriginal Art and Identity: Crossing the Border of Law's Imagination (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00189.x
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  • 147
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    Feminist Politics and Feminist Pluralism: Can We Do Feminist Political Theory Without Theories of Gender? (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00207.x
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  • 148
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    Arguing and Observing: Internal and External Critiques of Judicial Impartiality* (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00199.x
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  • 149
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    Republican Cosmopolitanism* (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00203.x
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  • 150
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    Arguing for Majority Rule* (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    The @journal of political philosophy 12 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9760
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Philosophy , Political Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.2004.00190.x
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  • 151
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    Editorial: managing R&D in China (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00344.x
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  • 152
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    Chinese R&D: naissance, renaissance, or mirage? (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: China's re-emergence has been treated mostly from economic and political standpoints. This article integrates these perspectives with a review of China's modern history of research and development (R&D). It starts with a brief retrospective of China's efforts in science and technology before the reforms of 1978. It then discusses China's principle R&D issues in the early 1980s and the most significant results of 20 years of rapid industrialization. Based on this historic review and a wide literature analysis, some observations are made about China's R&D capabilities in the first years of the new millennium as well as what challenges may still lie ahead for China before becoming a leading source of scientific and technological innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00346.x
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  • 153
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    Sequential learning in a Chinese spin-off: the case of Lenovo Group Limited (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper analyzes the learning process and sequential capabilities development in Lenovo, China's most successful PC manufacturer, which originated as a spin-off from a government-supported research institute. The case study reveals this firm's evolutionary, path-dependent and stage-wise progress from initial sales, distribution and service activities to manufacturing, product and process design and, finally developmental R&D. The study shows the interaction among the firm's changing environment, its competitive strategy, and its set of resources and capabilities. The case has implications for research on such organizations, as well as implications for management.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00349.x
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  • 154
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    Motivations and barriers of foreign R&D activities in China (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The continued growth of the Chinese economy accompanied with the expansion of international investment in China has led to an increase in foreign research and development (R&D) activities in the country. Aside from the rising importance of R&D internationalization, research on foreign R&D in China has been neglected in the past due to its emerging status. In this article we examine drivers and barriers for conducting R&D in China. The focus of our research is on transnational companies typically characterized by decentralized R&D activities. Our research is mainly based on qualitative interviews with senior R&D managers. The success of foreign R&D activities in China strongly depends on the realistic estimation of its advantages and the proper identification and handling of barriers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00350.x
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  • 155
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    Book reviews (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Kathleen Walsh, Foreign High-Tech R&D in China: Risks, Rewards and Implications for US-China Relations Review of leading Chinese journals reporting on R&D management and innovation G. C. Chow, Knowing China
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00353.x
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  • 156
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    Abstracts and titles of papers (Chinese version) (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00354.x
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  • 157
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    R&D in China: an empirical study of Taiwanese IT companies (2004)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study extends the research on R&D (research and development) internationalization to a new environmental context (two Asian newly-industrialized economies, mainland China and Taiwan). Based on a survey of 56 major Taiwanese information technology (IT) companies, the status of R&D internationalization with Taiwan as the home and mainland China as the host is investigated. Human-capital-augmentation is found to be the key motive for Taiwanese IT companies to extend R&D activities to the mainland. Accessing capable yet cost effective local engineers with an additional benefit of geographical and linguistic proximity is the major context of this motive. The location decision is based on three considerations – access to engineers, proximity to manufacturing site, and competition avoidance. Finally, three operational patterns of conducting the international design and development (D&D) activities are categorized, which are ‘home-base-integration’, ‘host-base-integration’, and ‘product life cycle’.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00352.x
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  • 158
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    Utilizing the balanced scorecard for R&D performance measurement (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: R&D programs are critical for many firms to achieve and sustain competitive advantage. Yet, measuring R&D performance over time can be quite complex due to inherent uncertainty. The paper responds to calls in the R&D literature to explore integrated performance measurement systems that capture financial and nonfinancial performance. We integrate the Stage-Gate approach to R&D management with the Balanced Scorecard to present a framework to show how firms can link resource commitments to these activities and the firm's strategic objectives. In this paper, we provide specific examples of how firms can apply this integrated performance measurement system to the R&D function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00335.x
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  • 159
