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  • 11
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Colorectal carcinoma ; Outcome ; Quality management ; Ranking ; Surrogate endpoint. ; Schlüsselwörter: Ergebnisqualität ; Colorectales Carcinom ; Qualitätsmanagement ; Ranking ; Surregatendpunkt.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Anhand der Daten der prospektiven deutschen Multizenterstudie der Studiengruppe Kolorektales Karzinom (SGKRK) wurden die Klinikunterschiede im 5-Jahres-Überleben mit speziellen für ein sog. Ranking geeigneten biometrischen Methoden unter Wahrung der Anonymität analysiert. Weiterhin wurde nach sog. Surrogatendpunkten gesucht, die bereits früher als 5 Jahre nach Ersttherapie eine Aussage über die Ergebnisqualität der chirurgischen Therapie ermöglichen. Hierzu ist eine gesonderte Analyse für Rectum- und Coloncarcinompatienten erforderlich. Für das Rectumcarcinom ist die Kombination von Häufigkeit örtlicher Tumorzelldissemination bei Tumorresektion (intraoperativer Einriß im Tumor und/oder Schnitt in oder durch Tumorgewebe) und Rate locoregionärer Rezidive (innerhalb von 2 Jahren) nach Operation als verläßlicher Surrogatendpunkt anzusehen. Beim Coloncarcinom konnte ein solcher nicht gefunden werden. Die postoperative Morbidität ist als Indikator für die definitive Ergebnisqualität ungeeignet. Eine sehr niedrige Rate postoperativer Todesfälle bietet keine Gewähr auf zufriedenstellende Langzeitergebnisse in der colorectalen Carcinomchirurgie.
    Notes: Summary. The data of the German Prospective Multicenter Study of the Study Group Colorectal Carcinoma (SGCRC) were analyzed with regard to interinstitutional differences in 5-year survival by statistical methods adequate for ranking and observing anonymity. Furthermore, possible so-called surrogate endpoints that allow an assessment of definite outcome after surgical treatment earlier than after 5 years were also analyzed. This requires a separate analysis for rectal and colon carcinoma patients. For rectal carcinoma, the combination of the frequency of local tumor cell spillage during tumor resection (iatrogenous tumor perforation and/or incision into or through tumor tissue) and the rate of locoregional recurrences (within 2 years after surgery) could be demonstrated as realiable surrogate endpoint. For colon carcinoma, no reliable surrogate endpoint could be found. Surgical morbidity is not an indicator of definite outcome. A very low rate of surgical mortality does not ensure satisfactory long-term results in colorectal cancer surgery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1433-0458
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter TNM-Klassifikation (4. Aufl.) ; TNM-Klassifikation (5. Aufl.) ; UICC ; Kopf- und Halstumoren ; Tumorstaging ; Key words TNM classification (4th edition) ; TNM classification (5th edition) ; Head and neck cancer ; Tumor staging ; UICC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The 5th edition of the TNM classification entails a number of changes concerning head and neck tumors. The division of stage IV tumors into three subcategories marks a significant expansion of the stage grouping procedure. Methods: In a retrospective study the clinical course of 3247 patients with head and neck carcinomas were comparatively evaluated according to the 4th and 5th editions of the new TNM classification. In particular it was the aim of the study to test the prognostic relevance of the subdivision of stage IV especially in