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    The use and importance of external sources of knowledge in the software development process (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This is an empirical study of external sources of knowledge and their relative importance in different stages of the software development process. The amount of new knowledge generated through different sources and the differences between single client, customised and packaged software, are analysed. The analysis draws on case studies of 92, mostly European, software projects, and a pilot study. It shows the length, type, and relative importance of 718 sources of external knowledge in the software development process. The data collected show that there are important differences between tangible hardware and software projects with respect to the relative importance of the various sources and the knowledge acquired from these sources; differences which in part may be derived from the special characteristics of software in contrast to hardware development projects. Frequently the customers cannot specify exactly what they want, which means that the development process must be kept open to customer influence and feedback which may result in changes in the requirements, and subsequent modifications in the software.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00336.x
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  • 160
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    New models for measuring the R&D performance and identifying the productivity of public research institutes (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Research evaluation of public institutes is important for measuring the performance of the science sector and improving the cost effectiveness and efficiency of public resource allocation. The purpose of this article is to construct a means of classifying publicly-funded R&D institutions and their performance (high or low). The main findings are two research performance functions, created using discriminant analysis with direct and Wilks methods, which have been successfully applied to 200 public research institutes belonging to the Italian National Research Council. The large number of indicators used within the models creates a macro index that produce, as output, the research performance score. The data analysed is from the 2001 period. The results show that 22.5% of public labs fall into the ‘high performance institute’ bracket and that they have a site larger than ‘low performance institutes’. The models are useful tools for decision making within the research bodies and for reducing X-inefficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00338.x
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  • 161
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    The effects of funding source and management ownership on the productivity of R&D (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study investigates the influence of the source of R&D funds and management ownership on R&D productivity. The lagged effect of the source of R&D funds on R&D output is investigated for a sample of US manufacturing firms in five industries over the 1996–99 period. Estimates based on 779 firm-years show that R&D productivity increases with the proportion of stock held by managers and directors of firms primarily in the Other Electronics industry. The estimates also show that recipients of government-sponsored R&D funds in the Chemicals industry have lower levels of output (sales) for each dollar committed to R&D. In addition, output for firms in the Chemicals industry worsens as management stockholding increases, implying an agency cost rationale for the observed difference in output. The implication is that firms with high manager-owner content are less productive with government-sponsored R&D than with company-financed R&D. The reported results suggest that potential agency costs should be incorporated in government-sponsored R&D contracts. It also suggests that the source of R&D funds should be disclosed and incorporated into the valuation of intangible assets attributable to research and development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00339.x
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  • 162
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    The effects of knowledge attribute, alliance characteristics, and absorptive capacity on knowledge transfer performance (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of knowledge attribute, alliance characteristics, and firm's absorptive capacity on the performance of knowledge transfer. Regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses in a sample of 137 alliance cases. The findings suggest that knowledge transfer performance is positively affected by the explicitness of knowledge and firm's absorptive capacity; that equity-based alliance will transfer tacit knowledge more effectively while contract-base alliance is more effective for the transfer of explicit knowledge; and that trust and adjustment have positive effects while conflict possesses a curvilinear effect on knowledge transfer performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00341.x
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  • 163
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    Networks and innovation: sustainable technologies in Scottish social housing (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The process of innovation often involves the participation of several firms and organisations in a network. This paper improves our understanding of the role of inter-organisational relations in such networks. It assesses how sustainable technologies in the Scottish social housing sector are introduced and diffused. Drawing on detailed interviews, the paper shows that despite policy initiatives by the National Housing Agency to encourage sustainable technologies and processes, a number of factors related to the organisational structure of the construction industry militate against the achievement of this objective. The different aims of the parties involved in the construction chain may not be easily reconciled and traditional approaches to construction may reinforce these differences, hindering efforts to introduce innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00342.x
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  • 164
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    Book Reviews (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Book Reviewed:Knut Holt, Market Oriented Product InnovationBarrie G. Dale, Managing QualityHenry Chesborough, Open Innovation
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00343.x
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  • 165
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    The effects of environment, knowledge attribute, organizational climate, and firm characteristics on knowledge sourcing decisions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Knowledge has been widely recognized as a critical resource for competitive advantage of the firms. However, little has been done in the literature regarding under what conditions that firms should develop knowledge internally or acquire knowledge from outside. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine the effects of some key factors including environment, organizational climate, firm characteristics, and knowledge attribute, on the firm's decision to knowledge sourcing. Our findings suggest that firms are more likely to develop knowledge internally if the environment is less munificent and dynamic; if the knowledge is more specific to them; if they possess higher levels of intention, autonomy, and requisite variety; and if they have abundant development experience and sufficient capabilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00329.x
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  • 166
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    A model of R&D leadership and team communication: the relationship with project performance (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Industrial research and development (R&D) involves the processing and transformation of new knowledge into a commercially valuable outcome. Communication is an effective mechanism to translate, share and integrate new information into commercial products or processes. We developed a five-factor model of team communication comprising: leadership role performance, team boundary spanning, communication safety, team reflexivity and task communication and tested the model using a one-year longitudinal study. Analyses were conducted on team level data from 56 teams, comprising 350 employees. Independent measures of project performance were obtained from surveys of research managers as well as project customers. Three findings emerged. Different factors predicted different stakeholders' ratings of project performance. Communication safety was the strongest predictor of customer ratings of performance. Boundary spanning is most effective when performed by the project leader not the team.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00330.x
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  • 167
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    Book reviews (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Marcela Miozzo and Ian Miles, Edward Elgar, Internationalization, Technology and ServicesMario Calderini, Paulo Garrone and Maurizio Sobrero, Edward Elgar, Corporate Governance, Market Structure and InnovationJeffrey James, Edward Elgar, Bridging the Global Digital DivideGraeme Salaman and David Asch, Strategy and Capability – Sustaining Organizational ChangeBettina van Stamm, Managing Innovation, Design & CreativityM. Lagnevik, I. Sjöholm, A. Lareke and J. Ôstberg, The Dynamics of Innovation Clusters. A Study of the Food Industry
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00334.x
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  • 168
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    The implicit use of business concepts in the UK Research Assessment Exercise (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Research assessment exercises covering universities in the United Kingdom were established to produce quality ratings as a basis for allocating much of the research funding from central government. They represent some of the largest research management exercises ever undertaken. Amongst other aspects of university performance, the publications of all ‘research active’ UK academics are evaluated. This paper describes the way in which quality was assessed and funds were allocated as a result of the 1992, 1996 and 2001 exercises. It looks at how the exercises might continue to evolve and the value of a further exercise.The strategies adopted by universities to maximise their ratings and their income are also considered. Universities have improved their research performance and their reporting methods in response to changes in the criteria and weightings used in the exercise. In parallel the HEFC (Higher Education Funding Council) has changed the ways in which funds have been distributed once the level of research performance has been determined.The exercises have received much criticism as well as an acceptance that they have changed the culture of academic research. This paper considers the parallel evolution of trends in the management of R&D in business with trends in the management of university research via these exercises. There are underlying assumptions that seem to influence the transfer of policy design principles and management lessons between the two sectors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00325.x
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  • 169
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    Integration planning for technology intensive acquisitions (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Rapid technological change, growing technological complexity and shortening product life cycles increasingly force companies to source technologies externally. One means of building up competencies and fostering innovation based on external resources such as knowledge is through the acquisition of technology-based companies. However as literature and practice have shown, technologically motivated and intensive acquisitions are highly vulnerable to failure. One of the main reasons for this value destruction lies in the miscarried and inappropriate integration of the technology-based company after the acquisition.Based on eight in-depth case studies on technology intensive acquisitions in multi-national technology-based companies this paper aims to identify the main causes of failure in internalizing external knowledge during the integration of technology intensive acquisitions. It was derived that a lack of integrative decision-making, of systemic processes and of a holistic change of both companies during the integration hinders successful knowledge sourcing through acquisitions. Based on these findings, a concept for integration planning which is tailored towards the specific characteristics of technology intensive acquisitions is proposed. This concept is embedded in the acquisition process and encompasses the development of an appropriate integration strategy and the determination, assessment and planning of the required integration projects thus fostering successful knowledge sourcing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00356.x
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  • 170
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    Leveraging knowledge assets: combinative capabilities – theory and practice (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Since the publication of Prahalad and Hamel's (1990) seminal paper on core competencies, leveraging technological competencies has become a topic in the resource-based literature. This paper focuses on the creation of combinative capabilities and explains the logic of leveraging resources by combining them. Furthermore, the paper explains on which company levels combinations can be expected to occur and how firms can apply combinations to commercial ends. A case study illustrates one possible way for firms to support such combinations and describes how companies can develop a new organisational form for R&D that is more able to overcome the limitations of functional and divisional forms of R&D.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00358.x
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  • 171