mucosal cancer. Results: In classifying the primary tumor the most extensive changes were noted for supraglottic and salivary gland tumors. On the basis of the 4th edition of the TNM classification the following recurrence-free 5-year survival rates for 3033 cases of mucosal cancer were calculated: stage I 91,0%, stage II 78,6%, stage III 61,4%, stage IV 31,0%. The calculations based on the 5th edition yielded: stage I 91,0%, stage II 77,2%, stage III 61,2%, stage IVA 32,4%, stage IVB 25,3%, stage IVC 3,6%. Conclusions: The adequacy of the revised stage classification in establishing a prognostic hierarchy was confirmed. However, a significant prognostic distinction between N2- (stage IVA) and N3-metastasis (stage IVB) could not be found.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die 5. Aufl. der TNM-Klassifikation bringt einige Änderungen im Bereich der Kopf-Hals-Tumoren mit sich. Eine wesentliche Erweiterung der Stadiengruppierung besteht in der Unterteilung von Stadium IV in 3 Unterstadien. In einer retrospektiven Studie wurden die Krankheitsverläufe von 3247 Patienten mit Karzinomen der Mundhöhle, des Oro- und Hypopharynx, des Larynx, der Speicheldrüsen und der Kieferhöhle ausgewertet. Hierbei kamen die 4. und die 5. Aufl. der TNM-Klassifikation vergleichend zur Anwendung. Insbesondere wurde geprüft, ob der Unterteilung von Stadium IV eine prognostische Relevanz zukommt. Bei der Klassifikation des Primärtumors ergaben sich die umfassendsten Änderungen bei Tumoren der Supraglottis und der Speicheldrüsen. Nach der 4. Aufl. der TNM-Klassifikation errechneten sich folgende rezidivfreien Fünfjahresüberlebensraten: Stadium I 89,7%, Stadium II 78,9%, Stadium III 60,3%, Stadium IV 31,0%, nach der 5. Aufl.: Stadium I 90,8%, Stadium II 77,1%, Stadium III 61,3%, Stadium IVA 32,2%, Stadium IVB 25,8%, Stadium IVC 7,9%. Die Eignung der neuen Stadieneinteilung zur Schaffung einer prognostische Hierarchie konnte bestätigt werden. Allerdings ließ sich kein signifikanter Prognoseunterschied zwischen einer N2- (Stadium IVA) und einer N3-Metastasierung (Stadium IVB) finden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1433-0385
    Keywords: Key words: Colorectal carcinoma ; Operative technique ; Recurrence rate ; Five-year survival rate. ; Schlüsselwörter: Colorectale Carcinome ; Operationsmethodik ; Rezidivrate ; 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung. Einleitung: Um zu prüfen, ob die Operationsmethodik die 5-Jahres-Rezidivrate und -Überlebensrate bestimmt, haben wir die Ergebnisse von 2 chirurgischen Kliniken mit unterschiedlicher Operationsmethodik (Klinik A: Entfernung des Tumors und der tumornahen Lymphknoten, Klinik B: En bloc-Resektion nach den Regeln der standardisierten Tumorchirurgie) analysiert. Patienten und Methoden: Analyse der Operationsergebnisse aller zwischen 1984–1988 operierten Patienten mit colorectalem Carcinom (Klinik A: 152 Colon- und 53 Rectumcarcinome; Klinik B: 124 Colon- bzw. 177 Rectumcarcinome). Ergebnisse: Die Lokalrezidivraten bei Klinik A signifikant höher (Coloncarcinome Klinik A 25 %, Klinik B 10 %; Rectumcarcinome Klinik A 54 %, Klinik B 16 %. Die 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate betrug bei den Coloncarcinomen in Klinik A 65 %, in Klinik B 66 %, bei den Rectumcarcinomen in Klinik A 49 %, in Klinik B 72 %. Schlußfolgerungen: Aus dieser Analyse läßt sich ableiten, daß ein colorectales Carcinom nur dort operiert werden sollte, wo die Standards der colorectalen Carcinomchirurgie eingehalten werden.