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    Supporting the technology-push of a discontinuous innovation in practice (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The hydraulic power generation business is usually faced with continuous innovation, meaning that progress is rather made in small than in large steps. Nevertheless, there are currently some examples of discontinuous innovation, the Powerformer-technology being one of them. The implying difficulties for successful innovation are internal communication and linking the technology to the most suitable markets. In order to proficiently push the Powerformer-technology onto the markets, an appropriate procedure is identified and implemented to practice.First, a SWOT-analysis is used for assessing the competitive product concept of this discontinuous innovation. This contributed the specific calls for action. Second, the identified procedure for leveraging this technology-push aggregates the technology choice tool, roadmapping and a process for technology commercialization. As a result, specified market segments, a market penetration schedule as well as development and design aims were defined. This paper intends to give a practice example on how the mentioned methodologies were applied for the technology-push of a discontinuous innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00361.x
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  • 172
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    The Lead User method: an outline of empirical findings and issues for future research (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In order to reduce the risks of failure usually associated with NPD, leading companies such as 3M, HILTI, or Johnson&Johnson are increasingly working with so-called Lead Users. Their identification and involvement is supported by the Lead User method – a multi stage approach aiming to generate innovative new product concepts and to enhance the effectiveness of cross-functional innovation teams. While the Lead User method is frequently cited in the literature, yet, there are only limited attempts to comprehensively discuss how this approach is embedded in theories and empirical findings of innovation and marketing research. Therefore the Lead User method is in the focus of the present paper, both with respect to its theoretical foundation and its implementation into the innovation management system. First, empirical research on user innovations is reviewed to clarify the theoretical foundation of the Lead User method. Second the attention is drawn to the Lead User practice by discussing the various process steps of this specific approach on the basis of two applications of the method. Based on this discussion, we outline open questions related with the practical implementation of the Lead User method in order to start an agenda for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00362.x
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  • 173
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    Implementing industrial sustainability: the research issues in technology management (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper ties together issues in the implementation of industrial sustainability and the contribution that technology management research has to offer. The idea of sustainability seems to be slowly attracting more attention. Discussion occurs not only amongst world governments, academics and NGOs, but also in industry. Industrial sustainability now appears to be moving up the management agenda in many organisations. Corporate reputation and shareholder value may be at stake for organisations which cannot demonstrate a rational position on sustainability. However, despite this increasing awareness, in practice there are a number of barriers to the implementation of industrial sustainability ideas. For a start, it is unclear what industrial sustainability means in practical terms. The business case for implementation is often built on individual conviction or motivational case examples, rather than being grounded in solid theory with associated frameworks, guidelines and tools. Particular challenges facing organisations include the choice of appropriate product and process technologies, lifecycle valuation techniques, changing employee and other stakeholder mindsets, and possibly most importantly, creating a new business model altogether.In light of these issues, this paper sets out to review the contribution that technology management research can make towards the effective implementation of industrial sustainability. Considerations include the cross-functional and cross-organisational issues of implementation – bringing together various business units and functions within a company, and the many players in a supply chain, with the goal of improving environmental, social and economic performance in parallel. There is a need to develop new methods for technology valuation which integrate the concept of triple bottom line accountability and existing technology strategy in organisations could be extended, to include the wider set of values that underpin the concepts of industrial sustainability. The critical research needs for this to be achieved are identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00360.x
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  • 174
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    The evolution of a local R&D strategy: the experience of a service in the UK National Health Service (NHS) (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Increasing concern about the state of health-related research in the UK in the 80s and early 90s, led to an influential parliamentary review. The consequence of this was to strengthen health research through a programme that was fully integrated into the management structure of the NHS. No country had ever attempted such an ambitious approach (Black, 1997). In 1994 a far-reaching review, recommended further, revolutionary changes to the management of R&D in the UK National Health Service (Culyer, 1994). Many of these were implemented in 1997 with the result that every UK health service at regional and local level has developed an infrastructure, and management arrangements for R&D activity. In most local areas, hospitals with significant involvement in R&D have been eligible to bid to the UK Department of Health for NHS R&D Support funds.In Nottingham, three Hospital Trusts and a community based service made bids to the Department of Health and received grants to support R&D. This paper focuses on one of the hospital Trusts - the mental health service in Nottingham. Our experience will be of particular interest as the first bid that the mental health service made was spectacularly unsuccessful. The organisation was forced to consider dis-investment in its existing research infrastructure and a potential negative impact on the provision of patient care. This led to a wide-ranging consultation and evaluation of research and research-related activity. A range of approaches and tools were deployed to develop the strategy and to ensure its successful implementation and evolution. The strategy reflected a balanced approach, taking into account historical and organisational research strengths, while recognising the need to build capacity and capability, enhance foresight capability and strengthen the knowledge base. The ability to contribute to, and influence policy and practice has been a key driver of the strategy.The result was a successful bid and the evolution of an R&D strategy that has been flexible in its response to policy changes, changing local circumstances and wider socio-economic trends and technical innovations. Furthermore, R&D performance, measured through outputs, impacts and income, has continually improved and increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00322.x
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  • 175
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    Choosing research priorities by using the analytic hierarchy process: an application to international agriculture (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In order to strengthen research coordination and increase the effectiveness of investments, the Swiss Centre for International Agriculture (ZIL) embarked on a formal priority-setting exercise. The paper documents the decision-making process, examines the application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as decision-support tool, and discusses the outcome of the process. Starting with a set of alternative research areas and potential decision criteria, the process went through several steps where necessary information was gathered and processed, criteria structured and weighted, and alternative research areas assessed against criteria. The AHP helped structure the multi-criteria decision problem, elicit criteria weights, and evaluate the expected contributions of the alternatives to the previously defined objectives. The outcome of the process was a prioritized list of potential research areas for ZIL's next programme phase. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test the stability of the priority ranking. The paper concludes with a discussion on the group decision-making process and an outlook onto the next steps towards a better focused research agenda of ZIL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00324.x
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  • 176
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    Book reviews (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:R. Woodhead and J. McCuish, Thomas Telford., Achieving Results: How to Create ValueGrazia D. Santangelo, Innovation in Multinational Corporations in the Information Age: The Experience of the European ICT IndustryCharles Edquist, Edward Elgar, The Internet and Mobile Telecommunications Systems of InnovationTakuji Hara, Edward Elgar, Innovation in the Pharmaceutical Industry: The Processes of Drug Discovery and DevelopmentNiko Marcel Waesche, Edward Elgar, Internet Entrepreneurship in Europe: Venture Failure and the Timing of Telecommunications Reform
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00326.x
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  • 177
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    Export Credit Guarantees, Moral Hazard and Exports Quality (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We analyse the role played by export credit guarantees (ECGs) in encouraging exports to developing countries. The existence of moral hazard on the side of the firm is introduced. We show that the inability of the exporter's government to verify the actual quality of the product will limit its ability to encourage trade through ECGs, once the coverage provided goes beyond a certain threshold. This result provides a rationale behind the limited coverage on ECGs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00206.x
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  • 178
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    Firm Size Distribution in Small Samples (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Sutton (1998) has recently proposed a theoretical lower bound to firm size inequality when a market is made of several independent submarkets. His results are valid asymptotically, as the number of submarkets becomes arbitrarily large. We show that, in small samples, his results can be interpreted as a positive relationship between an index of firm size inequality and the number of submarkets. We also test this relationship in the Italian motor insurance market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00205.x
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  • 179
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    A Fourth Desideratum: The CES Cost Function and the Sustainable Configuration of Multiproduct Firms (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: For many parameter vectors, the sustainable configuration of an industry where multiproduct firms have CES cost functions fails to imply the existence of a multiplicity of multiproduct firms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00207.x
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  • 180
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    Output Variability and Economic Growth: the Japanese Case (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We examine the empirical relationship between output variability and output growth using quarterly data for the 1961–2000 period for the Japanese economy. Using three different specifications of GARCH models, namely, Bollerslev's model, Taylor/Schwert's model, and Nelson's EGARCH model, we obtain two important results. First, we find robust evidence that the “in-mean” coefficient is not statistically significant. This evidence is consistent with Speight's (1999) analysis of UK data and implies that output variability does not affect output growth. In other words, this finding supports several real business cycle theories of economic fluctuations. Second, we find no evidence of asymmetry between output variability and growth, a result consistent with Hamori (2000).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00209.x
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  • 181
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    Currency Options and Export-Flexible Firms (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the production and hedging decisions of a globally competitive firm under exchange rate uncertainty. The firm is risk averse and possesses export flexibility in that it can distribute its output to either the domestic market or a foreign market after observing the realized spot exchange rate. To hedge against its exchange rate risk exposure, the firm can trade fairly priced currency call options of an arbitrary strike price. We show that both the separation and the full-hedging results hold if the strike price of the currency call options is set equal to the ratio of the domestic and foreign selling prices. Otherwise, neither result holds. Specifically, we show that the optimal level of output is always less than that of an otherwise identical firm that is risk neutral. Furthermore, an under-hedge (over-hedge) is optimal whenever the strike price of the currency call options is below (above) the ratio of the domestic and foreign selling prices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00211.x
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  • 182
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    Compulsory Schooling Laws and the Cure for Child Labour (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper provides an explanation for the existence of child labour which relies on the imperfect enforcement of compulsory schooling laws. In the presence of complementarities in the production of human capital that justify legislative intervention, mandatory measures ensure that coordination failures are solved so that all parents send their children to school and the socially optimal equilibrium is reached. However, if enforcement of legislation is too low, multiple equilibria emerge. In this case, compulsory schooling laws may have adverse welfare effects on all households.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00199.x
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  • 183