    Notes: Summary. Introduction: In order to investigate whether operative technique determines the 5-year recurrence and survival rates, we analysed the results obtained by two surgical departments using two different operative techniques. Department A: Removal of the tumour and a number of lymph nodes; department B: En-bloc resection in accordance with the requirements of standardised tumour surgery. Patients and methods: The surgical results obtained with all patients with colorectal carcinoma operated on between 1984 and 1988 (department A: 152 colon and 53 rectal carcinomas; department B: 124 colon and 177 rectal carcinomas). Results: The local recurrence rate achieved by department A was signicantly higher (colon carcinoma: department A 25 %; department B 10 %; rectal carcinoma: department A 54 %; department B 16 %). The 5-year survival rate for colon carcinoma was 65 % in department A, and 66 % in department B, the corresponding figures for rectal carcinoma being 49 % and 72 %, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicate that carcinoma of the colorectum should be operated on only at an institution that complies with the standards required for surgery of colorectal carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Ground-based optical observations coordinated with Yohkoh/SXT X-ray observations of an old, disintegrating bipolar active region AR NOAA 7493 (May 1, 1993) provided a multiwavelength data base to study a flaring ‘active region’ X-ray bright point (XBP) of about 16 hr lifetime, and the activity related to it in different layers of the solar atmosphere. The XBP appeared to be related to a new minor bipole of about 1020 Mx. Superposed on a global evolution of soft X-ray brightness, the XBP displayed changes of brightness, lasting for 1–10 min. During the brightenings the XBP apparently had a spatial structure, which was (tiny) loop-like rather than point-like. The X-ray brightenings were correlated with chromospheric activity: (i) brightenings of underlying chromospheric faculae, and (ii) appearance of strong turbulent velocities in the arch filament system. We propose that the XBP brightenings were due to reconnection of the magnetic field lines (sketched in 3D) between the new bipole and a pre-existing plage field induced by the motion of one of the new pores (v = 0.2 km s−1) towards the plage, and that the XBP itself was a reconnected hot loop between them.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1573-093X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract On May 1, 1993, a flaring X-ray bright point (XBP) was observed for about 16 hours in the old, disintegrating, bipolar active region (AR) NOAA 7493. During this period, a minor magnetic bipole (1020 Mx) emerged in the region. We have found observational evidence showing that the XBP brightenings were due to magnetic reconnection between the new bipole and pre-existing plage fields. The aim of the present work is to substantiate with magnetic modelling what has been shown by the observations. For this purpose we extrapolate the observed photospheric magnetic fields in the linear force-free approximation and follow its evolution during the lifetime of the XBP. From the computed coronal field lines we determine the location of regions of drastic change in field-line linkage, called ‘quasi-separatrix layers’ or QSLs. QSLs are open layers that behave physically like separatrices: the break down of ideal magnetohydrodynamics and the release of free magnetic energy may occur at these locations when their thickness is small enough. The extrapolated field lines, with photospheric footpoints on both sides of QSLs, match the observed chromospheric and coronal structures (arch filament system, XBP and faint X-ray loops (FXL)). We study also the evolution of the width of the QSL located over the new negative polarity pore: the calculated QSL is very thin (typically less than 100 m) during the lifetime of the XBP, but becomes much thicker (≥ 104 m) after the XBP has faded. Furthermore we show that peaks in X-ray brightness propagate along the FXL with a velocity of ≈ 670 km s-1, starting from the XBP location, implying that the energy is released where the emerging bipole impacts against pre-existing coronal loops. We discuss the possible mechanism of energy transport and conclude that the energy is conducted to the remote footpoints of the FXL by a thermal front. These results strongly support the supposition that the XBP brightness and flaring are due to the interaction of different flux systems, through 3D magnetic reconnection, at QSLs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aquatic sciences 57 (1995), S. 54-69 
    ISSN: 1420-9055
    Keywords: Nephelometry ; suspended particles ; mass-calibration ; Lake Lugano (Lago di Lugano)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Turbidity measurements by foreward scattering nephelometer have been regularly conducted on the north basin of Lake Lugano (Switzerland/Italy) since September 1992. In order to determine mass concentrations from these data, both, in-situ and laboratory calibration experiments have been performed in November and December 1992 on suspended matter of the hypolimnion. Results show: 1. Mass concentration/turbidity ratios are different in the two turbidity zones examined due to variation in the optical signature of the suspended matter. 