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    Inflation, Shadow Prices and the EMU: Evidence From Greece (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper examines whether inflation systematically distorts the informational content of price signals. A shadow cost function is specified, and the deviation of shadow from actual prices is modeled as a function of the level of economy-wide inflation, as well as other conditioning variables like budget deficits and changes in inflation rate. It is found that inflation is associated with significant allocative costs in most Greek manufacturing sectors. Measures of cost gains resulting from Greece's convergence towards the EMU are provided and the policy implications are explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00201.x
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  • 184
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    Folk Theorem For Bilateral Bargaining with Vector Endowments (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We analyse a bargaining game of two players on the division of the sum of their vector endowments, with alternating proposals and discounting of single period utilities. The pair of endowments is not weakly Pareto-efficient. Until they reach an agreement, each of the parties can withdraw from bargaining and keep their endowments. Any strictly individually rational division of the sum of endowments can emerge in some subgame perfect equilibrium if discount factors are close enough to one. Each subgame perfect equilibrium, in which the parties’ decisions do not depend on past rejected proposals, leads to a weakly Pareto-efficient agreement in the first period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00203.x
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  • 185
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    How Much of the Gender Difference in Child School Enrolment Can Be Explained? Evidence from Rural India (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There are significant gender differences in child schooling in the Indian states though very few studies explain this gender difference. Unlike most existing studies we take account of the implicit and explicit opportunity costs of schooling and use a bivariate probit model to jointly determine a child's participation in school and market jobs. Results obtained from the World Institute of Development Economics Research (WIDER) villages in West Bengal suggest that indicators of household resources, parental preferences, returns to and opportunity costs of domestic work significantly affect child school enrolment. While household resources have similar effects on enrolment of boys and girls, other arguments tend to explain a part of the observed gender difference. Even after taking account of all possible arguments, there remains a large variation in gender differences in child schooling that cannot be explained by differences in male and female characteristics in our sample.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00193.x
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  • 186
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    Factor Endowments and the Private Provision of Public Goods (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The paper examines the consequences of increasing the size of the community in the standard model of the private provision of public goods when costs are variable. In contrast to an economy with fixed costs, the provision of the public good can fall with a larger community, and an increased provision of the public good is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for individual utility to rise. The paper also contributes to the literature on immiserizing growth in that it shows that capital accumulation can possibly result in lower utility for all individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00195.x
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  • 187
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    Quasi-geometric discounting: A closed-form solution under the exponential utility function (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper studies a discrete-time utility maximization problem of an infinitely-lived quasi-geometric consumer whose labour income is subject to uninsurable idiosyncratic productivity shocks. We restrict attention to a first-order Markov recursive solution. We show that under the assumption of the exponential utility function, the problem of the quasi-geometric consumer admits a closed-form solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00197.x
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  • 188
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    Comparing the True Cost of Living Indices of Demographically Different Households (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The comparison of true cost of living indices between demographically different households (relative equivalence scale) is argued to be sensitive to the way demographic characteristics enter demand analysis. In particular, parameters reflecting the cost of demographic characteristics at base prices, though themselves do not have welfare (equivalence scale) interpretation, can alter the benchmark from which demographically varying inflation effects are measured. The empirical analysis, based on a rank-3 demand system applied to UK individual household data, shows that the inflation adjustment of child benefits can vary with the way demographic costs at base period prices are specified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00186.x
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  • 189
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    A Model of Balance-of-Payments Crises due to External Shocks: Monetary vs. Fiscal Approaches (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper develops a model for balance-of-payments (BOP) crises triggered by an external shock. Whether an external shock induces a BOP crisis depends crucially on the sequence of policy actions taken by the government's monetary and fiscal authorities. If the fiscal authority moves first and imposes an exogenous constraint on the monetary authority, an external shock can lead to a BOP crisis. However, if the monetary authority moves first and imposes an exogenous constraint on the fiscal authority, the same shock does not cause a BOP crisis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00188.x
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  • 190
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    Risk Pooling in the Presence of Moral Hazard (2004)
    Oxford, UK; Malden , USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc
    Bulletin of economic research 56 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8586
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The size of an insurance pool that minimizes average risk per policy is derived for cases in which moral hazard offsets the benefits of pooling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8586.2004.00191.x
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  • 191
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    The R&D performance in Taiwan's electronics industry: a longitudinal examination (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: R&D investment has been widely regarded as an important input for firms, particularly for high-tech firms, to achieve competitive advantage within their industry. Hence, a number of high-tech firms are now investing substantial amounts into R&D. Since R&D efforts enable firms to raise the competitive advantage, one noticeable and interesting issue expected to know is the degree to which R&D investment influences firm output performance. In Taiwan, much greater emphasis is also being placed into R&D investment in the high-tech industries; however, R&D output performance has never been seriously examined within this sector. Since the island's electronics industry is widely regarded as the most promising industry in the ‘high-tech sector’, and is expected to place greatest emphasis on its R&D efforts, we take the electronics firms as our analytical sample.This paper therefore sets out to estimate the impact of R&D on firm performance, in terms of productivity growth and the rate of return on investment, within the electronics industry in Taiwan, whilst also examining the Schumpeterian hypothesis, that R&D performance is an increasing function of firm size. Our examination of R&D performance is based on a panel sample of 83 large electronics firms, completely balanced over the period from 1994 to 2000, with series data of R&D capital also being constructed. Based upon the extended Cobb-Douglas production function, a random effects model is developed with the estimations revealing that the output elasticity of R&D is around 0.19 and the average rate of return on R&D is around 22%. These findings clearly demonstrate that investment in R&D by these electronics firms has had an impact on their competitive advantage. Compared to the findings of previous studies, where the analytical unit of data was at firm level, here the rate of return on R&D is consistent with similar estimates for the US and UK, but lower than those for Japan. However, our estimations do not provide support for the hypothesis that the impact of R&D on productivity is an increasing function of firm size.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00332.x
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    From citadels to clusters: the evolution of regional innovation policies in Australia (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In Australia, the federal (central) and State (regional) governments share constitutional responsibility for aspects of science and innovation policy. In practice, the federal government has tended to overshadow the States both in funding and policy for research and innovation. It can be argued that we are now seeing the strong rebirth of regionalism (at least at the State level) as far as government support for science, technology and knowledge-based industries is concerned. The paper traces the growth of regional innovation policies through examples of initiatives from South Australia and other regions and examines the respective contributions of the State and federal governments. The character of State government support has evolved over the last 15 years, from sponsoring grand ‘technology citadels’ to today's strategies that take a more bottom-up approach to building intense innovation environments, local clusters and knowledge hubs. Some of these trends reflect the influence of the global knowledge economy on regional industries, while others (notably the relative decline of the federal government as an R&D performer) are peculiarities of the Australian innovation system. The outcome is a significant evolution in Australia's innovation system, one which parallels responses to globalisation in other countries and suggests a different – but not diminished – role for public sector innovation policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00318.x
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  • 193
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    Transatlantic innovation infrastructure networks: public-private, EU–US R&D partnerships (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Collaborative, team-based research is now the most significant mode of activity in the global scientific community. Anecdotal and statistical evidence shows moreover that collaboration in scientific research is increasingly global in nature. That is, the groups of researchers who are involved in scientific progress often span one or more nations in origin, location and/or sponsorship. Another significant trend in recent cases of scientific collaboration is the increase in cross-sectoral cooperation, where researchers in a group are employed by government, private industry, and/or academic and other non-profit institutions.In this paper, we review the scale, scope and intensity of cross-national, cross-sectoral research collaboration through the analysis of historical data on co-authorship of scientific publications. The first part of the paper reviews existing literature on the analysis of co-authorship data, and discusses the limitations of this form of analysis and typical strategies to mitigate those limitations. The second part of the paper describes a preliminary study of cross-national, cross-sectoral scientific collaborations covering the years 1988 through 1997, where we examined the scale (volume of co-authored papers), intensity (co-authored papers versus other kinds of co-authorship), and scope (patterns in co-authorship) for cross-national, cross-sectoral collaborations. The conclusion of the paper discusses significant trends and patterns derived from this study, and their implications for further research into these types of collaborations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00319.x
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  • 194
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    The externalisation of R&D activities and the growing market of product development services (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    R & D management 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-9310
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Several authors in recent years have discussed the observed trend towards the externalisation of (part of) a firm's R&D activities. As a consequence, several companies have been created that provide innovators with technical and scientific services such as R&D contracts, laboratory testing services, technology consulting, industrial design, engineering.The paper is based upon an empirical study which consists of (i) an extensive analysis, in which information has been collected (for about two hundred companies) on size, location and type of services offered; (ii) an intensive analysis, in which one case is studied in depth of a company providing product development services. Some conclusions have been drawn regarding the characteristics of the market of product development services and the management and organisation of companies operating in that market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9310.2004.00323.x
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  • 195
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    CD1: Antigen Presentation and T Cell Function (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 817-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This review summarizes the major features of CD1 genes and proteins, the patterns of intracellular trafficking of CD1 molecules, and how they sample different intracellular compartments for self- and foreign lipids. We describe how lipid antigens bind to CD1 molecules with their alkyl chains buried in hydrophobic pockets and expose their polar lipid headgroup whose fine structure is recognized by the TCR of CD1-restricted T cells. CD1-restricted T cells carry out effector, helper, and adjuvant-like functions and interact with other cell types including macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, T cells, and B cells, thereby contributing to both innate and adaptive immune responses. Insights gained from mice and humans now delineate the extensive range of diseases in which CD1-restricted T cells play important roles and reveal differences in the role of CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c in contrast to CD1d. Invariant TCRalpha chains, self-lipid reactivity, and rapid effector responses empower a subset of CD1d-restricted T cells (NKT cells) to have unique effector functions without counterpart among MHC-restricted T cells. This review describes the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and in regulating the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104608