2. Laboratory calibrations using suspended matter originating from the water depths of interest give representative results provided that physical and chemical alterations occuring during the particle transfer process remain negligible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 14 (1958), S. 397-399 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of Psilocybin, the psychotropic active principle of the Mexican mushroomPsilocybe mexicana Heim, has been elucidated. Psilocybin is the phosphoric acid ester of 4-hydroxy-dimethyltryptamine. This structure was confirmed by total synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 14 (1958), S. 107-109 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The active principle ofPsilocybe mexicana Heim, a mexican mushroom with hallucinogenic properties, has been isolated in crystalline form. The compound has been given the namePsilocybin; it possesses indole characteristics and contains phosphorus. A second substance, closely related toPsilocybin but found only in traces, has been calledPsilocin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 67 (1995), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Developmental toxicants ; Classification scheme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is now widely accepted that describing and labeling of chemicals as developmental toxicants on a purely qualitative basis does not make sense. Agents possessing the potential to induce reproductive or developmental toxicity present a risk of human harm only under certain conditions. This critical fact cannot be properly communicated with a simple designation as “positive” or “negative”. Rather, a number of parameters that deal with dose or concentration, frequency, duration and route of exposure must also be conveyed. Unsubstantiated blacklisting is equally counterproductive for preventive medicine as downplaying of the toxicity of chemicals. Gender-based restrictions on exposure at workplaces of women of child-bearing age are neither socially acceptable nor scientifically justifiable. Therefore, the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area published in 1983 a quantitatively based classification concept, which became effective in 1985 and was modified in the following years. The present contribution summarizes what is required for an integrated judgment on the relevance of laboratory and epidemiological data for predicting the potential risk associated with exposure at workplaces to occupational chemicals. Methyl mercury, carbon disulfide, dimethylformamide, ethanol, toluene,N,N-dimethyl acetamide, nitrous oxide, methanol, ethyl benzene, and phosphorus pentoxide will be described as examples of classified substances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of colorectal disease 12 (1997), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1432-1262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé. Problématique: Le risque de développer un carcinoma invasif en cas d'adénome colorectal est influencé par nombre de caractéristiques à la fois des patients et des adénomes dans le collectif d'échantillons analysés. Patients et méthodes: Entre 1978 et 1993, plus de 20,000 polypes ont été documentés prospectivement dans le registre des polypes colorectaux de Erlangen et analysés au moyen d'une analyse statistique de régression logique. Résultats: La taille des adénomes s'est révélée être le facteur le plus important en cas d'adénome de plus de 15 mm en comparaison avec des lésions plus petites. Cinq mille cent trente sept adénomes de moins de 5 mm sont porteurs d'un carcinome invasif. Les adénomes du côlon droit présentent un risque inférieur de malignité que ceux du côlon gauche ou du rectum mais le risque de dégénérescence augmente avec la taille de l'adénome. Dans le cas d'adénomes de moins de 36 mm de diamètre, le risque de carcinomes invasifs est observé plus fréquemment s'ils siègent au niveau du rectum ou du côlon gauche alors que des adénomes de plus de 36 mm sont plus fréquemment porteurs de carcinomes s'ils sont localisés dans le côlon droit ou le côlon gauche plutôt que le rectum. En conclusion: Une analyse multi-variée de 11,380 adénomes détectés à une première pancolonoscopie montre que les facteurs de siège et de taille qui peuvent tous deux être déterminés par la seule colonoscopie sont à même de prédire le risque de malignité de manière adéquate, tant sur le plan statistique que sur le plan clinique.
    Notes: Abstract . Background: The risk of invasive carcinoma developing in colorectal adenomas is influenced by a number of characteristics of both patients and adenomas, and the composition of the sample analysed. Patients and methods: Between 1978 and 1993 more than 20 000 polyps were prospectively documented at the Erlangen Registry of Colorectal Polyps, and analysed statistically by logistic regression. Results: The size of the adenomas proved to be the most important factor for adenomas equal to or larger than 15 mm as compared with smaller lesions. In 5137 diminutive adenomas (≤5 mm) invasive carcinoma was never found. Adenomas in the right-sided colon had a lower risk than those in the left colon or rectum, but with increasing adenoma size, the malignancy rate showed a right-sided shift. In adenomas of up to 36 mm in diameter, invasive carcinoma was found more often when they were located in the rectum or left colon while adenomas larger than 36 mm were more likely to harbour invasive carcinoma when located in the right or left colon rather than in the rectum. Conclusions: A multivariate analysis of 11380 adenomas detected at the first total colonoscopy showed that the factors size and site, both of which can be assessed by endoscopic inspection alone, were found to enable a statistically and clinically adequate assessment of the malignancy risk.
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