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    The Three Es of Cancer Immunoediting (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 329-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: After a century of controversy, the notion that the immune system regulates cancer development is experiencing a new resurgence. An overwhelming amount of data from animal models-together with compelling data from human patients-indicate that a functional cancer immunosurveillance process indeed exists that acts as an extrinsic tumor suppressor. However, it has also become clear that the immune system can facilitate tumor progression, at least in part, by sculpting the immunogenic phenotype of tumors as they develop. The recognition that immunity plays a dual role in the complex interactions between tumors and the host prompted a refinement of the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis into one termed "cancer immunoediting." In this review, we summarize the history of the cancer immunosurveillance controversy and discuss its resolution and evolution into the three Es of cancer immunoediting-elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104803
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  • 197
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    CD40/CD154 Interactions at the Interface of Tolerance and Immunity (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 307-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Development of the acquired immune response is dependent on the signaling of CD40 by its ligand, CD154. These molecules govern both the magnitude and quality of humoral- and cell-mediated immunity. A litany of studies have conclusively documented that blockade of this ligand-receptor pair can prevent, and also intervene in, the progression of antibody- and cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and can instill long-lived allogeneic and xenogeneic graft tolerance. Many effector mechanisms of inflammation are abolished as a result of CD154 blockade, but we are now beginning to understand that CD154 blockade may, in some instances, engender long-lived, antigen-specific tolerance. In the context of transplantation tolerance, we present a hypothesis that alphaCD154 blockade is most effective at inducing long-lived allospecific tolerance if anergy and regulation can be elicited prior to the onslaught of inflammation that is induced by grafting (preemptive tolerance). This facet of alphaCD154-induced tolerance appears to co-opt the normal processes of peripheral tolerance induced by immature DCs and can be exploited to induce long-lived antigen-specific tolerance. The underlying science and the prospects for inducing long-lived antigen-specific tolerance in a model of allograft tolerance through CD154 blockade are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104533
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  • 198
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    Ligands for L-Selectin: Homing, Inflammation, and Beyond (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 129-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Understanding the molecular basis of lymphocyte homing to lymphoid organs was originally a problem of concern only to immunologists. With the discovery of l-selectin and its ligands, interested scientists have expanded to include glycobiologists, immunopathologists, cancer biologists, and developmental biologists. Going beyond its first discovered role in homing to lymph nodes, the l-selectin system is implicated in such diverse processes as inflammatory leukocyte trafficking in both acute and chronic settings, hematogenous metastasis of carcinoma cells, effector mechanisms for inflammatory demyelination of axons, and implantation of the early mammalian embryo. This review focuses on the ligands for l-selectin that are found on vascular endothelium, leukocytes, carcinoma cells, and at various extravascular sites. The discovery of selectins and their ligands has validated the long-predicted hypothesis that carbohydrate-directed cell adhesion is relevant in eukaryotic systems. Emphasis will be given to the carbohydrate and sulfation modifications of the ligands, which enable recognition by l-selectin. The rapid "homing" of labeled cells into the lymph nodes presumably had its basis in the special affinity of small lymphocytes for the endothelium of the postcapillary venules. Gowans & Knight (1)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.090501.080131
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    Interleukin-10 and Related Cytokines and Receptors (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 929-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The Class 2 alpha-helical cytokines consist of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 (Mda-7), and IL-26, interferons (IFN-alpha, -beta, -e, -kappa, -omega, -delta, -tau, and -gamma) and interferon-like molecules (limitin, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29). The interaction of these cytokines with their specific receptor molecules initiates a broad and varied array of signals that induce cellular antiviral states, modulate inflammatory responses, inhibit or stimulate cell growth, produce or inhibit apoptosis, and affect many immune mechanisms. The information derived from crystal structures and molecular evolution has led to progress in the analysis of the molecular mechanisms initiating their biological activities. These cytokines have significant roles in a variety of pathophysiological processes as well as in regulation of the immune system. Further investigation of these critical intercellular signaling molecules will provide important information to enable these proteins to be used more extensively in therapy for a variety of diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104622
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    Drosophila: The Genetics of Innate Immune Recognition and Response (2004)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Immunology 22 (2004), S. 457-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0732-0582
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Because of the evolutionary conservation of innate mechanisms of host defense, Drosophila has emerged as an ideal animal in which to study the genetic control of immune recognition and responses. The discovery that the Toll pathway is required for defense against fungal infection in Drosophila was pivotal in studies of both mammalian and Drosophila immunity. Subsequent genetic screens in Drosophila to isolate additional mutants unable to induce humoral responses to infection have identified and ordered the function of components of two signaling cascades, the Toll and Imd pathways, that activate responses to infection. Drosophila blood cells also contribute to host defense through phagocytosis and signaling, and may carry out a form of self-nonself recognition that is independent of microbial pattern recognition. Recent work suggests that Drosophila will be a useful model for dissecting virulence mechanisms of several medically important pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104626
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